# HG changeset patch # User Oleksandr Gavenko # Date 1353953762 -7200 # Node ID 2589ae0fe0c842641f5ba83bbf205b2c36c4674b # Parent 4dff59a4437458dce54d570ed14e4cea6d60dc4c Fix file name. diff -r 4dff59a44374 -r 2589ae0fe0c8 en-pronunciation_ru.rst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/en-pronunciation_ru.rst Mon Nov 26 20:16:02 2012 +0200 @@ -0,0 +1,810 @@ +.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +.. include:: header.rst + +=================== + English spelling. +=================== + +About. +====== + + * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology + * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English + * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography + * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences + * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects + * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English + +Деление на слоги (syllable). +============================ + +В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков:: + + ba-by, pis-ton + +Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму +слогу:: + + e-ven, o-pen, i-tem + +Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая +согласная относится к первому слогу:: + + hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom + +Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует +конечное нечитаемое "e":: + + ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre + +Типы слогов. +============ + +Открытый слог (open syllable). +------------------------------ + +Заканчивается на гласную:: + + ba-by + +Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым:: + + cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld] + +Закрытый слог (closed syllable). +-------------------------------- + +Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r":: + + sys-tem + +Ударный слог (stressed syllable). +--------------------------------- + +Обычно первый слог:: + + pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] + +В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит:: + + nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl] + mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk] + press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] + +Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). +------------------------------------- + +Чтение согласных. +================= + +Чтение гласных. +=============== + +Буква "e" в конце слова не читается:: + + life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] + +"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: + + na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] + !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ] + +"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]:: + + range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] + +"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: + + main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt] + !!! said [sed] + +"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: + + may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ] + +"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]:: + + cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] + +"ar" - [ɑː]:: + + car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] + +"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]:: + + glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] + !!! mass [mæs] + +"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]:: + + fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst] + !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ] + +"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]:: + + grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] + +"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]:: + + branch [brɑːnʧ] + +"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]:: + + half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] + +"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]:: + + ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] + +"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]:: + + father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] + !!! gather [ˈɡæðə] + +"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]:: + + chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] + +"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]:: + + shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] + +"air" - [ɛə]:: + + stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] + +"are" - [ɛə]:: + + care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] + +"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]:: + + all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl] + chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] + +"au" - [ɔː]:: + + launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm] + !!! aunt [ɑːnt] + +"aw" - [ɔː]:: + + saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː] + +"aught" - [ɔːt]:: + + naught [nɔːt] + +"auth" - [ɔːθ]:: + + author [ˈɔːθə] + +"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]:: + + war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] + +"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]:: + + want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ] + +"a" в неударном положении - [ə]:: + + data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] + +"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]:: + + captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] + +"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]:: + + marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] + + +"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]:: + + he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] + +"ea" - [iː]:: + + mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] + !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed] + +"ee" - [iː]:: + + keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː] + +"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]:: + + bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest] + +"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]:: + + bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment] + +"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: + + her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt] + +"ear" + согласная - [əː]:: + + heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ] + +"ear" - [ɪə]:: + + ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə] + +"eer" - [ɪə]:: + + cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə] + +"ere" - [ɪə]:: + + mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] + !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː] + +"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]:: + + sentence - [ˈsentəns] + +"er" в неударном положении - [ə]:: + + member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps] + +"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: + + event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt] + +"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: + + regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn] + +"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]:: + + market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd] + +"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: + + foreign [ˈfɔrɪn] + +"ey" - [ɪ]:: + + hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ] + +"ew" - [juː]:: + + new [njuː], few [fjuː] + +"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]:: + + crew [kruː], grew [gruː] + +"eu" - [juː]:: + + deuce [djuːs] + +"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: + + vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt] + +"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: + + they [θeɪ] + + +"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: + + fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] + !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv] + +"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]:: + + kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. + !!! wind [wɪnd] + +"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]:: + + wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld] + +"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]:: + + sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn] + +"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]:: + + light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt] + +"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]:: + + die [daɪ], lie [laɪ] + +"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]:: + + pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns] + +"i" в неударном положении - [i]:: + + immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] + +"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]:: + + first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] + +"ire" - [aɪə]:: + + fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə] + +"ia" - [aɪə]:: + + diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ] + +"io" - [aɪə]:: + + prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt] + +"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]:: + + field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] + !!! friend [frend], piece [pɪːs] + +"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]:: + + no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə] + !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː] + +"old" - [oul]:: + + old [ɔuld], cold [could], hold [hould] + +"ol" - [oul]:: + + control [kəntroul] + +"oll" - [oul]:: + + roll [roul] + +"oa" - [ou]:: + + road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk] + +"ow" в конце слов - [ou]:: + + know [nou], show [ʃou], snow [snou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou], bowl [boul] + !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau] + +"ow" в середине слов - [au]:: + + brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə] + +"o" перед "st" - [ou]:: + + post [poust], most [moust] + !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst] + +"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]:: + + on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt] + !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə] + !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə] + +"ou" в середине слова - [au]:: + + out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud] + sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz] + !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ] + !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː] + +"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]:: + + fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt] + +"oor" - [ɔː]:: + + floor [flɔː], door [dɔː] + !!! pore [puə] + +"ore" - [ɔː]:: + + more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː] + +"oar" - [ɔː]:: + + board [bɔːd] + +"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]:: + + mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs] + !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ] + +"our" под ударением - [auə]:: + + our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə] + +"or" в неударном положении - [ə]:: + + visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə] + +"our" на конце слов - [ə]:: + + labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə] + +"oi" - [ɔɪ]:: + + voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz] + +"oy" - [ɔɪ]:: + + alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ] + +"oo" - [uː]:: + + food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm] + !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd] + +"oo" перед "k" - [u]:: + + book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk] + +"ous" на конце слов - [əs]:: + + various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] + +"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]:: + + mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə] + !!! both [bouθ] + +"on" под ударением - [ʌn]:: + + month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən] + !!! on [ɔn] + +"om" под ударением - [ʌm]:: + + come [kʌm], some [sʌm] + +"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]:: + + cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn] + + +"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]:: + + pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz] + +"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]:: + + num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs] + !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ] + +"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: + + blue [bluː], true [truː] + +"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: + + cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt] + !!! suit [sjuːt] + +"u" в неударном положении - [ə]:: + + upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt] + !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ] + +"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: + + curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs] + +"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]:: + + pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs] + !!! sure [ʃuə] + + +"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: + + my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl] + +"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]:: + + sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] + +"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: + + sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ] + +"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]:: + + yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː] + +"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]:: + + tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn] + +"yr" + согласная - [əː]:: + + myrtle [məːtl] + + +"alk" - [ɔːk]:: + + chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk] + +"aught" - [ɔːt]:: + + XXX + +"bt" - [t]:: + + debt [det], doubt [daut] + +"c" обычно - [k]:: + + cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] + +"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]:: + + cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] + +"ch" - [ʧ]:: + + child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] + +"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]:: + + special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] + +"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]:: + + efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] + +"ck" - [k]:: + + black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. + +"g" обычно - [g]:: + + game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] + +"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]:: + + gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] + +"gn" - [n]:: + + sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] + +"gm" - [m]:: + + paradigm ['pærədaɪm] + +"gh" не читается:: + + though [ðou], through [θruː] + !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf] + +"ght" - [t]:: + + might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] + +"igh" - [aɪ]:: + + high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] + +"ild" - [aɪld]:: + + child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] + +"imb" - [aɪm]:: + + climb - [klaɪm] + +"ince" - [aɪns]:: + + XXX + +"ind" - [aɪnd]:: + + mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd] + +"ing" - [iŋ]:: + + signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] + +"ink" - [iŋk]:: + + think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] + +"j" - [dʒ]:: + + jump [dʒʌmp] + +"kn" в начале слова - [n]:: + + know [kəu], knot [nɔt] + +"lf" - [f]:: + + calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf] + !!! gulf [ɡʌlf] + +"lm" - [m]:: + + balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm] + +"mb" - [m]:: + + climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum] + +"mn" на конце слова - [m]:: + + autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm] + +"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]:: + + emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs] + +"ng" - [ŋ]:: + + long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] + +"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]:: + + angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] + +"nk" - [ŋk]:: + + ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] + +"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]:: + + XXX + +"ought" - [ɔːt]:: + + brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt] + +"ould" - [ud]:: + + could [kud], should [shud], would [wud] + +"ph" - [f]:: + + photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] + +"pn" - [n]:: + + pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə] + +"pt" - [t]:: + + receipt [rɪˈsɪːt] + +"qu" - [kw]:: + + quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] + +"ft" - [f]:: + + often [ɔfn] + +"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]:: + + our own room [auər oun rum] + +"s" в начале слов - [s]:: + + send [send], spend [spend] + +"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]:: + + test [test], cups [kʌps] + +"s" после гласных - [z]:: + + as [az], days [deɪz] + +"s" между гласными - [z]:: + + nose [nouz] + +"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]:: + + pens [penz], bells [belz] + +"sh" - [ʃ]:: + + she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] + +"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]:: + + incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] + +"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]:: + + pension [penʃn] + +"sl" - [l]:: + + aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd] + +"ss" - [s]:: + + chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] + +"st" - [s]:: + + castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl] + +"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: + + commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] + +"ssure" - [ʃə]:: + + XXX + +"stion" - [sʧn]:: + + question [qwesʧn] + +"sure" -[ʒə]:: + + measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] + +"tch" - [ʧ]:: + + watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] + +"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: + + communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] + +"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]:: + + thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] + +"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]:: + + the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] + +"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]:: + + bathe [beið], clothe [klouð] + +"ture" - [ʧə]:: + + picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] + +"x" - [ks]:: + + six [sɪks] + +"wa" - [wɔ]:: + + want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] + +"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]:: + + while [waɪl], whack [wæk] + +"wh" перед "o" - [h]:: + + who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] + +"wha" - [wɔ]:: + + what [wɔt] + +"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]:: + + worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm] + !!! worn [wɔːn] + +"wr" - [r]:: + + write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] + +"xh" - [ks]:: + + exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] diff -r 4dff59a44374 -r 2589ae0fe0c8 en-spelling_ru.rst --- a/en-spelling_ru.rst Mon Oct 01 23:23:31 2012 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,810 +0,0 @@ -.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- -.. include:: header.rst - -=================== - English spelling. -=================== - -About. -====== - - * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology - * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English - * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography - * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences - * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects - * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English - -Деление на слоги (syllable). -============================ - -В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков:: - - ba-by, pis-ton - -Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму -слогу:: - - e-ven, o-pen, i-tem - -Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая -согласная относится к первому слогу:: - - hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom - -Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует -конечное нечитаемое "e":: - - ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre - -Типы слогов. -============ - -Открытый слог (open syllable). ------------------------------- - -Заканчивается на гласную:: - - ba-by - -Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым:: - - cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld] - -Закрытый слог (closed syllable). --------------------------------- - -Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r":: - - sys-tem - -Ударный слог (stressed syllable). ---------------------------------- - -Обычно первый слог:: - - pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] - -В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит:: - - nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl] - mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk] - press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] - -Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). -------------------------------------- - -Чтение согласных. -================= - -Чтение гласных. -=============== - -Буква "e" в конце слова не читается:: - - life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] - -"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: - - na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] - !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ] - -"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]:: - - range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] - -"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: - - main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt] - !!! said [sed] - -"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: - - may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ] - -"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]:: - - cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] - -"ar" - [ɑː]:: - - car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] - -"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]:: - - glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] - !!! mass [mæs] - -"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]:: - - fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst] - !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ] - -"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]:: - - grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] - -"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]:: - - branch [brɑːnʧ] - -"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]:: - - half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] - -"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]:: - - ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] - -"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]:: - - father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] - !!! gather [ˈɡæðə] - -"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]:: - - chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] - -"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]:: - - shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] - -"air" - [ɛə]:: - - stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] - -"are" - [ɛə]:: - - care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] - -"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]:: - - all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl] - chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] - -"au" - [ɔː]:: - - launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm] - !!! aunt [ɑːnt] - -"aw" - [ɔː]:: - - saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː] - -"aught" - [ɔːt]:: - - naught [nɔːt] - -"auth" - [ɔːθ]:: - - author [ˈɔːθə] - -"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]:: - - war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] - -"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]:: - - want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ] - -"a" в неударном положении - [ə]:: - - data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] - -"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]:: - - captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] - -"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]:: - - marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] - - -"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]:: - - he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] - -"ea" - [iː]:: - - mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] - !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed] - -"ee" - [iː]:: - - keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː] - -"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]:: - - bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest] - -"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]:: - - bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment] - -"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: - - her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt] - -"ear" + согласная - [əː]:: - - heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ] - -"ear" - [ɪə]:: - - ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə] - -"eer" - [ɪə]:: - - cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə] - -"ere" - [ɪə]:: - - mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] - !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː] - -"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]:: - - sentence - [ˈsentəns] - -"er" в неударном положении - [ə]:: - - member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps] - -"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: - - event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt] - -"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: - - regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn] - -"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]:: - - market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd] - -"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: - - foreign [ˈfɔrɪn] - -"ey" - [ɪ]:: - - hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ] - -"ew" - [juː]:: - - new [njuː], few [fjuː] - -"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]:: - - crew [kruː], grew [gruː] - -"eu" - [juː]:: - - deuce [djuːs] - -"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: - - vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt] - -"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: - - they [θeɪ] - - -"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: - - fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] - !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv] - -"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]:: - - kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. - !!! wind [wɪnd] - -"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]:: - - wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld] - -"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]:: - - sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn] - -"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]:: - - light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt] - -"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]:: - - die [daɪ], lie [laɪ] - -"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]:: - - pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns] - -"i" в неударном положении - [i]:: - - immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] - -"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]:: - - first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] - -"ire" - [aɪə]:: - - fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə] - -"ia" - [aɪə]:: - - diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ] - -"io" - [aɪə]:: - - prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt] - -"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]:: - - field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] - !!! friend [frend], piece [pɪːs] - -"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]:: - - no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə] - !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː] - -"old" - [oul]:: - - old [ɔuld], cold [could], hold [hould] - -"ol" - [oul]:: - - control [kəntroul] - -"oll" - [oul]:: - - roll [roul] - -"oa" - [ou]:: - - road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk] - -"ow" в конце слов - [ou]:: - - know [nou], show [ʃou], snow [snou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou], bowl [boul] - !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau] - -"ow" в середине слов - [au]:: - - brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə] - -"o" перед "st" - [ou]:: - - post [poust], most [moust] - !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst] - -"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]:: - - on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt] - !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə] - !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə] - -"ou" в середине слова - [au]:: - - out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud] - sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz] - !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ] - !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː] - -"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]:: - - fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt] - -"oor" - [ɔː]:: - - floor [flɔː], door [dɔː] - !!! pore [puə] - -"ore" - [ɔː]:: - - more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː] - -"oar" - [ɔː]:: - - board [bɔːd] - -"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]:: - - mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs] - !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ] - -"our" под ударением - [auə]:: - - our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə] - -"or" в неударном положении - [ə]:: - - visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə] - -"our" на конце слов - [ə]:: - - labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə] - -"oi" - [ɔɪ]:: - - voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz] - -"oy" - [ɔɪ]:: - - alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ] - -"oo" - [uː]:: - - food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm] - !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd] - -"oo" перед "k" - [u]:: - - book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk] - -"ous" на конце слов - [əs]:: - - various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] - -"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]:: - - mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə] - !!! both [bouθ] - -"on" под ударением - [ʌn]:: - - month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən] - !!! on [ɔn] - -"om" под ударением - [ʌm]:: - - come [kʌm], some [sʌm] - -"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]:: - - cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn] - - -"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]:: - - pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz] - -"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]:: - - num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs] - !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ] - -"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: - - blue [bluː], true [truː] - -"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: - - cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt] - !!! suit [sjuːt] - -"u" в неударном положении - [ə]:: - - upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt] - !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ] - -"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: - - curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs] - -"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]:: - - pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs] - !!! sure [ʃuə] - - -"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: - - my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl] - -"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]:: - - sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] - -"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: - - sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ] - -"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]:: - - yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː] - -"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]:: - - tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn] - -"yr" + согласная - [əː]:: - - myrtle [məːtl] - - -"alk" - [ɔːk]:: - - chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk] - -"aught" - [ɔːt]:: - - XXX - -"bt" - [t]:: - - debt [det], doubt [daut] - -"c" обычно - [k]:: - - cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] - -"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]:: - - cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] - -"ch" - [ʧ]:: - - child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] - -"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]:: - - special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] - -"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]:: - - efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] - -"ck" - [k]:: - - black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. - -"g" обычно - [g]:: - - game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] - -"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]:: - - gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] - -"gn" - [n]:: - - sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] - -"gm" - [m]:: - - paradigm ['pærədaɪm] - -"gh" не читается:: - - though [ðou], through [θruː] - !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf] - -"ght" - [t]:: - - might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] - -"igh" - [aɪ]:: - - high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] - -"ild" - [aɪld]:: - - child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] - -"imb" - [aɪm]:: - - climb - [klaɪm] - -"ince" - [aɪns]:: - - XXX - -"ind" - [aɪnd]:: - - mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd] - -"ing" - [iŋ]:: - - signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] - -"ink" - [iŋk]:: - - think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] - -"j" - [dʒ]:: - - jump [dʒʌmp] - -"kn" в начале слова - [n]:: - - know [kəu], knot [nɔt] - -"lf" - [f]:: - - calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf] - !!! gulf [ɡʌlf] - -"lm" - [m]:: - - balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm] - -"mb" - [m]:: - - climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum] - -"mn" на конце слова - [m]:: - - autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm] - -"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]:: - - emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs] - -"ng" - [ŋ]:: - - long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] - -"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]:: - - angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] - -"nk" - [ŋk]:: - - ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] - -"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]:: - - XXX - -"ought" - [ɔːt]:: - - brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt] - -"ould" - [ud]:: - - could [kud], should [shud], would [wud] - -"ph" - [f]:: - - photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] - -"pn" - [n]:: - - pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə] - -"pt" - [t]:: - - receipt [rɪˈsɪːt] - -"qu" - [kw]:: - - quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] - -"ft" - [f]:: - - often [ɔfn] - -"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]:: - - our own room [auər oun rum] - -"s" в начале слов - [s]:: - - send [send], spend [spend] - -"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]:: - - test [test], cups [kʌps] - -"s" после гласных - [z]:: - - as [az], days [deɪz] - -"s" между гласными - [z]:: - - nose [nouz] - -"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]:: - - pens [penz], bells [belz] - -"sh" - [ʃ]:: - - she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] - -"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]:: - - incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] - -"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]:: - - pension [penʃn] - -"sl" - [l]:: - - aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd] - -"ss" - [s]:: - - chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] - -"st" - [s]:: - - castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl] - -"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: - - commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] - -"ssure" - [ʃə]:: - - XXX - -"stion" - [sʧn]:: - - question [qwesʧn] - -"sure" -[ʒə]:: - - measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] - -"tch" - [ʧ]:: - - watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] - -"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: - - communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] - -"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]:: - - thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] - -"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]:: - - the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] - -"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]:: - - bathe [beið], clothe [klouð] - -"ture" - [ʧə]:: - - picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] - -"x" - [ks]:: - - six [sɪks] - -"wa" - [wɔ]:: - - want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] - -"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]:: - - while [waɪl], whack [wæk] - -"wh" перед "o" - [h]:: - - who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] - -"wha" - [wɔ]:: - - what [wɔt] - -"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]:: - - worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm] - !!! worn [wɔːn] - -"wr" - [r]:: - - write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] - -"xh" - [ks]:: - - exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]