# HG changeset patch # User Oleksandr Gavenko # Date 1476384570 -10800 # Node ID 37eb61c332bb707c7dfad75f31ad1de716d04494 # Parent eddc8cb6aec76ffd32d94a38ba88e4f0a655c65e Simplify file name. diff -r eddc8cb6aec7 -r 37eb61c332bb www/MISC.rst --- a/www/MISC.rst Thu Oct 13 21:45:23 2016 +0300 +++ b/www/MISC.rst Thu Oct 13 21:49:30 2016 +0300 @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ======== * `IPA conventions `_. - * `English punctuation `_. + * `English punctuation `_. * `English pronunciation `_. * `English suffixes `_. * `English pronunciation training exercise `_. diff -r eddc8cb6aec7 -r 37eb61c332bb www/en-punctuation.rst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/www/en-punctuation.rst Thu Oct 13 21:49:30 2016 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ +.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- + +=========================== + English Punctuation Guide +=========================== +.. contents:: + :local: + +Punctuation symbol +================== + +``.`` full stop (period USA) + +``?`` question mark + +``!`` exclamation mark + +``""`` single quotation marks + +``''`` double quotation marks + +````` apostrophe + +``-`` hyphen + +``,`` comma + +``:`` colon + +``;`` semicolon + +``...`` ellipsis + +General rules +============= + + * Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks. + * Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses. + * Put a comma (plus a space) before conjunction. + * The semicolon ``;`` is not widely used in English. + +Capital letter +============== + + 1. A capital is used for the first letter of a new sentence, of quoted + speech or proper nouns. + 2. The first letter of a sentence does not need to be capitalized if it + is included in parenthesis within another sentence. + 3. A capital letter is always used for the first person singular + subjective personal pronoun I. + 4. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in headings and + titles. If such titles are hyphenated then both components are given + capitalized first letters. + 5. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in historical + events. + 6. A capital is used for the first letter of religions and many other + religious words. + 7. A capital is used for the first letter of names of months and days of + the week, but not of seasons. + 8. Holidays should also be capitalized. + +Examples:: + + [3] My boss and I agreed that I should make up for the time I had lost. + [4] The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries + [4] The Centers for Disease Control + [4] Vice-President Dick Cheney + [5] The Battle of Waterloo + [5] The Great Fire of London + [6] Devout Christians do daily Bible study. + [7] After a long, hot summer she married him on a sultry Saturday in September. + [8] January 1 is New Year's Day. + +Spaces +====== + + * Put one space after punctuation. + * Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words. + * Put no spaces after periods inside abbreviations. + * Put no space before or after an apostrophe. + * Put no space on the "inside" of quotation marks (often called "quotes"). + * Put no space on the "inside" of parentheses. + +Exclamation mark, ``!`` +======================= + +* Exclamation marks act as a full stop. +* An exclamation mark is most often used to show shock, surprise, horror or + pleasure. +* Put space after an exclamation mark, not before. + +Examples:: + + Oh! Wow! Brilliant! + It was shocking! + +Apostrophe, ``'`` +================= + + * Apostrophes next to the letter ('s) indicate possession or belonging. + * They are also used to show missing letters in shortened words, especially in + informal writing. + * No space is needed before or after the apostrophe. + +Examples:: + + This is Lynne's web site. + It's a nice day today, isn't it? I've got an idea. Let's go out. + +Comma, ``,`` +============ + + 1. Separate items in long lists. + 2. Commas point out brief pauses in a complex sentence or a long + prepositional phrase. + 3. Comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes before + the final element of a list (for purists). + 4. Introduce a direct quote. + 5. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining + relative clauses. + 6. Use a comma if your subject has two or more adjectives describing it. + 7. You do not put a space before a comma, but you do need a space after one. + 8. We don't usually put a comma before the word 'and'. + +Examples:: + + [1] There were a lot of people in the room, teachers, students and parents. + [2] The teachers were sitting, the students were listening and the parents + were just worrying. + [2] Although he wanted to come, he wasn't able to attend the course. + [3] I like reading, listening to music, and visiting with my friends. + [4] The boy said, "My father is often away during the week on business trips." + [4] His doctor replied, "If you don't stop smoking, you run the risk of a + heart attack." + [5] Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle. + [5] My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape. + [6] The powerful, resonating sound caught our attention. + +Colon, ``:`` +============ + + 1. Colons precede a list, an explanation or an example. + 2. The colon is used to separate two main clauses where the first is an + introduction to the second. + 3. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this + situation). + 4. You do not put a space before a colon, but you do need a space after + one. + +Examples:: + + [1] There are two main shopping areas in Nottingham: Broadmarsh Centre and + Victoria Centre. + [2] The pilot had an awful realization: he had forgotten to turn off the gas + at breakfast time. + [3] He announced to his friends: "I'm getting married!" + +Full stop (period), ``.`` +========================= + + 1. Full stops (periods in the USA) go at the end of sentences that are + statements. + 2. They are also used to mark abbreviations. If such an abbreviation occurs at + the very end of a sentence, the final dot is not written twice. + 3. You do not put a space before a full stop, but after one. + +Examples:: + + [1] My name is Lynn. I am a teacher. + [2] An overhead projector is often referred to as an O.H.P. + +Hyphen, ``-`` +============= + +* Hyphens are used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into parts. +* You don't use a space on either side of a hyphen. + +Examples:: + + There were ninety-nine red balloons. + +Question mark, ``?`` +==================== + + 1. Question marks go at the end of sentences that are questions. + 2. You need a question mark at the end of tag questions. + 3. For quotes within quotes, use single quotes. + 4. You do not put a space before a question mark, but after one. + +Examples:: + + [1] Is my name Lynn? Of course it is. + [2] It's a nice day, isn't it? + +Semicolon, ``;`` +================ + + 1. Semicolons are used to separate two sentences that would otherwise + be joined with a word such as 'and', 'because', 'since', 'unless' or + 'while'. 2 To separate groups of words that are themselves separated + by commas. + 2. You do not put a space before a semicolon, but you do need a space + after one. + +Examples:: + + [1] I'm looking forward to our next lesson; I'm sure it will be a lot of fun. + [2] They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; + and literature, for their own enjoyment. + +Quotation mark (speech mark), ``""``, ``''`` +============================================ + +Double quotes ``""``, single quotes ``''``. + + * Quotation marks (single or double) are used to show words that are + directly spoken (direct speech). + * Only the words actually being quoted are enclosed by speech marks. + * You need a space before the opening speech mark, but no space after + it, and a space after the closing one, but no space before it. + * Another general rule is to use a comma after the introduction to + quoted speech or writing. + * Sometimes when writing a spoken sentence it is split in two. The + speech marks must then be placed at the beginning and end of each + part of the sentence. Commas are used to separate the spoken part + from the rest of the sentence. + * If you need a question mark or exclamation mark the markers that + punctuate the quoted words are enclosed by the speech marks. + +Examples:: + + "Could everyone sit down please," said the teacher. + Jaime said, "I love you." + "I wonder," she said quietly, "whether people will ever truly understand each other." + "I don't understand," replied Nathan. + "Do you understand?" asked Nathan. + "I don't understand!" shouted Nathan. + Nathan replied, "I don't understand." + Nathan asked, "Do you understand?" + Nathan shouted, "I don't understand!" + He wrote in 1946 that, "The key word in digital computer is 'digital'." + +Ellipsis, ``...`` +================= + + 1. Ellipsis used to show that something has been omitted, indicate + missing words in an incomplete quotation. + +Examples:: + + [1] Chomsky suggested that, "Language is a system that...can be described in + an algebraic notation." + +Dash, ``-``, ``--`` +=================== + + 1. The dash should be used when making a brief interruption within a + statement, a sudden change of thought, an additional comment, or a + dramatic qualification. + +Parentheses ``()`` +================== + + 1. Use parentheses to clarify, to place an afterthought, or to add a + personal comment. Be sure to include the period after the closing + parenthesis. + +Examples:: + + [1] Steve Case (AOL's former CEO) resigned from the Time-Warner board of + directors in 2005. + [1] You will need a flashlight for the camping trip (don't forget the + batteries!). + [1] Most grammarians believe that parentheses and commas are always + interchangeable (I disagree). + +Brackets ``[]`` +=============== + + 1. Use brackets to signify an editor's note in a regular piece of + writing. You can also use brackets to clarify or to revise a direct + quote so that it appeals to your own writing. + 2. The first brackets are rounded, and brackets inside brackets are + squared. + +Examples:: + + [1] "[The blast] was absolutely devastating," said Susan Smith. + +Slash ``/`` +=========== + + 1. Use the slash to separate "and" and "or", when appropriate. + 2. The slash can replace the word "and" to join two nouns. + 3. The slash is used when quoting lyrics and poetry to denote a line + break. Be sure to add spaces between your slashes here. + +Examples:: + + [1] To register, you will need your driver's license and/or your birth + certificate." + [2] The student/part-time employee has very little free time. + [3] "Row, row, row your boat / gently down the stream / life is but a dream." + diff -r eddc8cb6aec7 -r 37eb61c332bb www/en-punctuation_en.rst --- a/www/en-punctuation_en.rst Thu Oct 13 21:45:23 2016 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,304 +0,0 @@ -.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- - -=========================== - English Punctuation Guide -=========================== -.. contents:: - :local: - -Punctuation symbol -================== - -``.`` full stop (period USA) - -``?`` question mark - -``!`` exclamation mark - -``""`` single quotation marks - -``''`` double quotation marks - -````` apostrophe - -``-`` hyphen - -``,`` comma - -``:`` colon - -``;`` semicolon - -``...`` ellipsis - -General rules -============= - - * Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks. - * Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses. - * Put a comma (plus a space) before conjunction. - * The semicolon ``;`` is not widely used in English. - -Capital letter -============== - - 1. A capital is used for the first letter of a new sentence, of quoted - speech or proper nouns. - 2. The first letter of a sentence does not need to be capitalized if it - is included in parenthesis within another sentence. - 3. A capital letter is always used for the first person singular - subjective personal pronoun I. - 4. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in headings and - titles. If such titles are hyphenated then both components are given - capitalized first letters. - 5. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in historical - events. - 6. A capital is used for the first letter of religions and many other - religious words. - 7. A capital is used for the first letter of names of months and days of - the week, but not of seasons. - 8. Holidays should also be capitalized. - -Examples:: - - [3] My boss and I agreed that I should make up for the time I had lost. - [4] The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries - [4] The Centers for Disease Control - [4] Vice-President Dick Cheney - [5] The Battle of Waterloo - [5] The Great Fire of London - [6] Devout Christians do daily Bible study. - [7] After a long, hot summer she married him on a sultry Saturday in September. - [8] January 1 is New Year's Day. - -Spaces -====== - - * Put one space after punctuation. - * Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words. - * Put no spaces after periods inside abbreviations. - * Put no space before or after an apostrophe. - * Put no space on the "inside" of quotation marks (often called "quotes"). - * Put no space on the "inside" of parentheses. - -Exclamation mark, ``!`` -======================= - -* Exclamation marks act as a full stop. -* An exclamation mark is most often used to show shock, surprise, horror or - pleasure. -* Put space after an exclamation mark, not before. - -Examples:: - - Oh! Wow! Brilliant! - It was shocking! - -Apostrophe, ``'`` -================= - - * Apostrophes next to the letter ('s) indicate possession or belonging. - * They are also used to show missing letters in shortened words, especially in - informal writing. - * No space is needed before or after the apostrophe. - -Examples:: - - This is Lynne's web site. - It's a nice day today, isn't it? I've got an idea. Let's go out. - -Comma, ``,`` -============ - - 1. Separate items in long lists. - 2. Commas point out brief pauses in a complex sentence or a long - prepositional phrase. - 3. Comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes before - the final element of a list (for purists). - 4. Introduce a direct quote. - 5. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining - relative clauses. - 6. Use a comma if your subject has two or more adjectives describing it. - 7. You do not put a space before a comma, but you do need a space after one. - 8. We don't usually put a comma before the word 'and'. - -Examples:: - - [1] There were a lot of people in the room, teachers, students and parents. - [2] The teachers were sitting, the students were listening and the parents - were just worrying. - [2] Although he wanted to come, he wasn't able to attend the course. - [3] I like reading, listening to music, and visiting with my friends. - [4] The boy said, "My father is often away during the week on business trips." - [4] His doctor replied, "If you don't stop smoking, you run the risk of a - heart attack." - [5] Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle. - [5] My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape. - [6] The powerful, resonating sound caught our attention. - -Colon, ``:`` -============ - - 1. Colons precede a list, an explanation or an example. - 2. The colon is used to separate two main clauses where the first is an - introduction to the second. - 3. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this - situation). - 4. You do not put a space before a colon, but you do need a space after - one. - -Examples:: - - [1] There are two main shopping areas in Nottingham: Broadmarsh Centre and - Victoria Centre. - [2] The pilot had an awful realization: he had forgotten to turn off the gas - at breakfast time. - [3] He announced to his friends: "I'm getting married!" - -Full stop (period), ``.`` -========================= - - 1. Full stops (periods in the USA) go at the end of sentences that are - statements. - 2. They are also used to mark abbreviations. If such an abbreviation occurs at - the very end of a sentence, the final dot is not written twice. - 3. You do not put a space before a full stop, but after one. - -Examples:: - - [1] My name is Lynn. I am a teacher. - [2] An overhead projector is often referred to as an O.H.P. - -Hyphen, ``-`` -============= - -* Hyphens are used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into parts. -* You don't use a space on either side of a hyphen. - -Examples:: - - There were ninety-nine red balloons. - -Question mark, ``?`` -==================== - - 1. Question marks go at the end of sentences that are questions. - 2. You need a question mark at the end of tag questions. - 3. For quotes within quotes, use single quotes. - 4. You do not put a space before a question mark, but after one. - -Examples:: - - [1] Is my name Lynn? Of course it is. - [2] It's a nice day, isn't it? - -Semicolon, ``;`` -================ - - 1. Semicolons are used to separate two sentences that would otherwise - be joined with a word such as 'and', 'because', 'since', 'unless' or - 'while'. 2 To separate groups of words that are themselves separated - by commas. - 2. You do not put a space before a semicolon, but you do need a space - after one. - -Examples:: - - [1] I'm looking forward to our next lesson; I'm sure it will be a lot of fun. - [2] They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; - and literature, for their own enjoyment. - -Quotation mark (speech mark), ``""``, ``''`` -============================================ - -Double quotes ``""``, single quotes ``''``. - - * Quotation marks (single or double) are used to show words that are - directly spoken (direct speech). - * Only the words actually being quoted are enclosed by speech marks. - * You need a space before the opening speech mark, but no space after - it, and a space after the closing one, but no space before it. - * Another general rule is to use a comma after the introduction to - quoted speech or writing. - * Sometimes when writing a spoken sentence it is split in two. The - speech marks must then be placed at the beginning and end of each - part of the sentence. Commas are used to separate the spoken part - from the rest of the sentence. - * If you need a question mark or exclamation mark the markers that - punctuate the quoted words are enclosed by the speech marks. - -Examples:: - - "Could everyone sit down please," said the teacher. - Jaime said, "I love you." - "I wonder," she said quietly, "whether people will ever truly understand each other." - "I don't understand," replied Nathan. - "Do you understand?" asked Nathan. - "I don't understand!" shouted Nathan. - Nathan replied, "I don't understand." - Nathan asked, "Do you understand?" - Nathan shouted, "I don't understand!" - He wrote in 1946 that, "The key word in digital computer is 'digital'." - -Ellipsis, ``...`` -================= - - 1. Ellipsis used to show that something has been omitted, indicate - missing words in an incomplete quotation. - -Examples:: - - [1] Chomsky suggested that, "Language is a system that...can be described in - an algebraic notation." - -Dash, ``-``, ``--`` -=================== - - 1. The dash should be used when making a brief interruption within a - statement, a sudden change of thought, an additional comment, or a - dramatic qualification. - -Parentheses ``()`` -================== - - 1. Use parentheses to clarify, to place an afterthought, or to add a - personal comment. Be sure to include the period after the closing - parenthesis. - -Examples:: - - [1] Steve Case (AOL's former CEO) resigned from the Time-Warner board of - directors in 2005. - [1] You will need a flashlight for the camping trip (don't forget the - batteries!). - [1] Most grammarians believe that parentheses and commas are always - interchangeable (I disagree). - -Brackets ``[]`` -=============== - - 1. Use brackets to signify an editor's note in a regular piece of - writing. You can also use brackets to clarify or to revise a direct - quote so that it appeals to your own writing. - 2. The first brackets are rounded, and brackets inside brackets are - squared. - -Examples:: - - [1] "[The blast] was absolutely devastating," said Susan Smith. - -Slash ``/`` -=========== - - 1. Use the slash to separate "and" and "or", when appropriate. - 2. The slash can replace the word "and" to join two nouns. - 3. The slash is used when quoting lyrics and poetry to denote a line - break. Be sure to add spaces between your slashes here. - -Examples:: - - [1] To register, you will need your driver's license and/or your birth - certificate." - [2] The student/part-time employee has very little free time. - [3] "Row, row, row your boat / gently down the stream / life is but a dream." -