# HG changeset patch # User Oleksandr Gavenko # Date 1478381103 -7200 # Node ID 1fddea6c524e580d16dea2e9f145c16685d77453 # Parent 0273bcb37a6c333a0002125343a21f8974d8ec85 Rename file to prepare ground for prefixes. diff -r 0273bcb37a6c -r 1fddea6c524e www/MISC.rst --- a/www/MISC.rst Sat Nov 05 22:38:06 2016 +0200 +++ b/www/MISC.rst Sat Nov 05 23:25:03 2016 +0200 @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ * `IPA conventions `_. * `English punctuation `_. * `English pronunciation `_. - * `English suffixes `_. + * `English affixes (suffixes/prefixes) `_. * `English pronunciation training exercise `_. * `English phrase examples `_. diff -r 0273bcb37a6c -r 1fddea6c524e www/en-affixes.rst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/www/en-affixes.rst Sat Nov 05 23:25:03 2016 +0200 @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ + +================== + English suffices +================== +.. contents:: + :local: + +Suffix -s +========= + +Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create: + +* plural form of nouns +* verbs in the third person + +After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added. + +After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added:: + + cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes + +but there are few exceptions:: + + memos, photos, pianos, videos + +Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is +appended:: + + apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries + +General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix:: + + bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks + +``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds:: + + [f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs + [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks + [p] cups, helps, ships, stops + [t] hits, pets, writes + [θ] maths, months, moths, myths + +``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds:: + + [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs + [b] crabs, grabs, robs + [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes + [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words + [l] calls, falls, fails, hills + [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams + [n] earns, burns, pens, runs + [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs + [r] wears, cures + [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves + -y: plays, boys, says + +``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds:: + + [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages + [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races + [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes + [ʧ] churches, matches, watches + [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes + +Suffix -ed +========== + +Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``:: + + agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived, love ⇒ loved + +Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``:: + + apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried + +Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: + + frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked + picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked + +The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb:: + + clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed + +``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``:: + + [d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed + [t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited + +``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel:: + + [ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged + [b]: grabbed, robbed + [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed + [d] ended, lidded + [dʒ]: changed, judged, raged + [l]: called, failed, piled + [m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed + [n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained + [ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged + [r]: cured, occurred + [v]: craved, loved, saved + [z]: amazed, buzzed, seized + employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed + +``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant:: + + [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished + [f]: coughed, laughed, puffed + [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished + [k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed + [p]: jumped, stopped, trapped + [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed + [θ]: frothed + +Suffix -ing +=========== + +Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create: + +* gerunds +* verbs form for continuous tenses + +Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``: + + agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing + +Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before +``-ing``: + + die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying + +Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``:: + + give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing + argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing + +Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: + + frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking + picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking + +The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb:: + + accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing + +Suffix -er +========== + +Syffix -ly +========== + +Doubling consonants +=================== + +When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``, +``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before +prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``:: + + hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted + admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming + travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter + thin ⇒ thinner + red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence + diff -r 0273bcb37a6c -r 1fddea6c524e www/en-suffixes.rst --- a/www/en-suffixes.rst Sat Nov 05 22:38:06 2016 +0200 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,165 +0,0 @@ - -================== - English suffices -================== -.. contents:: - :local: - -Suffix -s -========= - -Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create: - -* plural form of nouns -* verbs in the third person - -After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added. - -After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added:: - - cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes - -but there are few exceptions:: - - memos, photos, pianos, videos - -Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is -appended:: - - apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries - -General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix:: - - bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks - -``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds:: - - [f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs - [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks - [p] cups, helps, ships, stops - [t] hits, pets, writes - [θ] maths, months, moths, myths - -``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds:: - - [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs - [b] crabs, grabs, robs - [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes - [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words - [l] calls, falls, fails, hills - [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams - [n] earns, burns, pens, runs - [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs - [r] wears, cures - [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves - -y: plays, boys, says - -``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds:: - - [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages - [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races - [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes - [ʧ] churches, matches, watches - [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes - -Suffix -ed -========== - -Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``:: - - agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived, love ⇒ loved - -Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``:: - - apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried - -Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: - - frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked - picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked - -The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb:: - - clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed - -``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``:: - - [d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed - [t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited - -``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel:: - - [ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged - [b]: grabbed, robbed - [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed - [d] ended, lidded - [dʒ]: changed, judged, raged - [l]: called, failed, piled - [m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed - [n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained - [ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged - [r]: cured, occurred - [v]: craved, loved, saved - [z]: amazed, buzzed, seized - employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed - -``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant:: - - [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished - [f]: coughed, laughed, puffed - [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished - [k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed - [p]: jumped, stopped, trapped - [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed - [θ]: frothed - -Suffix -ing -=========== - -Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create: - -* gerunds -* verbs form for continuous tenses - -Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``: - - agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing - -Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before -``-ing``: - - die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying - -Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``:: - - give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing - argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing - -Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: - - frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking - picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking - -The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb:: - - accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing - -Suffix -er -========== - -Syffix -ly -========== - -Doubling consonants -=================== - -When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``, -``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before -prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``:: - - hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted - admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming - travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter - thin ⇒ thinner - red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence -