# HG changeset patch # User Oleksandr Gavenko # Date 1476380360 -10800 # Node ID 071ba8ee0aaf435a1f21785d89dd5c9d73e1975e # Parent 5f349bd57f8dcd2dee70b6e100344e46619ecebf Suffixes -s, -ed, -ing. diff -r 5f349bd57f8d -r 071ba8ee0aaf www/MISC.rst --- a/www/MISC.rst Wed Oct 12 23:30:23 2016 +0300 +++ b/www/MISC.rst Thu Oct 13 20:39:20 2016 +0300 @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ * `IPA conventions `_. * `English punctuation `_. * `English pronunciation `_. + * `English suffixes `_. * `English pronunciation training exercise `_. * `English phrase examples `_. diff -r 5f349bd57f8d -r 071ba8ee0aaf www/en-suffixes.rst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/www/en-suffixes.rst Thu Oct 13 20:39:20 2016 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ + +================== + English suffices +================== +.. contents:: + :local: + +Suffix -s +========= + +Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create: + +* plural form of nouns +* verbs in the third person + +After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added. + +After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added:: + + cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes + +but there are few exceptions:: + + memos, photos, pianos, videos + +Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is +appended:: + + apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries + +General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix:: + + bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks + +``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds:: + + [f] beliefs, laughs, graphs + [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks + [p] cups, helps, stops + [t] hits, pets, writes + [θ] maths, myths, months + +``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds:: + + [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs + [b] crabs, grabs, robs + [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes + [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words + [l] calls, falls, fails, hills + [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams + [n] earns, burns, pens, runs + [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs + [r] wears, cures + [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves + -y: plays, boys, says + +``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds:: + + [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages + [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races + [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes + [ʧ] churches, matches, watches + [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes + +Suffix -ed +========== + +Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``:: + + agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived, love ⇒ loved + +Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``:: + + apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried + +Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: + + frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked + picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked + +The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb:: + + clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed + +``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``:: + + added, faded, folded, hated, needed, started, wanted + +``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel:: + + [ɡ]: begged, flagged + [b]: grabbed, robbed + [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed + [d] ended, lidded + [dʒ]: changed, judged + [l]: called, failed + [m]: boomed, farmed, formed + [n]: earned, learned + [ŋ] belonged + [r]: cured, occurred + [v]: loved, saved + [z]: seized + played, lied, toed, studied, mowed, weighed + +``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant:: + + [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished + [f]: laughed, puffed + [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched + [k]: baked, looked, lacked + [p]: jumped, stopped + [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed + +Suffix -ing +=========== + +Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create: + +* gerunds +* verbs form for continuous tenses + +Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``: + + agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing + +Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before +``-ing``: + + die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying + +Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``:: + + give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing + argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing + +Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: + + frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking + picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking + +The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb:: + + accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing + +Suffix -er +========== + +Syffix -ly +========== + +Doubling consonants +=================== + +When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``, +``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before +prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``:: + + hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted + admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming + travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter + thin ⇒ thinner + red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence +