Colors for article.

- smell [smel]«v1» - smelled [smelt]«Am», «v2», «v3» - smelt [smelt]«Br», «v2», «v3» -

- v hypo: stink - ru пахнуть - uk пахнути -

- v - ru нюхать - uk нюхати -

- - diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 contrib/gadialog.el --- a/contrib/gadialog.el Sat Oct 17 21:01:50 2020 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,91 +0,0 @@ -;;; gadialog.el --- major mode for editing gadialog dialog files -*- lexical-binding: t -*- - -;; Copyright (C) 2019 by Oleksandr Gavenko - -;; You can do anything with this file without any warranty. - -;; Author: Oleksandr Gavenko -;; Maintainer: Oleksandr Gavenko -;; Created: 2019 -;; Version: 0.17 -;; Keywords: dict, dictionary - -;;; Commentary: -;; -;; Mode can be installed by: -;; -;; (autoload 'gadialog-mode "gadialog") -;; -;; File association can be registered by: -;; -;; (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist (cons "\\.gadialog$" 'gadialog-mode)) - -;;; Code: - -(defvar gadialog-font-lock-keywords - '(("^# [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-type-face) - ("^## [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-warning-face) - ("^- " . font-lock-keyword-face))) - -(defvar gadialog-syntax-table - (let ((table (make-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table))) - (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w" table) - table)) - -(defun gadialog-next-num () - (save-excursion - (goto-char (point-min)) - (let (beg end num) - (catch 'return - (when (looking-at "## \$[1-9][0-9]*\$") - (setq beg (match-beginning 1) - end (match-end 1)) - (setq num (string-to-number (buffer-substring beg end))) - (delete-region beg end) - (goto-char beg) - (setq num (1+ num)) - (insert (int-to-string num)) - (throw 'return num)) - (insert "## 1\n") - 1)))) - -(defun gadialog-cleaup-whitespaces-forward () - (while (memq (char-before) '(?\ ?\n ?\t)) - (delete-char -1))) - -(defun gadialog-insert-template () - (interactive) - (forward-line 0) - (when (looking-at "# ") - (forward-line 1)) - (unless (re-search-forward "^# " (+ (point) 10240) t) - (goto-char (point-max))) - (when (eobp) (insert-char ?\n)) - (forward-line 0) - (gadialog-cleaup-whitespaces-forward) - (insert "\n# ") - (insert (int-to-string (gadialog-next-num))) - (insert "\n- \n") - (backward-char)) - -(defun gadialog-insert-sentence () - (interactive) - (forward-line 1) - (while (not (or (eobp) - (memq (char-after) (list ?- ?#)))) - (forward-line 1)) - (gadialog-cleaup-whitespaces-forward) - (insert "\n- \n") - (backward-char)) - - -(define-derived-mode gadialog-mode fundamental-mode "gadialog" - (setq font-lock-defaults '(gadialog-font-lock-keywords)) - (define-key (current-local-map) [C-return] 'gadialog-insert-template) - (define-key (current-local-map) [S-return] 'gadialog-insert-sentence) - (set-syntax-table gadialog-syntax-table) - (setq paragraph-start "[#-]")) - -(provide 'gadialog) - -;;; gadialog.el ends here diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 contrib/gadict.el --- a/contrib/gadict.el Sat Oct 17 21:01:50 2020 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,429 +0,0 @@ -;;; gadict.el --- major mode for editing gadict dictionary source files -*- lexical-binding: t -*- - -;; Copyright (C) 2016 by Oleksandr Gavenko - -;; You can do anything with this file without any warranty. - -;; Author: Oleksandr Gavenko -;; Maintainer: Oleksandr Gavenko -;; Created: 2016 -;; Version: 0.1 -;; Keywords: dict, dictionary - -;;; Commentary: -;; -;; Mode can be installed by: -;; -;; (autoload 'gadict-mode "gadict") -;; -;; File association can be registered by: -;; -;; (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist (cons "\\.gadict$" 'gadict-mode)) - -;;; Code: - -(defun gadict--trim-left (s) - "Remove whitespace at the beginning of S." - (if (string-match "\\`[ \t\n\r]+" s) - (replace-match "" t t s) - s)) - -(defun gadict--trim-right (s) - "Remove whitespace at the end of S." - (if (string-match "[ \t\n\r]+\\'" s) - (replace-match "" t t s) - s)) - -(defun gadict--trim (s) - "Remove whitespace at the beginning and end of S." - (gadict--trim-left (gadict--trim-right s))) - - - -(defconst gadict--vowels-re "[o$(O+8+:+7+9(Ba$(O+3+0,Af(Be,0#$(O+1(Bi,0!(Bu$(O+5+C+U+S+T(B]+") - -(defun gadict--vowel-group-count (s) - (let ( (cnt 0) (start 0) ) - (while (string-match gadict--vowels-re s start) - (setq cnt (1+ cnt)) - (setq start (match-end 0))) - cnt)) - -(defun gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent (s) - "Remove accent if only one syllable in word." - (if (<= (gadict--vowel-group-count s) 1) - (replace-regexp-in-string "[$,1$h$l(B]" "" s) - s)) - -(defun gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent-in-sentence (s) - "Remove accent if only one syllable in word." - (mapconcat #'gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent (split-string s " ") " ")) - -(defun gadict--espeak-cleanup (s) - "Cleanup espeak IPA output." - (mapc (lambda (fn) (setq s (funcall fn s))) - (list - ;; UTF symbol between t$(O*h(B to make ligature. - (lambda (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "[\x200D]" "" str)) - (lambda (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "t$(O*h(B" "$,1$G(B" str)) - (lambda (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "$,1k{(B" ",0!(B" str)) - #'gadict--trim - #'gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent-in-sentence)) - s) - -(defvar gadict-espeak-enabled nil - "Is espeak used.") - -(defvar gadict-espeak-program "espeak") -(defvar gadict-espeak-program-ipa-args "-q --ipa=2") -;; "en" "en-gb" "en-us" "en-sc" -(defvar gadict-espeak-voices-list '("en-gb" "en-us") - "What voices to show. Look to 'espeak --voices' for full list.") -(defvar gadict-espeak-default-voice "en-us" - "Default voice for espeak. Used in article template.") - -(defun gadict-espeak-ipa (str &optional voice) - (gadict--espeak-cleanup - (shell-command-to-string - (format "%s %s %s %s" - gadict-espeak-program - gadict-espeak-program-ipa-args - (if (stringp voice) (concat "-v" (shell-quote-argument voice)) "") - (shell-quote-argument str))))) - -(defun gadict-espeak-headline-line (headword) - (mapconcat (lambda (voice) (format "%s: %s" - (propertize voice 'face '(:foreground "red")) - (gadict-espeak-ipa headword voice))) - (if (listp gadict-espeak-voices-list) gadict-espeak-voices-list '(nil)) - " | ")) - -;; (defun gadict-espeak-headline-display () -;; (interactive) -;; (message (gadict-espeak-headline-line))) - -(defvar gadict-espeak-headline-headword nil) - -(defun gadict-espeak-headline-display () - (when (eq major-mode 'gadict-mode) - (let ( (headword (condition-case nil (gadict-nearest-headword) (error nil))) ) - (unless (eq headword gadict-espeak-headline-headword) - (setq gadict-espeak-headline-headword headword) - (setq header-line-format (if headword (gadict-espeak-headline-line headword) nil)) - (force-mode-line-update))))) - -(defvar gadict-espeak-headline-timer nil) -(defun gadict-espeak-headline-enable () - "Enable headline with espeak IPA pronunciation." - (interactive) - (unless gadict-espeak-headline-timer - (setq gadict-espeak-headline-timer (run-with-idle-timer 1 t #'gadict-espeak-headline-display)))) -(defun gadict-espeak-headline-disable () - "Enable headline with espeak IPA pronunciation." - (interactive) - (when gadict-espeak-headline-timer - (cancel-timer gadict-espeak-headline-timer)) - (setq gadict-espeak-headline-timer nil) - (setq header-line-format nil)) - - - -(defconst gadict--pos '("n" "v" "adj" "adv" "pron" "det" "prep" "num" "conj" "int" "phr" "phr.v" "contr" "abbr" "prefix") - "Defined parts of speech.") - -(defconst gadict--art-lang-regex (regexp-opt '("en" "ru" "uk" "la"))) -(defconst gadict--art-rel-regex (regexp-opt '("cnt" "ant" "syn" "rel" "topic" "hyper" "hypo" "col"))) -(defconst gadict--art-var-regex (regexp-opt '("rare" "v1" "v2" "v3" "s" "pl" "male" "female" "baby" "abbr" "comp" "super" "Am" "Br" "Au"))) -(defconst gadict--art-pos-regex (regexp-opt gadict--pos)) - -(defgroup gadict nil - "gadict-mode customization." - :group 'wp) - -(defface gadict-tr-face '((t :foreground "#40a040" :slant italic)) - "Face for marker of translation." - :group 'gadict) -(defface gadict-ex-face '((t :foreground "#20a0c0" :slant italic)) - "Face for marker of example." - :group 'gadict) -(defface gadict-glos-face '((t :foreground "#a04040" :slant italic)) - "Face for marker of explanation." - :group 'gadict) - -(defvar gadict-font-lock-keywords - `( ("^\$__\$\n\n\$\\w.*\$$" (1 font-lock-function-name-face) (2 font-lock-keyword-face)) - ("^ .*\n\$\\w.*\$" (1 font-lock-keyword-face)) - ("^#.*" . font-lock-comment-face) - ("^ +\\[[^]\n:]+]" . font-lock-type-face) - ("^ +homo: " . 'gadict-tr-face) - (,(format "^%s: " gadict--art-lang-regex) . 'gadict-tr-face) - (,(format "^%s> " gadict--art-lang-regex) . 'gadict-ex-face) - (,(format "^%s= " gadict--art-lang-regex) . 'gadict-glos-face) - (,(format "^%s: " gadict--art-rel-regex) . font-lock-doc-face) - (,(format "^ +%s$" gadict--art-var-regex) . font-lock-doc-face) - (,(format "^%s$" gadict--art-pos-regex) . font-lock-warning-face) )) - -(defun gadict-setup-fontlock () - "Setup gadict fontlock." - (setq font-lock-defaults - '(gadict-font-lock-keywords - t nil nil nil - (font-lock-multiline . t) )) - (add-hook 'font-lock-extend-region-functions 'gadict-font-lock-extend-region t) ) - -(defun gadict-setup-syntax () - "Setup gadict characters syntax." - (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w")) - -(defun gadict-setup-comment () - "Setup gadict comment commands." - (set (make-local-variable 'comment-start) "#") - (set (make-local-variable 'comment-continue) nil) - (set (make-local-variable 'comment-end) "") - (set (make-local-variable 'comment-end-skip) nil) - (set (make-local-variable 'comment-multi-line) nil) - (set (make-local-variable 'comment-use-syntax) nil) ) - -(defun gadict-setup-paragraph () - "Setup gadict sentence/paragraph definition." - (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) "__$") - (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) "__$") - (set (make-local-variable 'sentence-end) "\n")) - -(defun gadict-setup-page () - "Setup gadict page definition." - (set (make-local-variable 'page-delimiter) "__$") ) - -(defvar gadict-indent-offset 2 - "Indent level.") - -(defun gadict-indent-line () - "Indent line in gdict mode." - (if (eq (current-indentation) gadict-indent-offset) - (indent-line-to 0) - (indent-line-to gadict-indent-offset))) - -(defun gadict-setup-indent () - "Setup indenting for gdict mode." - (set (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function) 'gadict-indent-line)) - -(defun gadict-mark-article () - "Mark current article." - (end-of-line) - (re-search-backward "^__$") - (set-mark (point)) - (forward-line) - (if (re-search-forward "^__$" nil t) - (forward-line 0) - (goto-char (point-max))) - (exchange-point-and-mark)) - -(defun gadict-mark-line () - "Mark current line." - (forward-line 0) - (set-mark (point)) - (forward-line 1) - (exchange-point-and-mark)) - -(defvar er/try-expand-list) -(defun gadict-setup-expansions () - "Add `gadict-mode' specific expansions." - (set (make-local-variable 'er/try-expand-list) (list #'er/mark-word #'gadict-mark-line #'gadict-mark-article))) - -(defvar font-lock-beg) -(defvar font-lock-end) -(defun gadict-font-lock-extend-region () - "Look for '__' expression and extend `font-lock-beg' and `font-lock-end'." - ;; (message "%d:%d, %d lines" font-lock-beg font-lock-end (count-lines font-lock-beg font-lock-end)) - (cond - ((and - (< (count-lines font-lock-beg font-lock-end) 5) - (not (and (<= (point-max) font-lock-end) (<= font-lock-beg (point-min)) ))) - (save-excursion - (goto-char font-lock-beg) - (forward-line -2) - (setq font-lock-beg (point)) - (goto-char font-lock-end) - (forward-line 3) - (setq font-lock-end (point))) - t) - (t nil) )) - -(defvar-local gadict-tr nil - "Translation markers as string separated by comma. Define own - values in .dir-local.el or as -*- gadict-tr: \"...\" -*- file prelude") -(put 'gadict-tr 'safe-local-variable 'string-or-null-p) - -(defun gadict-insert-article (headword pos) - "Insert new article after the current place. - -If `gadict-espeak-enabled' is `t' pronunciation will be filled -with espeak `gadict-espeak-default-voice'." - (if (re-search-forward "^__" nil t) - (beginning-of-line) - (goto-char (point-max))) - (while (eq (char-before) ?\n) - (delete-char -1)) - (insert-char ?\n) - (insert-char ?_ 2) - (insert-char ?\n 3) - (forward-char -1) - (insert headword) - (insert "\n [") - (when gadict-espeak-enabled - (insert (gadict-espeak-ipa headword gadict-espeak-default-voice))) - (insert "]") - (insert-char ?\n 2) - (insert pos) - (gadict--insert-tr)) - -(defun gadict-search-floor (headword) - "Move to HEADWORD definition or place on posiiton for new corresponding -definition. Check for headwords ordering during search. - -Return `t' if definition found, `nil' if no such headword." - (let ( prev curr ) - (catch 'exit - (goto-char (point-min)) - (unless (re-search-forward "^__$" nil t) - (throw 'exit nil)) - (forward-line 2) - (setq prev (buffer-substring-no-properties (point) (line-end-position))) - (when (string= headword prev) - (throw 'exit t)) - (when (string< headword prev) - (goto-char (point-min)) - (throw 'exit nil)) - (while t - (unless (re-search-forward "^__$" nil t) - (throw 'exit nil)) - (forward-line 2) - (setq curr (buffer-substring-no-properties (point) (line-end-position))) - (when (string> prev curr) - (error (format "%s < %s" curr prev))) - (when (string= headword curr) - (throw 'exit t)) - (when (string< headword curr) - (forward-line -2) - (re-search-backward "^__$") - (forward-line 2) - (throw 'exit nil)) - (setq prev curr)) ))) - -(defun gadict-search (headword) - "Move to HEADWORD definition or place on posiiton for new corresponding -definition. Check for headwords ordering during search." - (interactive (list (read-string "Headword: "))) - (gadict-search-floor headword) - (recenter)) - -(defun gadict-insert-article-in-order () - "Insert new article template with respect of headword order." - (interactive) - (let (headword pos) - (setq headword (read-string "Headword: ")) - (unless (gadict-search-floor headword) - (setq pos (completing-read "POS: " gadict--pos nil t)) - (gadict-insert-article headword pos) - (recenter)))) - -(defun gadict--find-headword-end () - (save-excursion - (end-of-line) - (re-search-backward "^__$") - (re-search-forward "^$") - (forward-char) - (re-search-forward "^$") - (point))) - -(defun gadict-insert-translation (pos) - "Insert translation template using value of `gadict-tr'." - (interactive (list (completing-read "POS: " gadict--pos nil t))) - (let ( (headword-end (gadict--find-headword-end)) ) - (if (< (point) headword-end) - (goto-char headword-end) - (re-search-forward "^\$?:\\|__\$$") - (when (eq (char-before) ?_) - (beginning-of-line))) - (insert-char ?\n 2) - (forward-char -1) - (insert pos) - (gadict--insert-tr) )) - -(defun gadict--insert-tr () - "Insert `gadict-tr' as multiline template on next line. Place point on the end of the first new line." - (when (stringp gadict-tr) - (save-excursion - (end-of-line) - (mapc (lambda (lang) - (insert-char ?\n) - (insert lang) - (insert ": ")) - (split-string gadict-tr ","))) - (end-of-line 2))) - -(defun gadict-nearest-headword () - "Return nearest headword looking upward." - (save-excursion - (let ( (orig (point)) limit ) - (re-search-backward "^__$") - (forward-line 1) - (unless (and (eq (char-before) ?\n) (eq (char-after) ?\n)) - (error "Syntax error: there is not empty line after '__'...")) - (forward-line 1) - (when (< orig (point)) - (setq orig (point))) - (setq limit (point)) - (re-search-forward "^$") - (when (< orig (point)) - (goto-char orig) - (end-of-line)) - (re-search-backward "^\$[^ ].*\$$" limit) - (match-string 1) - ))) - -(defun gadict-copy-pronunciation (&optional headword) - "Copy existing pronunciation of selected region or current word to `kill-ring'." - (interactive - (list (if (use-region-p) - (buffer-substring (region-beginning) (region-end)) - (thing-at-point 'word)))) - (save-excursion - (gadict-search-floor headword) - (when (search-forward-regexp "\\[\$[^]]+\$]") - (kill-new (match-string 1))))) - -(defun gadict-copy-espeak-pronunciation (&optional headword) - "Copy espeak pronunciation of selected region or current word to `kill-ring'." - (interactive - (list (if (use-region-p) - (buffer-substring (region-beginning) (region-end)) - (thing-at-point 'word)))) - (kill-new (gadict-espeak-headline-line headword))) - -(defun gadict-setup-keymap () - "Setup gadict keymap." - (define-key (current-local-map) [S-return] 'gadict-insert-translation) - (define-key (current-local-map) [C-return] 'gadict-insert-article-in-order) - (define-key (current-local-map) [C-S-return] 'gadict-search) - (define-key (current-local-map) [M-return] 'gadict-copy-pronunciation) - (define-key (current-local-map) [M-S-return] 'gadict-copy-espeak-pronunciation)) - -;;;###autoload -(define-derived-mode gadict-mode fundamental-mode "gadict" - "Derived mode for editing gadict dictionary source files." - (gadict-setup-fontlock) - (gadict-setup-keymap) - (gadict-setup-syntax) - (gadict-setup-paragraph) - (gadict-setup-page) - (gadict-setup-comment) - (gadict-setup-indent) - (gadict-setup-expansions) - (when (executable-find gadict-espeak-program) - (setq gadict-espeak-enabled t) - (gadict-espeak-headline-enable))) - -(provide 'gadict) - -;;; gadict.el ends here diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 contrib/gaphrase.el --- a/contrib/gaphrase.el Sat Oct 17 21:01:50 2020 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -;;; gaphrase.el --- major mode for editing gaphrase dialog files -*- lexical-binding: t -*- - -;; Copyright (C) 2019 by Oleksandr Gavenko - -;; You can do anything with this file without any warranty. - -;; Author: Oleksandr Gavenko -;; Maintainer: Oleksandr Gavenko -;; Created: 2019 -;; Version: 0.1 -;; Keywords: dict, dictionary - -;;; Commentary: -;; -;; Mode can be installed by: -;; -;; (autoload 'gaphrase-mode "gaphrase") -;; -;; File association can be registered by: -;; -;; (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist (cons "\\.gaphrase$" 'gaphrase-mode)) - -;;; Code: - -(defvar gaphrase-font-lock-keywords - '(("^# [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-type-face) - ("^## [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-warning-face))) - -(defvar gaphrase-syntax-table - (let ((table (make-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table))) - (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w" table) - table)) - -(defun gaphrase-next-num () - (save-excursion - (goto-char (point-min)) - (let (beg end num) - (catch 'return - (when (looking-at "## \$[1-9][0-9]*\$") - (setq beg (match-beginning 1) - end (match-end 1)) - (setq num (string-to-number (buffer-substring beg end))) - (delete-region beg end) - (goto-char beg) - (setq num (1+ num)) - (insert (int-to-string num)) - (throw 'return num)) - (insert "## 1\n") - 1)))) - -(defun gaphrase-insert-template () - (interactive) - (forward-line 0) - (when (looking-at "# ") - (forward-line 1)) - (unless (re-search-forward "^# " (+ (point) 10240) t) - (goto-char (point-max))) - (forward-line 0) - (while (memq (char-before) '(?\ ?\n ?\t)) - (delete-char -1)) - (insert "\n# ") - (insert (int-to-string (gaphrase-next-num))) - (insert "\n\n") - (backward-char)) - - -(define-derived-mode gaphrase-mode fundamental-mode "gaphrase" - (setq font-lock-defaults '(gaphrase-font-lock-keywords)) - (define-key (current-local-map) [C-return] 'gaphrase-insert-template) - (set-syntax-table gaphrase-syntax-table)) - -(provide 'gaphrase) - -;;; gaphrase.el ends here diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 contrib/voa-special-c5.py --- a/contrib/voa-special-c5.py Sat Oct 17 21:01:50 2020 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,56 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/python - -# python voa-special-c5.py - -import re - -f = open('../gadict-voa-special-english-word-book.dict-c5', 'r') - -re_delim = re.compile(r'^_____\n') -re_empty = re.compile(r'^\n') - -while True: - s = f.readline() - if re_delim.match(s): - break -state = 'delim' - -words = [] -word = None -article = None - -while True: - line = f.readline() - if len(line) == 0: - break - if state == 'delim': - if re_empty.match(line): - state = 'skip_to_word' - elif state == 'skip_to_word': - if not re_empty.match(line): - state = 'word' - word = line.strip() - elif state == 'word': - if re_empty.match(line): - state = 'skip_to_article' - else: - state = 'article' - article += line - elif state == 'skip_to_article': - if not re_empty.match(line): - state = 'article' - article = line - elif state == 'article': - if re_delim.match(line): - state = 'delim' - words.append( (word, article.strip()) ) - word = None - article = '' - else: - state = 'article' - article += line - -f.close() - -for i in words: - print("\\worddef{%s}{%s}" % (i[0], i[1])) diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 contrib/voa-special.tex --- a/contrib/voa-special.tex Sat Oct 17 21:01:50 2020 +0300 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2294 +0,0 @@ -%% pdf2latex voa-special.tex - -\RequirePackage{ifpdf} -\ifpdf - \documentclass[10pt,landscape,a4paper,pdftex]{article} -\else - \documentclass[10pt,landscape,a4paper]{article} -\fi -\usepackage{multicol} -\usepackage{ifthen} -\usepackage[landscape]{geometry} -\usepackage{color,graphicx,overpic} -\usepackage{hyperref} - -\geometry{top=1cm,left=2cm,right=2cm,bottom=1cm} - -\newcommand{\worddef}[2]{\hangindent=2.5em\hangafter=1\texttt{\textbf{#1}}\hspace{\stretch{1}}#2\par} - -\pagestyle{empty} - -\font\btt=rm-lmtk10 - -\begin{document} -\begin{multicols}{4} -\fontsize{8pt}{10pt}\selectfont - -\setlength{\premulticols}{1pt} -\setlength{\postmulticols}{1pt} -\setlength{\multicolsep}{1pt} -\setlength{\columnsep}{2pt} -\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} - -\subsection*{VOA Special English Word Book} - -\worddef{a; an}{\textit{ad.} one; any; each} -\worddef{able}{\textit{v.} having the power to do something} -\worddef{about}{\textit{ad.} almost ("about half"); of or having a relation to ("We talk about - the weather.")} -\worddef{above}{\textit{ad.} at a higher place} -\worddef{abuse}{\textit{n.} bad treatment causing harm or injury} -\worddef{accept}{\textit{v.} to agree to receive} -\worddef{accident}{\textit{n.} something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned event} -\worddef{accuse}{\textit{v.} to say a person is responsible for an act or crime; to make a - statement against someone} -\worddef{across}{\textit{ad.} from side to side; to the other side} -\worddef{act}{\textit{v.} to do something} -\worddef{activist}{\textit{n.} one who seeks change through action} -\worddef{actor}{\textit{n.} someone acting in a play or show} -\worddef{add}{\textit{v.} to put (something) with another to make it larger; to say more} -\worddef{administration}{\textit{n.} the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president - or prime minister} -\worddef{admit}{\textit{v.} to accept ("admitted to the United Nations"); to express one's - guilt or responsibility ("He admitted that what he did was wrong.")} -\worddef{adult}{\textit{n.} a grown person} -\worddef{advertise}{\textit{v.} to show or present the qualities of a product to increase sales} -\worddef{advise}{\textit{v.} to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision} -\worddef{affect}{\textit{v.} to produce an effect on; to influence ("A lack of sleep affected - the singer's performance.")} -\worddef{afraid}{\textit{ad.} feeling fear} -\worddef{after}{\textit{ad.} later; behind} -\worddef{again}{\textit{ad.} another time; as before} -\worddef{against}{\textit{ad.} opposed to; not agreeing with something} -\worddef{age}{\textit{n.} how old a person or thing is} -\worddef{agency}{\textit{n.} an organization that is part of a larger group ("an agency of the - United Nations")} -\worddef{aggression}{\textit{n.} an attack against a person or country; the violation of a country's - borders} -\worddef{ago}{\textit{ad.} of time past; before now} -\worddef{agree}{\textit{v.} to have the same belief as someone; to be willing to do something} -\worddef{agriculture}{\textit{n.} farming} -\worddef{aid}{\textit{v.} to help; to support; n. help, assistance} -\worddef{aim}{\textit{v.} to point a gun at; n. a goal or purpose} -\worddef{air}{\textit{n.} the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, - that we breathe} -\worddef{air force}{\textit{n.} a military organization using airplanes} -\worddef{airplane}{\textit{n.} a vehicle with wings that flies} -\worddef{airport}{\textit{n.} a place where airplanes take off and land} -\worddef{album}{\textit{n.} a collection of recorded music} -\worddef{alcohol}{\textit{n.} a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug - or in industrial products} -\worddef{alive}{\textit{ad.} having life; not dead} -\worddef{all}{\textit{ad.} everything; everyone; the complete amount} -\worddef{ally}{\textit{n.} a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose} -\worddef{almost}{\textit{ad.} a little less than completely} -\worddef{alone}{\textit{ad.} separated from others} -\worddef{along}{\textit{ad.} near or on ("along the road")} -\worddef{already}{\textit{ad.} before now; even now} -\worddef{also}{\textit{ad.} added to; too} -\worddef{although}{\textit{conj.} even if it is true that} -\worddef{always}{\textit{ad.} at all times; every time} -\worddef{ambassador}{\textit{n.} a nation's highest diplomatic representative (to another - government)} -\worddef{amend}{\textit{v.} to add to or to change (a proposal or law)} -\worddef{ammunition}{\textit{n.} the bullets or shells fired from guns} -\worddef{among}{\textit{ad.} in or part of (a group)} -\worddef{amount}{\textit{n.} the number, size or weight of anything} -\worddef{anarchy}{\textit{n.} a lack of order; lawlessness} -\worddef{ancestor}{\textit{n.} a family member from the past} -\worddef{ancient}{\textit{ad.} very old; long ago} -\worddef{and}{\textit{conj.} also; in addition to; with} -\worddef{anger}{\textit{n.} a strong emotion against someone or something} -\worddef{animal}{\textit{n.} a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat} -\worddef{anniversary}{\textit{n.} a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the - past} -\worddef{announce}{\textit{v.} to make known publicly; to declare officially} -\worddef{another}{\textit{ad.} one more; a different one} -\worddef{answer}{\textit{n.} a statement produced by a question; v. to make a statement after - being asked a question} -\worddef{any}{\textit{ad.} one or more of no special kind} -\worddef{apologize}{\textit{v.} to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts - responsibility} -\worddef{appeal}{\textit{v.} to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision; to call - on somebody for help} -\worddef{appear}{\textit{v.} to show oneself; to come into sight; to seem} -\worddef{appoint}{\textit{v.} to name; to choose ("appoint a judge")} -\worddef{approve}{\textit{v.} to agree with; to agree to support} -\worddef{archeology}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of past human life and activities} -\worddef{area}{\textit{n.} any place or part of it} -\worddef{argue}{\textit{v.} to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute; to disagree} -\worddef{arms}{\textit{n.} military equipment; weapons} -\worddef{army}{\textit{n.} military ground forces} -\worddef{around}{\textit{ad.} on every side (of)} -\worddef{arrest}{\textit{v.} to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner} -\worddef{arrive}{\textit{v.} to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip} -\worddef{art}{\textit{n.} expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, - writing or statues} -\worddef{artillery}{\textit{n.} big guns} -\worddef{as}{\textit{conj.} equally ("as fast as"); when; while} -\worddef{ash}{\textit{n.} the part left after something burns} -\worddef{ask}{\textit{v.} to question; to say something is wanted ("We ask the teacher - questions every day.")} -\worddef{assist}{\textit{v.} to help} -\worddef{astronaut}{\textit{n.} a person who travels in space} -\worddef{astronomy}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of stars and the universe} -\worddef{asylum}{\textit{n.} political protection given by a government to a person from another - country} -\worddef{at}{\textit{prep.} in or near ("at the edge"); where ("look at"); when ("at noon")} -\worddef{atmosphere}{\textit{n.} the gases surrounding any star or planet} -\worddef{attach}{\textit{v.} to tie together; to connect} -\worddef{attack}{\textit{n.} a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill; v. to start a fight} -\worddef{attempt}{\textit{v.} to work toward something; to try; to make an effort} -\worddef{attend}{\textit{v.} to be present at} -\worddef{attention}{\textit{n.} close or careful observing of, or listening to, someone or - something (“The student paid attention to his teacher.”)} -\worddef{automobile}{\textit{n.} a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car} -\worddef{autumn}{\textit{n.} the time of the year between summer and winter} -\worddef{available}{\textit{ad.} present and ready for use; willing to serve or help. (“There was a - list of available candidates.”)} -\worddef{average}{\textit{n.} something (a number) representing the middle; ad. common; normal} -\worddef{avoid}{\textit{v.} to stay away from} -\worddef{awake}{\textit{ad.} not sleeping} -\worddef{award}{\textit{n.} an honor or prize for an act or service} -\worddef{away}{\textit{ad.} not near} -\worddef{baby}{\textit{n.} a newly born creature} -\worddef{back}{\textit{n.} the part behind the front; ad. the other way from forward} -\worddef{bad}{\textit{ad.} wrong; acting against the law; not good} -\worddef{balance}{\textit{v.} to make two sides or forces equal} -\worddef{ball}{\textit{n.} something round} -\worddef{balloon}{\textit{n.} a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas - lighter than air} -\worddef{ballot}{\textit{n.} a piece of paper used for voting} -\worddef{ban}{\textit{v.} to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction} -\worddef{bank}{\textit{n.} an organization that keeps and lends money} -\worddef{bar}{\textit{v.} to prevent or block} -\worddef{barrier}{\textit{n.} anything that blocks or makes an action difficult} -\worddef{base}{\textit{n.} a military center; v. to establish as a fact ("Her research was - based on experiments.")} -\worddef{battle}{\textit{n.} a fight between opposing armed forces} -\worddef{be}{\textit{v.} to live; to happen; to exist} -\worddef{beat}{\textit{v.} to hit again and again} -\worddef{beauty}{\textit{n.} that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit} -\worddef{because}{\textit{prep.} for the reason that ("He left because he was sick.")} -\worddef{become}{\textit{v.} to come to be} -\worddef{bed}{\textit{n.} a sleeping place} -\worddef{before}{\textit{prep.} earlier} -\worddef{begin}{\textit{v.} to do the first part of an action; to start} -\worddef{behavior}{\textit{n.} the way in which a person or animal acts (“The child’s behavior was - bad because he fought with other children.”)} -\worddef{behind}{\textit{ad.} at the back of; in back of} -\worddef{believe}{\textit{v.} to think; to feel sure of; to accept as true; to trust} -\worddef{belong}{\textit{v.} to be owned by; to be a member of} -\worddef{below}{\textit{ad.} lower than} -\worddef{best}{\textit{ad.} the most good} -\worddef{betray}{\textit{v.} to turn against; to be false to} -\worddef{better}{\textit{ad.} more good than} -\worddef{between}{\textit{ad.} in the space or time that separates; from one to the other ("talks - between two nations")} -\worddef{big}{\textit{ad.} of great size; not small} -\worddef{bill}{\textit{n.} a legislative proposal} -\worddef{biology}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms} -\worddef{bird}{\textit{n.} a creature that flies} -\worddef{bite}{\textit{v.} to cut with the teeth} -\worddef{black}{\textit{ad.} dark; having the color like that of the night sky} -\worddef{blame}{\textit{v.} to accuse; to hold responsible} -\worddef{bleed}{\textit{v.} to lose blood} -\worddef{blind}{\textit{ad.} not able to see} -\worddef{block}{\textit{v.} to stop something from being done; to prevent movement} -\worddef{blood}{\textit{n.} red fluid in the body} -\worddef{blow}{\textit{v.} to move with force, as in air ("The wind blows.")} -\worddef{blue}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of a clear sky} -\worddef{boat}{\textit{n.} something built to travel on water that carries people or goods} -\worddef{body}{\textit{n.} all of a person or animal; the remains of a person or animal} -\worddef{boil}{\textit{v.} to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot} -\worddef{bomb}{\textit{n.} a device that explodes with great force; v. to attack or destroy - with bombs} -\worddef{bone}{\textit{n.} the hard material in the body} -\worddef{book}{\textit{n.} a long written work for reading} -\worddef{border}{\textit{n.} a dividing line between nations} -\worddef{born}{\textit{v.} to come to life; to come into existence} -\worddef{borrow}{\textit{v.} to take as a loan} -\worddef{both}{\textit{ad.} not just one of two, but the two together} -\worddef{bottle}{\textit{n.} a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid} -\worddef{bottom}{\textit{ad.} the lowest part of something} -\worddef{box}{\textit{n.} something to put things into; a container, usually made of paper or - wood} -\worddef{boy}{\textit{n.} a young male person} -\worddef{boycott}{\textit{v.} to refuse to take part in or deal with} -\worddef{brain}{\textit{n.} the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all - creatures} -\worddef{brave}{\textit{ad.} having no fear} -\worddef{bread}{\textit{n.} a food made from grain} -\worddef{break}{\textit{v.} to divide into parts by force; to destroy} -\worddef{breathe}{\textit{v.} to take air into the body and let it out again} -\worddef{bridge}{\textit{n.} a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and - vehicles can cross from one side to the other} -\worddef{brief}{\textit{ad.} short; not long} -\worddef{bright}{\textit{ad.} giving much light; strong and clear in color} -\worddef{bring}{\textit{v.} to come with something} -\worddef{broadcast}{\textit{v.} to send information, stories or music by radio or television; n. a - radio or television program} -\worddef{brother}{\textit{n.} a male with the same father or mother as another person} -\worddef{brown}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of coffee} -\worddef{budget}{\textit{n.} a spending plan} -\worddef{build}{\textit{v.} to join materials together to make something} -\worddef{building}{\textit{n.} anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store - or place of entertainment} -\worddef{bullet}{\textit{n.} a small piece of metal shot from a gun} -\worddef{burn}{\textit{v.} to be on fire; to destroy or damage by fire} -\worddef{burst}{\textit{v.} to break open suddenly} -\worddef{bury}{\textit{v.} to put into the ground and cover with earth} -\worddef{bus}{\textit{n.} a public vehicle to carry people} -\worddef{business}{\textit{n.} one's work; buying and selling to earn money; trade} -\worddef{busy}{\textit{ad.} doing something; very active} -\worddef{but}{\textit{conj.} however; other than; yet} -\worddef{buy}{\textit{v.} to get by paying something, usually money} -\worddef{by}{\textit{conj.} near; at; next to ("by the road"); from ("a play by William - Shakespeare"); not later than ("by midnight")} -\worddef{cabinet}{\textit{n.} a group of ministers that helps lead a government} -\worddef{call}{\textit{v.} to give a name to ("I call myself John."); to ask for or request - ("They called for an end to the fighting.")} -\worddef{calm}{\textit{ad.} quiet; peaceful; opposite tense} -\worddef{camera}{\textit{n.} a device for taking pictures} -\worddef{camp}{\textit{n.} a place with temporary housing} -\worddef{campaign}{\textit{n.} a competition by opposing political candidates seeking support from - voters; a connected series of military actions during a war} -\worddef{can}{\textit{v.} to be able to; to have the right to; n. a container used to hold - liquid or food, usually made of metal} -\worddef{cancel}{\textit{v.} to end; to stop} -\worddef{cancer}{\textit{n.} a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts - of the body} -\worddef{candidate}{\textit{n.} a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor} -\worddef{capital}{\textit{n.} the official center of a government; the city where a country's - government is} -\worddef{capture}{\textit{v.} to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or take by force; - to get control of} -\worddef{car}{\textit{n.} a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; an automobile; a part - of a train} -\worddef{care}{\textit{v.} to like; to protect; to feel worry or interest} -\worddef{career}{\textit{n.} a chosen profession; a person’s working life (“The actor’s career - lasted for thirty years.”)} -\worddef{careful}{\textit{ad.} acting safely; with much thought} -\worddef{carry}{\textit{v.} to take something or someone from one place to another} -\worddef{case (court)}{\textit{n.} a legal action} -\worddef{case (medical)}{\textit{n.} an incident of disease ("There was only one case of chicken pox at - the school.")} -\worddef{cat}{\textit{n.} a small animal that often lives with humans} -\worddef{catch}{\textit{v.} to seize after a chase; to stop and seize with the hands} -\worddef{cause}{\textit{v.} to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces a result} -\worddef{ceasefire}{\textit{n.} a halt in fighting, usually by agreement} -\worddef{celebrate}{\textit{v.} to honor a person or event with special activities} -\worddef{center}{\textit{n.} the middle of something; the place in the middle; a place that is - the main point of an activity} -\worddef{century}{\textit{n.} one hundred years} -\worddef{ceremony}{\textit{n.} an act or series of acts done in a special way established by - tradition} -\worddef{chairman}{\textit{n.} a person leading a meeting or an organized group} -\worddef{champion}{\textit{n.} the best; the winner} -\worddef{chance}{\textit{n.} a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen} -\worddef{change}{\textit{v.} to make different; to become different} -\worddef{charge}{\textit{v.} to accuse someone of something, usually a crime; n. a statement in - which someone is accused of something} -\worddef{chase}{\textit{v.} to run or go after someone or something} -\worddef{cheat}{\textit{v.} to get by a trick; to steal from} -\worddef{cheer}{\textit{v.} to shout approval or praise} -\worddef{chemicals}{\textit{n.} elements found in nature or made by people; substances used in the - science of chemistry} -\worddef{chemistry}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they - act under different conditions, and how they form other substances} -\worddef{chief}{\textit{n.} the head or leader of a group; ad. leading; most important} -\worddef{child}{\textit{n.} a baby; a boy or girl} -\worddef{children}{\textit{n.} more than one child} -\worddef{choose}{\textit{v.} to decide between two or more} -\worddef{circle}{\textit{n.} a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the - center, like an "O"} -\worddef{citizen}{\textit{n.} a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law} -\worddef{city}{\textit{n.} any important large town} -\worddef{civil rights}{\textit{n.} the political, economic and social rights given equally to all - people of a nation} -\worddef{civilian}{\textit{ad.} not military} -\worddef{claim}{\textit{v.} to say something as a fact} -\worddef{clash}{\textit{n.} a battle; v. to fight or oppose} -\worddef{class}{\textit{n.} a group of students who meet to study the same subject; also, a - social or economic group. ("They were members of the middle class.")} -\worddef{clean}{\textit{v.} to make pure; ad. free from dirt or harmful substances ("clean - water")} -\worddef{clear}{\textit{ad.} easy to see or see through; easily understood} -\worddef{clergy}{\textit{n.} a body of officials within a religious organization} -\worddef{climate}{\textit{n.} the normal weather conditions of a place} -\worddef{climb}{\textit{v.} to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes the - hands} -\worddef{clock}{\textit{n.} a device that measures and shows time} -\worddef{close}{\textit{v.} to make something not open; ad. near to} -\worddef{cloth}{\textit{n.} a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other - substances} -\worddef{clothes}{\textit{n.} what people wear} -\worddef{cloud}{\textit{n.} a mass of fog high in the sky} -\worddef{coal}{\textit{n.} a solid black substance used as fuel} -\worddef{coalition}{\textit{n.} forces, groups or nations joined together} -\worddef{coast}{\textit{n.} land on the edge of the ocean} -\worddef{coffee}{\textit{n.} a drink made from the plant of the same name} -\worddef{cold}{\textit{ad.} not warm; having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature} -\worddef{collapse}{\textit{v.} to fall down or inward suddenly; to break down or fail suddenly in - strength, health or power. (“The building collapsed in the - earthquake.” “The government collapsed after a vote in parliament.”)} -\worddef{collect}{\textit{v.} to bring or gather together in one place; to demand and receive - ("collect taxes")} -\worddef{college}{\textit{n.} a small university} -\worddef{colony}{\textit{n.} land controlled by another country or government} -\worddef{color}{\textit{n.} the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, - black, yellow and others} -\worddef{combine}{\textit{v.} to mix or bring together} -\worddef{come}{\textit{v.} to move toward; to arrive} -\worddef{command}{\textit{v.} to order; to have power over something} -\worddef{comment}{\textit{v.} to say something about; to express an opinion about something} -\worddef{committee}{\textit{n.} a group of people given special work} -\worddef{common}{\textit{ad.} usual; same for all ("a common purpose")} -\worddef{communicate}{\textit{v.} to tell; to give or exchange information} -\worddef{community}{\textit{n.} a group of people living together in one place or area} -\worddef{company}{\textit{n.} a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposes} -\worddef{compare}{\textit{v.} to examine what is different or similar} -\worddef{compete}{\textit{v.} to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others} -\worddef{complete}{\textit{ad.} having all parts; ended or finished} -\worddef{complex}{\textit{ad.} of or having many parts that are difficult to understand; not - simple} -\worddef{compromise}{\textit{n.} the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less - than first demanded} -\worddef{computer}{\textit{n.} an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and - for communicating with others} -\worddef{concern}{\textit{n.} interest, worry ("express concern about"); v. to fear ("to be - concerned")} -\worddef{condemn}{\textit{v.} to say a person or action is wrong or bad} -\worddef{condition}{\textit{n.} something declared necessary to complete an agreement; a person's - health} -\worddef{conference}{\textit{n.} a meeting} -\worddef{confirm}{\textit{v.} to approve; to say that something is true} -\worddef{conflict}{\textit{n.} a fight; a battle, especially a long one} -\worddef{congratulate}{\textit{v.} to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck} -\worddef{Congress}{\textit{n.} the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United - States (the House of Representatives and the Senate); a similar - organization in other countries} -\worddef{connect}{\textit{v.} to join one thing to another; to unite; to link} -\worddef{conservative}{\textit{n.} one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change} -\worddef{consider}{\textit{v.} to give thought to; to think about carefully} -\worddef{constitution}{\textit{n.} the written general laws and ideas that form a nation's system of - government} -\worddef{contact}{\textit{n.} the act of touching or being close to a person or thing (“He was in - contact with animals that had the disease.”) v. to meet or communicate - with (“He wanted to contact his local official.”)} -\worddef{contain}{\textit{v.} to hold; to include} -\worddef{container}{\textit{n.} a box, bottle or can used to hold something} -\worddef{continent}{\textit{n.} any of the seven great land areas of the world} -\worddef{continue}{\textit{v.} to go on doing or being} -\worddef{control}{\textit{v.} to direct; to have power over} -\worddef{convention}{\textit{n.} a large meeting for a special purpose} -\worddef{cook}{\textit{v.} to heat food before eating it} -\worddef{cool}{\textit{ad.} almost cold} -\worddef{cooperate}{\textit{v.} to act or work together} -\worddef{copy}{\textit{v.} to make something exactly like another; n. something made to look - exactly like another} -\worddef{corn}{\textit{n.} a food grain} -\worddef{correct}{\textit{ad.} true; free from mistakes; v. to change to what is right} -\worddef{corruption}{\textit{n.} actions taken to gain money or power that are legally or morally - wrong} -\worddef{cost}{\textit{n.} the price or value of something ("The cost of the book is five - dollars."); v. to be valued at ("The book costs five dollars.")} -\worddef{cotton}{\textit{n.} a material made from a plant of the same name} -\worddef{count}{\textit{v.} to speak or add numbers} -\worddef{country}{\textit{n.} a nation; the territory of a nation; land away from cities} -\worddef{court}{\textit{n.} where trials take place; where judges make decisions about law} -\worddef{cover}{\textit{v.} to put something over a person or thing; n. anything that is put - over a person or thing} -\worddef{cow}{\textit{n.} a farm animal used for its milk} -\worddef{crash}{\textit{v.} to fall violently; to hit with great force} -\worddef{create}{\textit{v.} to make; to give life or form to} -\worddef{creature}{\textit{n.} any living being; any animal or human} -\worddef{credit}{\textit{n.} an agreement that payments will be made at a later time} -\worddef{crew}{\textit{n.} a group of people working together} -\worddef{crime}{\textit{n.} an act that violates a law} -\worddef{criminal}{\textit{n.} a person who is responsible for a crime} -\worddef{crisis}{\textit{n.} an extremely important time when something may become much better - or worse; a dangerous situation} -\worddef{criticize}{\textit{v.} to say what is wrong with something or someone; to condemn; to - judge} -\worddef{crops}{\textit{n.} plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits - and vegetables} -\worddef{cross}{\textit{v.} to go from one side to another; to go across} -\worddef{crowd}{\textit{n.} a large number of people gathered in one place} -\worddef{crush}{\textit{v.} to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat completely} -\worddef{cry}{\textit{v.} to express or show sorrow or pain} -\worddef{culture}{\textit{n.} all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population} -\worddef{cure}{\textit{v.} to improve health; to make well ("The doctor can cure the - disease."); n. something that makes a sick person well ("Antibiotics - are a cure for infection.")} -\worddef{curfew}{\textit{n.} an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their - businesses} -\worddef{current}{\textit{n.} movement of air, water or electricity; ad. belonging to the present - time ("She found the report in a current publication.")} -\worddef{custom}{\textit{n.} a long-established belief or activity of a people} -\worddef{customs}{\textit{n.} taxes on imports} -\worddef{cut}{\textit{v.} to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to reduce} -\worddef{dam}{\textit{n.} a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water} -\worddef{damage}{\textit{v.} to cause injury or destruction; n. harm; hurt or injury, usually to - things} -\worddef{dance}{\textit{v.} to move the body and feet to music; n. a series of steps, usually - to music} -\worddef{danger}{\textit{n.} a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss} -\worddef{dark}{\textit{ad.} having little or no light ("The room was dark.")} -\worddef{date}{\textit{n.} an expression of time; a day, month and year} -\worddef{daughter}{\textit{n.} a person's female child} -\worddef{day}{\textit{n.} twenty-four hours; the hours of sunlight} -\worddef{dead}{\textit{ad.} not living} -\worddef{deaf}{\textit{ad.} not able to hear} -\worddef{deal}{\textit{v.} to have to do with ("The talks will deal with the problem of - pollution."); to buy or sell ("Her company deals in plastic.")} -\worddef{debate}{\textit{v.} to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion or - argument} -\worddef{debt}{\textit{n.} something that is owed; the condition of owing} -\worddef{decide}{\textit{v.} to choose; to settle; to judge} -\worddef{declare}{\textit{v.} to say; to make a statement} -\worddef{decrease}{\textit{v.} to make less in size or amount} -\worddef{deep}{\textit{ad.} going far down; a long way from top to bottom} -\worddef{defeat}{\textit{v.} to cause to lose in a battle or struggle; n. a loss; the condition - of having lost} -\worddef{defend}{\textit{v.} to guard or fight against attack; to protect} -\worddef{deficit}{\textit{n.} a shortage that results when spending is greater than earnings, or - imports are greater than exports} -\worddef{define}{\textit{v.} to give the meaning of; to explain} -\worddef{degree}{\textit{n.} a measure of temperature} -\worddef{delay}{\textit{v.} to decide to do something at a later time; to postpone; to cause to - be late} -\worddef{delegate}{\textit{n.} one sent to act for another; one who represents another} -\worddef{demand}{\textit{v.} to ask by ordering; to ask with force} -\worddef{democracy}{\textit{n.} the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders - or to make other important decisions} -\worddef{demonstrate}{\textit{v.} to make a public show of opinions or feelings ("The crowd - demonstrated in support of human rights."); to explain by using - examples ("The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.")} -\worddef{denounce}{\textit{v.} to accuse of being wrong or evil; to criticize severely} -\worddef{deny}{\textit{v.} to declare that something is not true; to refuse a request} -\worddef{depend}{\textit{v.} to need help and support} -\worddef{deplore}{\textit{v.} to regret strongly; to express sadness} -\worddef{deploy}{\textit{v.} to move forces or weapons into positions for action} -\worddef{depression}{\textit{n.} severe unhappiness; a period of reduced business and economic - activity during which many people lose their jobs} -\worddef{describe}{\textit{v.} to give a word picture of something; to give details of something} -\worddef{desert}{\textit{n.} a dry area of land} -\worddef{design}{\textit{v.} to plan or create plans for} -\worddef{desire}{\textit{v.} to want very much; to wish for} -\worddef{destroy}{\textit{v.} to break into pieces; to end the existence of} -\worddef{detail}{\textit{n.} a small part of something; a small piece of information} -\worddef{detain}{\textit{v.} to keep or hold (“The police detained several suspects for - questioning.”)} -\worddef{develop}{\textit{v.} to grow; to create; to experience progress} -\worddef{device}{\textit{n.} a piece of equipment made for a special purpose} -\worddef{dictator}{\textit{n.} a ruler with complete power} -\worddef{die}{\textit{v.} to become dead; to stop living; to end} -\worddef{diet}{\textit{n.} usual daily food and drink} -\worddef{different}{\textit{ad.} not the same} -\worddef{difficult}{\textit{ad.} not easy; hard to do, make or carry out} -\worddef{dig}{\textit{v.} to make a hole in the ground} -\worddef{dinner}{\textit{n.} the main amount of food eaten at a usual time ("The family had its - dinner at noon."); a special event that includes food ("The official - dinner took place at the White House.")} -\worddef{diplomat}{\textit{n.} a person who represents his or her government in dealing with - another government} -\worddef{direct}{\textit{v.} to lead; to aim or show the way ("He directed me to the theater."); - ad. straight to something; not through some other person or thing - ("The path is direct.")} -\worddef{direction}{\textit{n.} the way (east, west, north, south); where someone or something came - from or went to} -\worddef{dirt}{\textit{n.} earth or soil} -\worddef{disappear}{\textit{v.} to become unseen; to no longer exist} -\worddef{disarm}{\textit{v.} to take away weapons; to no longer keep weapons; to make a bomb - harmless by removing its exploding device} -\worddef{disaster}{\textit{n.} an event causing widespread destruction or loss of life, such as an - earthquake or plane crash} -\worddef{discover}{\textit{v.} to find or learn something} -\worddef{discrimination}{\textit{n.} unfair treatment or consideration based on opinions about a whole - group instead of on the qualities of an individual. (“He was accused - of discrimination against people from other countries.”)} -\worddef{discuss}{\textit{v.} to talk about; to exchange ideas} -\worddef{disease}{\textit{n.} a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or - bacteria} -\worddef{dismiss}{\textit{v.} to send away; to refuse to consider} -\worddef{dispute}{\textit{v.} to oppose strongly by argument; n. an angry debate} -\worddef{dissident}{\textit{n.} a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government} -\worddef{distance}{\textit{n.} the amount of space between two places or objects ("The distance - from my house to your house is two kilometers.")} -\worddef{dive}{\textit{v.} to jump into water head first} -\worddef{divide}{\textit{v.} to separate into two or more parts} -\worddef{do}{\textit{v.} to act; to make an effort} -\worddef{doctor}{\textit{n.} a person trained in medicine to treat sick people} -\worddef{document}{\textit{n.} an official piece of paper with facts written on it, used as proof - or support of something} -\worddef{dog}{\textit{n.} a small animal that often lives with humans} -\worddef{dollar}{\textit{n.} United States money, one hundred cents} -\worddef{donate}{\textit{v.} to present something as a gift to an organization, country or - cause. (“She donated money to the Red Cross to help survivors of the - earthquake.”)} -\worddef{door}{\textit{n.} an opening for entering or leaving a building or room} -\worddef{double}{\textit{v.} to increase two times as much in size, strength or number} -\worddef{down}{\textit{ad.} from higher to lower; in a low place} -\worddef{dream}{\textit{v.} to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep; n. a picture - or story in the mind during sleep; a happy idea about the future} -\worddef{drink}{\textit{v.} to take liquid into the body through the mouth} -\worddef{drive}{\textit{v.} to control a moving vehicle} -\worddef{drop}{\textit{v.} to fall or let fall; to go lower} -\worddef{drown}{\textit{v.} to die under water} -\worddef{drug}{\textit{n.} anything used as a medicine or in making medicine; a chemical - substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind} -\worddef{dry}{\textit{ad.} not wet; without rain} -\worddef{during}{\textit{ad.} through the whole time; while (something is happening)} -\worddef{dust}{\textit{n.} pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air} -\worddef{duty}{\textit{n.} one's job or responsibility; what one must do because it is right - and just} -\worddef{each}{\textit{ad.} every one by itself} -\worddef{early}{\textit{ad.} at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of the day; - opposite late} -\worddef{earn}{\textit{v.} to be paid in return for work done} -\worddef{earth}{\textit{n.} the planet we all live on; the ground or soil} -\worddef{earthquake}{\textit{n.} a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface} -\worddef{ease}{\textit{v.} to reduce; to make less difficult} -\worddef{east}{\textit{n.} the direction from which the sun rises} -\worddef{easy}{\textit{ad.} not difficult; not hard to do} -\worddef{eat}{\textit{v.} to take food into the body through the mouth} -\worddef{ecology}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of the environment and links among living and - material things} -\worddef{economy}{\textit{n.} the system by which money, industry and trade are organized} -\worddef{edge}{\textit{n.} the line where something ends or begins} -\worddef{education}{\textit{n.} the act of teaching} -\worddef{effect}{\textit{n.} the result or change caused by something ("The storm had a serious - effect on the economy.")} -\worddef{effort}{\textit{n.} an attempt; the work necessary to do something} -\worddef{egg}{\textit{n.} the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female - birds, fish or reptiles; a single cell in a female person or animal - that can develop into a baby} -\worddef{either}{\textit{ad.} one of two, but not the other} -\worddef{elect}{\textit{v.} to choose by voting} -\worddef{electricity}{\textit{n.} a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and - light, and power to machines} -\worddef{embassy}{\textit{n.} the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants} -\worddef{embryo}{\textit{n.} a human or animal in the earliest stages of its development} -\worddef{emergency}{\textit{n.} an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action} -\worddef{emotion}{\textit{n.} a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness} -\worddef{employ}{\textit{v.} to give work in return for wages} -\worddef{empty}{\textit{ad.} having nothing inside; v. to remove everything} -\worddef{end}{\textit{v.} to stop; to finish; n. the part which comes last} -\worddef{enemy}{\textit{n.} a person opposing or hating another; a person or people of the - other side in a war} -\worddef{energy}{\textit{n.} power used to do work, usually with machines; the ability and - willingness to be active} -\worddef{enforce}{\textit{v.} to make something be done} -\worddef{engine}{\textit{n.} a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do work} -\worddef{engineer}{\textit{n.} a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads} -\worddef{enjoy}{\textit{v.} to be pleased or satisfied by something} -\worddef{enough}{\textit{ad.} as much as necessary; pro. the amount needed} -\worddef{enter}{\textit{v.} to come or go into} -\worddef{environment}{\textit{n.} all surrounding things, conditions and influences that affect life; - the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals} -\worddef{equal}{\textit{ad.} the same in amount, size, weight or value; having the same rights} -\worddef{equipment}{\textit{n.} things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or activity} -\worddef{escape}{\textit{v.} to get free; to get away from; to get out of} -\worddef{especially}{\textit{ad.} more than others ("We liked the food, especially the fish.")} -\worddef{establish}{\textit{v.} to bring into existence; to create} -\worddef{estimate}{\textit{v.} to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than - complete information} -\worddef{ethnic}{\textit{ad.} of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of - their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived} -\worddef{evaporate}{\textit{v.} to change from a liquid into a gas} -\worddef{even}{\textit{ad.} in a way not thought possible ("They survived, even though the - building was destroyed.")} -\worddef{event}{\textit{n.} that which happens, especially something of importance} -\worddef{ever}{\textit{ad.} at any time} -\worddef{every}{\textit{ad.} each one; all} -\worddef{evidence}{\textit{n.} material or facts that prove something; a reason for believing} -\worddef{evil}{\textit{ad.} not good; extremely bad} -\worddef{exact}{\textit{ad.} having no mistakes; correct in every detail} -\worddef{examine}{\textit{v.} to study closely} -\worddef{example}{\textit{n.} a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like} -\worddef{excellent}{\textit{ad.} extremely good} -\worddef{except}{\textit{prep.} but for} -\worddef{exchange}{\textit{v.} to trade; to give or receive one thing for another} -\worddef{excuse}{\textit{v.} to take away blame; to pardon; to forgive; n. a reason (sometimes - false) for an action} -\worddef{execute}{\textit{v.} to kill} -\worddef{exercise}{\textit{n.} an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to - stay in good health} -\worddef{exile}{\textit{v.} to force a person to leave his or her country; to expel; n. a - person who is forced to leave his or her country} -\worddef{exist}{\textit{v.} to be; to live} -\worddef{expand}{\textit{v.} to make larger; to grow larger} -\worddef{expect}{\textit{v.} to think or believe that something will happen; to wait for an - event} -\worddef{expel}{\textit{v.} to force out; to remove from; to send away} -\worddef{experience}{\textit{v.} to live through an event, situation or condition ("She experienced - great pain."); n. something that one has done or lived through ("The - experience caused her great pain.")} -\worddef{experiment}{\textit{v.} to test; n. a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true - or false, or to discover something} -\worddef{expert}{\textit{n.} a person with special knowledge or training} -\worddef{explain}{\textit{v.} to give reasons for; to make clear; to tell about; to tell the - meaning} -\worddef{explode}{\textit{v.} to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb} -\worddef{explore}{\textit{v.} to travel in a place that is not well known to learn more about it; - to make a careful search; to examine closely} -\worddef{export}{\textit{v.} to send to another country; n. something sent to another country, - usually for sale} -\worddef{express}{\textit{v.} to say clearly} -\worddef{extend}{\textit{v.} to stretch out in area or length; to continue for a longer time} -\worddef{extra}{\textit{ad.} more than normal, expected or necessary} -\worddef{extraordinary}{\textit{ad.} far greater or better than the usual or normal} -\worddef{extreme}{\textit{ad.} more than the usual or accepted} -\worddef{extremist}{\textit{n.} a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an - extreme or violent way} -\worddef{face}{\textit{n.} the front of the head: eyes, nose, mouth; v. to look toward; to - turn toward; to have before you, such as a problem or danger} -\worddef{fact}{\textit{n.} something known or proved to be true} -\worddef{factory}{\textit{n.} a building or group of buildings where goods are made} -\worddef{fail}{\textit{v.} to not succeed; to not reach a goal} -\worddef{fair}{\textit{ad.} just; honest; what is right} -\worddef{fall}{\textit{v.} to go down quickly; to come down; to drop to the ground or a lower - position} -\worddef{false}{\textit{ad.} not true; not correct} -\worddef{family}{\textit{n.} the group that includes children and their parents} -\worddef{famous}{\textit{ad.} known very well to many people} -\worddef{fan}{\textit{n.} a person who actively supports a sport, activity or performer (“The - baseball fan attended every game his team played.”)} -\worddef{far}{\textit{ad.} at, to or from a great distance} -\worddef{farm}{\textit{n.} land used to grow crops and animals for food} -\worddef{fast}{\textit{ad.} moving or working at great speed; quick} -\worddef{fat}{\textit{n.} tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store energy and - to keep warm; ad. thick; heavy} -\worddef{father}{\textit{n.} the male parent; a man who has a child or children} -\worddef{favorite}{\textit{ad.} liked more than others (“Ice cream was her favorite food.”)} -\worddef{fear}{\textit{v.} to be afraid; to worry that something bad is near or may happen - ("He feared falling down."); n. a strong emotion when there is danger - or trouble ("He had a fear that he would fall down.")} -\worddef{federal}{\textit{ad.} of or having to do with a national or central government} -\worddef{feed}{\textit{v.} to give food to} -\worddef{feel}{\textit{v.} to have or experience an emotion; to know by touching} -\worddef{female}{\textit{n.} a woman or girl; the sex that gives birth; ad. of or about women} -\worddef{fence}{\textit{n.} something around an area of land to keep animals or people in or - out} -\worddef{fertile}{\textit{ad.} rich in production of plants or animals; producing much} -\worddef{few}{\textit{ad.} not many; a small number of} -\worddef{field}{\textit{n.} an area of open land, usually used to grow crops or to raise - animals} -\worddef{fierce}{\textit{ad.} extremely strong; violent; angry} -\worddef{fight}{\textit{v.} to use violence or force; to attempt to defeat or destroy an enemy; - n. the use of force; a battle} -\worddef{fill}{\textit{v.} to put or pour something into a container until there is space for - no more} -\worddef{film}{\textit{v.} to record something so it can be seen again; to make a motion - picture or movie; n. a thin piece of material for making pictures with - a camera; a movie} -\worddef{final}{\textit{ad.} at the end; last} -\worddef{financial}{\textit{ad.} of or about the system that includes the use of money, credit, - investments and banks} -\worddef{find}{\textit{v.} to discover or learn something by searching or by accident; to - decide a court case ("The jury finds the man guilty of murder.")} -\worddef{fine}{\textit{n.} a payment ordered by a court to punish someone for a crime; ad. - very good; very small or thin} -\worddef{finish}{\textit{v.} to complete; to end} -\worddef{fire}{\textit{v.} to shoot a gun; n. the heat and light produced by something burning} -\worddef{fireworks}{\textit{n.} rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in holiday - celebrations} -\worddef{firm}{\textit{ad.} not easily moved or changed ("She is firm in her opinion.")} -\worddef{first}{\textit{ad.} coming before all others} -\worddef{fish}{\textit{n.} a creature that lives and can breathe in water} -\worddef{fit}{\textit{v.} to be of the correct size or shape ("These shoes fit my feet.")} -\worddef{fix}{\textit{v.} to make good or right again} -\worddef{flag}{\textit{n.} a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government or - organization} -\worddef{flat}{\textit{ad.} smooth; having no high places} -\worddef{flee}{\textit{v.} to run away from} -\worddef{float}{\textit{v.} to be on water without sinking; to move or be moved gently on water - or through air} -\worddef{flood}{\textit{v.} to cover with water; n. the movement of water out of a river, lake - or ocean onto land} -\worddef{floor}{\textit{n.} the bottom part of a room for walking on ("The book fell to the - floor."); the level of a building ("The fire was on the first floor.")} -\worddef{flow}{\textit{v.} to move like a liquid} -\worddef{flower}{\textit{n.} the colored part of plants that carry seeds} -\worddef{fluid}{\textit{n.} any substance that can flow, such as a liquid} -\worddef{fly}{\textit{v.} to move through the air with wings, like a bird or airplane; to - travel in an airplane or flying vehicle} -\worddef{fog}{\textit{n.} a mass of wet air that is difficult to see through; a cloud close - to the ground} -\worddef{follow}{\textit{v.} to come or go after; to accept the rule or power of; to obey} -\worddef{food}{\textit{n.} that which is taken in by all living things for energy, strength - and growth} -\worddef{fool}{\textit{v.} to make someone believe something that is not true; to trick; n. a - person who is tricked easily} -\worddef{foot}{\textit{n.} the bottom part of the leg; the part of the body that touches the - ground when a person or animal walks} -\worddef{for}{\textit{prep.} because of ("He is famous for his work."); in exchange ("Give me - one dollar for the book."); through space or time ("They travelled for - one hour."); representative of ("I speak for all people."); to be - employed by ("She works for a computer company.")} -\worddef{force}{\textit{v.} to make someone do something or make something happen by using - power; n. power, strength; strength used against a person or object; - military power of a nation; a military group} -\worddef{foreign}{\textit{ad.} of, about or from another nation; not from one's own place or - country} -\worddef{forest}{\textit{n.} a place of many trees} -\worddef{forget}{\textit{v.} to not remember} -\worddef{forgive}{\textit{v.} to pardon; to excuse; to remove guilt} -\worddef{form}{\textit{v.} to make; to start; to shape ("They formed a swim team."); n. a kind - ("Swimming is a form of exercise.")} -\worddef{former}{\textit{ad.} earlier in time; not now} -\worddef{forward}{\textit{ad.} the direction in front of; toward the front} -\worddef{free}{\textit{v.} to release; ad. not controlled by another or by outside forces; not - in prison; independent; not limited by rules; without cost} -\worddef{freedom}{\textit{n.} the condition of being free} -\worddef{freeze}{\textit{v.} to cause or to become very cold; to make or to become hard by cold} -\worddef{fresh}{\textit{ad.} newly made or gathered; recent} -\worddef{friend}{\textit{n.} a person one likes and trusts} -\worddef{frighten}{\textit{v.} to cause great fear} -\worddef{from}{\textit{prep.} having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause ("It is - a message from the president."); at a place distant, not near ("The - school is five kilometers from my home."); because of ("He is - suffering from cancer.")} -\worddef{front}{\textit{n.} the forward part; the opposite of back; the beginning; the first - part} -\worddef{fruit}{\textit{n.} food from trees and plants} -\worddef{fuel}{\textit{n.} any substance burned to create heat or power} -\worddef{full}{\textit{ad.} containing as much as a person or thing can hold; complete} -\worddef{fun}{\textit{n.} anything that is pleasing and causes happiness} -\worddef{funeral}{\textit{n.} a ceremony held in connection with the burial or burning of the - dead} -\worddef{future}{\textit{n.} time after now ("We can talk about it in the future."); ad. in the - time to come ("All future meetings will be held in this room.")} -\worddef{gain}{\textit{v.} to get possession of; to get more; to increase} -\worddef{game}{\textit{n.} an activity with rules in which people or teams play or compete, - usually sports} -\worddef{gas}{\textit{n.} any substance that is not solid or liquid; any substance that burns - to provide heat, light or power} -\worddef{gather}{\textit{v.} to bring or come together into a group or place; to collect} -\worddef{general}{\textit{n.} a high military leader; ad. without details; affecting or including - all or almost all} -\worddef{generation}{\textit{n.} a group of individuals born and living at about the same time. - ("The mother and daughter represented two generations.")} -\worddef{genocide}{\textit{n.} a plan of action to kill or destroy a national, religious, racial - or ethnic group} -\worddef{gentle}{\textit{ad.} soft; kind; not rough or violent} -\worddef{get}{\textit{v.} to receive; to gain; to go and bring back; to become; to become the - owner of} -\worddef{gift}{\textit{n.} something given without cost} -\worddef{girl}{\textit{n.} a young female person} -\worddef{give}{\textit{v.} to present to another to keep without receiving payment} -\worddef{glass}{\textit{n.} a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most often for - windows or for containers to hold liquids} -\worddef{go}{\textit{v.} to move from one place to another; to leave} -\worddef{goal}{\textit{n.} that toward which an effort is directed; that which is aimed at; - the end of a trip or race} -\worddef{god}{\textit{n.} the spirit that is honored as creator of all things ("They believe - in God."); a spirit or being believed in many religions to have - special powers} -\worddef{gold}{\textit{n.} a highly valued yellow metal} -\worddef{good}{\textit{ad.} pleasing; helpful; kind; correct; not bad} -\worddef{goods}{\textit{n.} things owned or made to be sold} -\worddef{govern}{\textit{v.} to control; to rule by military or political power} -\worddef{government}{\textit{n.} a system of governing; the organization of people that rules a - country, city or area} -\worddef{grain}{\textit{n.} the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat, rice and - corn; those plants that produce the seeds} -\worddef{grass}{\textit{n.} a plant with long, narrow, green leaves} -\worddef{gray}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that made by mixing black and white} -\worddef{great}{\textit{ad.} very large or more than usual in size or number; very good; - important} -\worddef{green}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that made by mixing yellow and blue; having - the color like that of growing leaves and grass} -\worddef{grind}{\textit{v.} to reduce to small pieces by crushing} -\worddef{ground}{\textit{n.} land; the earth's surface; soil} -\worddef{group}{\textit{n.} a number of people or things together; a gathering of people - working for a common purpose} -\worddef{grow}{\textit{v.} to develop or become bigger; to increase in size or amount} -\worddef{guarantee}{\textit{v.} to promise a result; to promise that something will happen} -\worddef{guard}{\textit{v.} to watch and protect a person, place or thing ("He guards the - president."); n. a person or thing that watches or protects ("He is a - prison guard.")} -\worddef{guerrilla}{\textit{n.} a person who fights as part of an unofficial army, usually against - an official army or police} -\worddef{guide}{\textit{v.} to lead to; to show the way; n. one who shows the way} -\worddef{guilty}{\textit{ad.} having done something wrong or in violation of a law; responsible - for a bad action} -\worddef{gun}{\textit{n.} a weapon that shoots bullets} -\worddef{hair}{\textit{n.} the fine material that grows from the skin, especially from the - head} -\worddef{half}{\textit{n.} one of two equal parts of something} -\worddef{halt}{\textit{v.} to come or cause to come to a stop; to stop} -\worddef{hang}{\textit{v.} to place something so the highest part is supported and the lower - part is not; to kill by hanging} -\worddef{happen}{\textit{v.} to become a fact or event; to take place} -\worddef{happy}{\textit{ad.} pleased; satisfied; feeling good; not sad} -\worddef{hard}{\textit{ad.} not easily cut or broken; solid; difficult to do or understand; - needing much effort or force} -\worddef{harm}{\textit{v.} to injure; to damage; n. damage; hurt} -\worddef{harvest}{\textit{v.} to gather crops; n. the crop after it is gathered} -\worddef{hat}{\textit{n.} a head cover} -\worddef{hate}{\textit{v.} to have strong emotions against; to consider as an enemy; opposite - love} -\worddef{have}{\textit{v.} to possess; to own; to hold} -\worddef{he}{\textit{pro.} the boy or man who is being spoken about} -\worddef{head}{\textit{v.} to lead; to command; n. leader; chief; the top part of something; - the highest position} -\worddef{headquarters}{\textit{n.} the center from which orders are given; the main offices of a - business or organization} -\worddef{heal}{\textit{v.} to return to good health; to cure; to become well} -\worddef{health}{\textit{n.} the general condition of the body and mind; the condition of being - free from sickness or disease} -\worddef{hear}{\textit{v.} to receive sound through the ears; to receive news about} -\worddef{heat}{\textit{v.} to make hot or warm; n. great warmth; that which is produced by - burning fuel; energy from the sun} -\worddef{heavy}{\textit{ad.} having much weight; not easy to lift; of great amount or force} -\worddef{helicopter}{\textit{n.} a machine without wings that can fly up or down or remain in one - place above the ground} -\worddef{help}{\textit{v.} to give support; to assist; to make easier; n. support; aid} -\worddef{here}{\textit{ad.} in, to or at this place} -\worddef{hero}{\textit{n.} a person honored for being brave or wise} -\worddef{hide}{\textit{v.} to prevent from being seen or found; to make secret} -\worddef{high}{\textit{ad.} tall; far up; far above the ground; important; above others} -\worddef{hijack}{\textit{v.} to seize or take control of a vehicle by force} -\worddef{hill}{\textit{n.} a small mountain} -\worddef{history}{\textit{n.} the written record or description of past events; the study of the - past} -\worddef{hit}{\textit{v.} to strike; to touch with force} -\worddef{hold}{\textit{v.} to carry or support, usually in the hands or arms; to keep in one - position; to keep as a prisoner; to contain; to possess; to occupy; to - organize and be involved in ("The two sides hold talks this week.")} -\worddef{hole}{\textit{n.} an opening; a torn or broken place in something} -\worddef{holiday}{\textit{n.} a day when one does not work; a day on which no work is done to - honor or remember a person or event} -\worddef{holy}{\textit{ad.} greatly honored in religion} -\worddef{home}{\textit{n.} the building where a person lives, especially with family; the - place where one was born or comes from; the area or country where one - lives} -\worddef{honest}{\textit{ad.} truthful; able to be trusted} -\worddef{honor}{\textit{v.} to obey; to show strong, good feelings for ("to honor one's - parents"); n. an award; an act of giving special recognition ("He - received many honors for his efforts to help others.")} -\worddef{hope}{\textit{v.} to expect; to believe there is a good chance that something will - happen as wanted; to want something to happen} -\worddef{horrible}{\textit{ad.} causing great fear; terrible} -\worddef{horse}{\textit{n.} a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm work} -\worddef{hospital}{\textit{n.} a place where sick or injured people are given medical care} -\worddef{hostage}{\textit{n.} a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand or promise - will be honored} -\worddef{hostile}{\textit{ad.} ready to fight; ready for war} -\worddef{hot}{\textit{ad.} having or feeling great heat or a high temperature} -\worddef{hotel}{\textit{n.} a building with rooms, and often food, for travellers} -\worddef{hour}{\textit{n.} a measure of time; sixty minutes} -\worddef{house}{\textit{n.} a building in which people live; a country's parliament or - lawmaking group ("House of Representatives")} -\worddef{how}{\textit{ad.} in what way; to what amount} -\worddef{however}{\textit{conj.} yet; but} -\worddef{huge}{\textit{ad.} very big; of great size} -\worddef{human}{\textit{ad.} of or about people} -\worddef{humor}{\textit{n.} the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes people laugh} -\worddef{hunger}{\textit{n.} the need for food} -\worddef{hunt}{\textit{v.} to search for animals to capture or kill them; to seek; to try to - find} -\worddef{hurry}{\textit{v.} to do or go fast} -\worddef{hurt}{\textit{v.} to cause pain, injury or damage} -\worddef{husband}{\textit{n.} a man who is married} -\worddef{I}{\textit{pro.} the person speaking} -\worddef{ice}{\textit{n.} frozen water} -\worddef{idea}{\textit{n.} a thought or picture in the mind; a belief} -\worddef{identify}{\textit{v.} to recognize someone or something and to say who or what they are} -\worddef{if}{\textit{conj.} on condition; provided that ("I will go if you go.")} -\worddef{ignore}{\textit{v.} to pay no attention to or refuse to consider (“The president - ignored the protesters outside his office.”)} -\worddef{illegal}{\textit{ad.} not legal; in violation of a law} -\worddef{imagine}{\textit{v.} to make a picture in the mind; to form an idea} -\worddef{immediate}{\textit{ad.} without delay; very near in time or place} -\worddef{immigrant}{\textit{n.} a person who arrives in a country to live there} -\worddef{import}{\textit{v.} to bring from another country; n. something brought from another - country, usually for sale} -\worddef{important}{\textit{ad.} having great meaning, value or power} -\worddef{improve}{\textit{v.} to make better; to become better} -\worddef{in}{\textit{prep.} inside; held by; contained by; surrounded by; during} -\worddef{incident}{\textit{n.} an event or something that happens} -\worddef{incite}{\textit{v.} to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something bad or - violent} -\worddef{include}{\textit{v.} to have; to make a part of} -\worddef{increase}{\textit{v.} to make more in size or amount} -\worddef{independent}{\textit{ad.} not influenced by or controlled by another or others; free; - separate} -\worddef{individual}{\textit{n.} one person} -\worddef{industry}{\textit{n.} any business that produces goods or provides services; the work and - related activity in factories and offices; all organizations involved - in manufacturing} -\worddef{infect}{\textit{v.} to make sick with something that causes disease} -\worddef{inflation}{\textit{n.} a continuing rise in prices while the value of money goes down} -\worddef{influence}{\textit{v.} to have an effect on someone or something; to cause change} -\worddef{inform}{\textit{v.} to tell; to give knowledge to} -\worddef{information}{\textit{n.} knowledge; facts} -\worddef{inject}{\textit{v.} to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs into the - body through the skin} -\worddef{injure}{\textit{v.} to cause harm or damage to a person or animal} -\worddef{innocent}{\textit{ad.} not guilty of a crime; not responsible for a bad action} -\worddef{insane}{\textit{ad.} mentally sick} -\worddef{insect}{\textit{n.} a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes with - wings} -\worddef{inspect}{\textit{v.} to look at something carefully; to examine, especially by an expert} -\worddef{instead}{\textit{ad.} in the place of; taking the place of} -\worddef{instrument}{\textit{n.} a tool or device designed to do something or to make something} -\worddef{insult}{\textit{v.} to say something or to do something that makes another person angry - or dishonored} -\worddef{intelligence}{\textit{n.} the ability to think or learn; information gathered by spying} -\worddef{intelligent}{\textit{ad.} quick to understand or learn} -\worddef{intense}{\textit{ad.} very strong; extremely serious} -\worddef{interest}{\textit{n.} what is important to someone ("He acted to protect his interests." - "She had a great interest in painting."); a share in owning a - business; money paid for the use of money borrowed} -\worddef{interfere}{\textit{v.} to get in the way of; to work against; to take part in the - activities of others, especially when not asked to do so} -\worddef{international}{\textit{ad.} of or about more than one nation or many nations; of the whole - world} -\worddef{Internet}{\textit{n.} the extensive communications system that connects computers around - the world} -\worddef{intervene}{\textit{v.} to come between; to come between in order to settle or solve} -\worddef{invade}{\textit{v.} to enter an area or country by force with an army} -\worddef{invent}{\textit{v.} to plan and make something never made before; to create a new thing - or way of doing something} -\worddef{invest}{\textit{v.} to give money to a business or organization with the hope of making - more money} -\worddef{investigate}{\textit{v.} to study or examine all information about an event, situation or - charge; to search for the truth} -\worddef{invite}{\textit{v.} to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization or - gathering} -\worddef{involve}{\textit{v.} to take part in; to become a part of; to include} -\worddef{iron}{\textit{n.} a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools} -\worddef{island}{\textit{n.} a land area with water all around it} -\worddef{issue}{\textit{n.} an important problem or subject that people are discussing or - arguing about} -\worddef{it}{\textit{pro.} a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about ("The - sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.")} -\worddef{jail}{\textit{n.} a prison for those waiting to be tried for a crime or for those - serving sentences for crimes that are not serious} -\worddef{jewel}{\textit{n.} a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald} -\worddef{job}{\textit{n.} the work that one does to earn money} -\worddef{join}{\textit{v.} to put together or come together; to become part of or a member of} -\worddef{joint}{\textit{ad.} shared by two or more} -\worddef{joke}{\textit{n.} something done or said to cause others to laugh} -\worddef{judge}{\textit{v.} to form an opinion about; to decide a question, especially a legal - one; n. a public official who decides problems of law in a court} -\worddef{jump}{\textit{v.} to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the air} -\worddef{jury}{\textit{n.} a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial} -\worddef{just}{\textit{ad.} only ("Help me for just a minute."); very shortly before or after - the present ("He just left."); at the same time ("He left just as I - came in."); what is right or fair ("The law is just, in my opinion.")} -\worddef{justice}{\textit{n.} the quality of being right, fair or lawful} -\worddef{keep}{\textit{v.} to possess; to have for oneself} -\worddef{kick}{\textit{v.} to hit with the foot} -\worddef{kidnap}{\textit{v.} to seize and take away by force} -\worddef{kill}{\textit{v.} to make dead; to cause to die} -\worddef{kind}{\textit{n.} sort ("What kind of dog is that?"); ad. gentle; caring; helpful} -\worddef{kiss}{\textit{v.} to touch with the mouth to show love or honor} -\worddef{knife}{\textit{n.} a tool or weapon used to cut} -\worddef{know}{\textit{v.} to understand something as correct; to have the facts about; to - recognize someone because you have met and talked together before} -\worddef{knowledge}{\textit{n.} that which is known; learning or understanding} -\worddef{labor}{\textit{n.} work; workers as a group} -\worddef{laboratory}{\textit{n.} a room or place where experiments in science are done} -\worddef{lack}{\textit{v.} to be without; n. the condition of needing, wanting or not having} -\worddef{lake}{\textit{n.} a large area of fresh water surrounded by land} -\worddef{land}{\textit{v.} to come to the earth from the air ("Airplanes land at airports."); - n. the part of the earth not covered by water; the ground} -\worddef{language}{\textit{n.} words and their use; what people speak in a country, nation or - group} -\worddef{large}{\textit{ad.} big; being of more than usual size, amount or number; opposite - small} -\worddef{last}{\textit{v.} to continue ("The talks will last three days."); ad. after all - others; the only one remaining ("She is the last person in line.")} -\worddef{late}{\textit{ad.} after the correct time; near the end; opposite early} -\worddef{laugh}{\textit{v.} to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings} -\worddef{launch}{\textit{v.} to put into operation; to begin; to send into the air or space} -\worddef{law}{\textit{n.} all or any rules made by a government} -\worddef{lead}{\textit{v.} to show the way; to command; to control; to go first} -\worddef{leak}{\textit{v.} to come out of or to escape through a small opening or hole - (usually a gas or liquid)} -\worddef{learn}{\textit{v.} to get knowledge about; to come to know a fact or facts} -\worddef{leave}{\textit{v.} to go away from; to let something stay where it is} -\worddef{left}{\textit{ad.} on the side that is toward the west when one is facing north; - opposite right} -\worddef{legal}{\textit{ad.} of or in agreement with the law} -\worddef{legislature}{\textit{n.} a government lawmaking group} -\worddef{lend}{\textit{v.} to permit someone to use a thing temporarily; to make a loan of - money} -\worddef{less}{\textit{ad.} smaller in amount; not as much} -\worddef{let}{\textit{v.} to permit to do or to be; to make possible} -\worddef{letter}{\textit{n.} a message written on paper; a communication in writing sent to - another person} -\worddef{level}{\textit{n.} the amount or height that something reaches or rises to; the - position of something or someone} -\worddef{liberal}{\textit{ad.} one who usually supports social progress or change} -\worddef{lie}{\textit{v.} to have one's body on the ground or other surface; to say something - that one knows is not true} -\worddef{life}{\textit{n.} the time between being born and dying; opposite death; all living - things} -\worddef{lift}{\textit{v.} to take or bring up to a higher place or level} -\worddef{light}{\textit{n.} a form of energy that affects the eyes so that one is able to see; - anything that produces light; ad. bright; clear; not heavy} -\worddef{lightning}{\textit{n.} light produced by electricity in the air, usually during a storm} -\worddef{like}{\textit{v.} to be pleased with; to have good feelings for someone or something; - ad. in the same way as; similar to} -\worddef{limit}{\textit{v.} to restrict to a number or amount; n. the greatest amount or number - permitted} -\worddef{line}{\textit{n.} a long, thin mark on a surface; a number of people or things - organized; one after another; the edge of an area protected by - military forces} -\worddef{link}{\textit{v.} to connect; to unite one thing or event with another; n. a relation - between two or more things, situations or events} -\worddef{liquid}{\textit{n.} a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move freely, like - water} -\worddef{list}{\textit{v.} to put in writing a number of names of people or things; n. a - written series of names or things} -\worddef{listen}{\textit{v.} to try to hear} -\worddef{literature}{\textit{n.} all the poems, stories and writings of a period of time or of a - country} -\worddef{little}{\textit{ad.} not tall or big; a small amount} -\worddef{live}{\textit{v.} to have life; to exist; ad. having life; alive} -\worddef{load}{\textit{v.} to put objects on or into a vehicle or container; n. that which is - carried} -\worddef{loan}{\textit{n.} money borrowed that usually must be returned with interest - payments; something borrowed} -\worddef{local}{\textit{ad.} about or having to do with one place} -\worddef{lonely}{\textit{ad.} feeling alone and wanting friends; visited by few or no people ("a - lonely man")} -\worddef{long}{\textit{ad.} not short; measuring from beginning to end; measuring much; for - much time} -\worddef{look}{\textit{v.} to turn the eyes toward so as to see; to search or hunt for; to - seem to be} -\worddef{lose}{\textit{v.} to have no longer; to not find; to fail to keep; to be defeated} -\worddef{loud}{\textit{ad.} having a strong sound; full of sound or noise} -\worddef{love}{\textit{v.} to like very much; to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes - involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for someone or something; - opposite hate} -\worddef{low}{\textit{ad.} not high or tall; below the normal height; close to the ground} -\worddef{loyal}{\textit{ad.} showing strong friendship and support for someone or something} -\worddef{luck}{\textit{n.} something that happens by chance} -\worddef{machine}{\textit{n.} a device with moving parts used to do work} -\worddef{magazine}{\textit{n.} a publication of news, stories, pictures or other information} -\worddef{mail}{\textit{n.} letters, papers and other things sent through an official system, - such as a post office} -\worddef{main}{\textit{ad.} the most important or largest} -\worddef{major}{\textit{ad.} great in size, importance or amount} -\worddef{majority}{\textit{n.} the greater number; more than half} -\worddef{make}{\textit{v.} to produce; to create; to build; to do something or to carry out an - action; to cause to be or to become} -\worddef{male}{\textit{n.} a man or boy; the sex that is the father of children; ad. of or - about men} -\worddef{man}{\textit{n.} an adult male human} -\worddef{manufacture}{\textit{v.} to make goods in large amounts} -\worddef{many}{\textit{ad.} a large number or amount of} -\worddef{map}{\textit{n.} a picture of the earth's surface or a part of it} -\worddef{march}{\textit{v.} to walk in a group like soldiers; to walk together in a large group - to protest about something} -\worddef{mark}{\textit{v.} to make a sign or cut on something} -\worddef{market}{\textit{n.} a place or area where goods are sold, bought or traded; an economic - system in which the prices of things are decided by how many there are - and how much money people are willing to pay for them} -\worddef{marry}{\textit{v.} to join a man and woman together as husband and wife; to become - husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony)} -\worddef{mass}{\textit{n.} an amount of matter having no special form and usually of a large - size} -\worddef{mate}{\textit{v.} to bring together a male and a female to create another creature} -\worddef{material}{\textit{n.} the substance, substances or matter of which something is made or - from which something can be made, such as wood, cloth or stone; - anything that can be made into something else} -\worddef{mathematics}{\textit{n.} the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes, as explained by - numbers and signs} -\worddef{matter}{\textit{n.} anything that can be seen or felt; what things are made of} -\worddef{may}{\textit{v.} a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible ("May I - go?" "They may leave tomorrow.")} -\worddef{mayor}{\textit{n.} the chief official of a city or town government} -\worddef{meal}{\textit{n.} food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner} -\worddef{mean}{\textit{v.} to want to; to give the idea of; to have the idea of} -\worddef{measure}{\textit{v.} to learn the amount, size or distance of something; n. an action - taken; a legislative proposal} -\worddef{meat}{\textit{n.} the part of a dead animal used for food} -\worddef{media}{\textit{n.} all public information organizations, including newspapers, - television and radio} -\worddef{medicine}{\textit{n.} a substance or drug used to treat disease or pain; the science or - study of treating and curing disease or improving health} -\worddef{meet}{\textit{v.} to come together with someone or something at the same time and - place} -\worddef{melt}{\textit{v.} to make a solid into a liquid by heating it} -\worddef{member}{\textit{n.} one of a group} -\worddef{memorial}{\textit{n.} something done or made to honor the memory of a person or event} -\worddef{memory}{\textit{n.} a picture in the mind of past events; the ability to remember; a - thing remembered} -\worddef{mental}{\textit{ad.} about or having to do with the mind} -\worddef{message}{\textit{n.} written or spoken news or information; a note from one person to - another person or group} -\worddef{metal}{\textit{n.} a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold} -\worddef{method}{\textit{n.} the way something is done} -\worddef{microscope}{\textit{n.} a device used to make very small things look larger so they can be - studied} -\worddef{middle}{\textit{n.} the center; a place or time of equal distance from both sides or - ends; ad. in the center} -\worddef{militant}{\textit{n.} someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the - use of force or violence} -\worddef{military}{\textit{n.} the armed forces of a nation or group; ad. of or about the armed - forces} -\worddef{militia}{\textit{n.} an army of citizens instead of professional soldiers; an armed - force or private army} -\worddef{milk}{\textit{n.} the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their young} -\worddef{mind}{\textit{n.} the thinking, feeling part of a person} -\worddef{mine}{\textit{v.} to dig useful or valuable substances out of the earth; n. a place - in the earth where such substances are found; a bomb placed under the - ground or under water so it cannot be seen} -\worddef{mineral}{\textit{n.} a substance found in nature that is not an animal or a plant, such - as coal or salt} -\worddef{minister}{\textit{n.} a member of a cabinet; a high government official ("prime - minister,"foreign minister")} -\worddef{minor}{\textit{ad.} small in size; of little importance} -\worddef{minority}{\textit{n.} the smaller number; opposite majority} -\worddef{minute}{\textit{n.} a measure of time; one of the sixty equal parts of an hour; sixty - seconds} -\worddef{miss}{\textit{v.} to fail to hit, see, reach or meet} -\worddef{missile}{\textit{n.} any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the air and explodes - when it reaches its target} -\worddef{missing}{\textit{ad.} lost; not found} -\worddef{mistake}{\textit{n.} a wrong action or decision; an action done without the knowledge - that it was wrong} -\worddef{mix}{\textit{v.} to put different things together to make one thing} -\worddef{mob}{\textit{n.} a large group of wild or angry people} -\worddef{model}{\textit{n.} an example; something, usually small, made to show how something - will look or work} -\worddef{moderate}{\textit{ad.} not extreme} -\worddef{modern}{\textit{ad.} of the present or very recent time; the most improved} -\worddef{money}{\textit{n.} pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things} -\worddef{month}{\textit{n.} one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided} -\worddef{moon}{\textit{n.} the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits the earth - about every twenty-nine days} -\worddef{moral}{\textit{ad.} concerning what is right or wrong in someone's actions} -\worddef{more}{\textit{ad.} greater in size or amount} -\worddef{morning}{\textit{n.} the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon} -\worddef{most}{\textit{ad.} greatest in size or amount} -\worddef{mother}{\textit{n.} the female parent; a woman who has a child or children} -\worddef{motion}{\textit{n.} a movement; a continuing change of position or place} -\worddef{mountain}{\textit{n.} a part of the earth's surface that rises high above the area around - it} -\worddef{mourn}{\textit{v.} to express or feel sadness} -\worddef{move}{\textit{v.} to change position; to put or keep in motion; to go} -\worddef{movement}{\textit{n.} the act of moving or a way of moving; a series of acts or efforts - to reach a goal} -\worddef{movie}{\textit{n.} a motion picture; a film} -\worddef{much}{\textit{ad.} great in amount} -\worddef{murder}{\textit{v.} to kill another person illegally; n. the crime of killing another - person} -\worddef{music}{\textit{n.} the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument} -\worddef{must}{\textit{v.} a word used with an action word to mean necessary ("You must go to - school.")} -\worddef{mystery}{\textit{n.} something that is not or cannot be explained or understood; a - secret} -\worddef{name}{\textit{v.} to appoint; to nominate; to give a name to; n. a word by which a - person, animal or thing is known or called} -\worddef{narrow}{\textit{ad.} limited in size or amount; not wide; having a short distance from - one side to the other} -\worddef{nation}{\textit{n.} a country, together with its social and political systems} -\worddef{native}{\textit{n.} someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there} -\worddef{natural}{\textit{ad.} of or about nature; normal; common to its kind} -\worddef{nature}{\textit{n.} all the plants, animals and other things on earth not created by - humans; events or processes not caused by humans} -\worddef{navy}{\textit{n.} the part of a country's military force trained to fight at sea} -\worddef{near}{\textit{ad.} not far; close to} -\worddef{necessary}{\textit{ad.} needed to get a result or effect; required} -\worddef{need}{\textit{v.} to require; to want; to be necessary to have or to do} -\worddef{negotiate}{\textit{v.} to talk about a problem or situation to find a common solution} -\worddef{neighbor}{\textit{n.} a person or country that is next to or near another} -\worddef{neither}{\textit{ad.} not one or the other of two} -\worddef{neutral}{\textit{ad.} not supporting one side or the other in a dispute} -\worddef{never}{\textit{ad.} at no time; not ever} -\worddef{new}{\textit{ad.} not existing before; not known before; recently made, built, - bought or grown; another; different} -\worddef{news}{\textit{n.} information about any recent events, especially as reported by the - media} -\worddef{next}{\textit{ad.} coming immediately after; nearest} -\worddef{nice}{\textit{ad.} pleasing; good; kind} -\worddef{night}{\textit{n.} the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises, when - there is little or no light} -\worddef{no}{\textit{ad.} used to reject or to refuse; not any; not at all} -\worddef{noise}{\textit{n.} sound, especially when loud} -\worddef{nominate}{\textit{v.} to name someone as a candidate for an election; to propose a person - for an office or position} -\worddef{noon}{\textit{n.} the middle of the day; twelve o'clock in the daytime} -\worddef{normal}{\textit{n.} the usual condition, amount or form; ad. usual; what is expected} -\worddef{north}{\textit{n.} the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun} -\worddef{not}{\textit{ad.} a word showing that something is denied or untrue ("She is not - going.")} -\worddef{note}{\textit{v.} to talk about something already known; n. a word or words written - to help a person remember; a short letter} -\worddef{nothing}{\textit{n.} not anything; no thing} -\worddef{now}{\textit{ad.} at this time; immediately} -\worddef{nowhere}{\textit{ad.} not in, to or at any place} -\worddef{nuclear}{\textit{ad.} of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms or bringing - them together; of or about weapons that explode by using energy from - atoms} -\worddef{number}{\textit{n.} a word or sign used to show the order or amount of things} -\worddef{obey}{\textit{v.} to act as one is ordered to act} -\worddef{object}{\textit{v.} to show that one does not like or approve; to protest; n. something - not alive that can be seen or touched} -\worddef{observe}{\textit{v.} to watch; to look at carefully; to celebrate or honor something - ("They will observe the anniversary of the day she was born.")} -\worddef{occupy}{\textit{v.} to take and hold or to control by force} -\worddef{ocean}{\textit{n.} the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five percent of - the earth's surface; any of the five main divisions of this water} -\worddef{of}{\textit{prep.} made from; belonging to; about; connected to; included among} -\worddef{off}{\textit{ad.} away; at a distance; condition when something is no longer - operating or continuing; not on; not connected} -\worddef{offensive}{\textit{n.} a military campaign of attack; ad. having to do with attacking} -\worddef{offer}{\textit{v.} to present or propose; n. the act of presenting or proposing; that - which is presented or proposed} -\worddef{office}{\textit{n.} a room or building where business or work is done; a public - position to which one is elected or appointed} -\worddef{officer}{\textit{n.} a person in the military who commands others; any person who is a - member of a police force} -\worddef{official}{\textit{n.} a person with power in an organization; a representative of an - organization or government; ad. of or about an office; approved by the - government or someone in power} -\worddef{often}{\textit{ad.} many times} -\worddef{oil}{\textit{n.} a thick liquid that does not mix with water and that burns easily; - a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel} -\worddef{old}{\textit{ad.} not young or new; having lived or existed for many years} -\worddef{on}{\textit{prep.} above and held up by; touching the upper surface of ("The book - is on the table."); supported by ("He is on his feet."); about ("The - report on the meeting is ready."); at the time of ("He left on - Wednesday.")} -\worddef{once}{\textit{ad.} one time only} -\worddef{only}{\textit{ad.} being the single one or ones; no more than ("We have only two - dollars.")} -\worddef{open}{\textit{v.} to start ("They opened talks."); ad. not closed; not secret} -\worddef{operate}{\textit{v.} to do work or a job; to cut into the body for medical reasons} -\worddef{opinion}{\textit{n.} a belief based on one's own ideas and thinking} -\worddef{oppose}{\textit{v.} to be against; to fight against} -\worddef{opposite}{\textit{ad.} different as possible; completely different from; exactly the - other way ("North is the opposite direction from south.")} -\worddef{oppress}{\textit{v.} to make others suffer; to control by the use of unjust and cruel - force or power} -\worddef{or}{\textit{conj.} giving another of two choices; giving the last of several - choices} -\worddef{orbit}{\textit{v.} to travel in space around a planet or other object; n. the path or - way an object travels in space around another object or planet} -\worddef{order}{\textit{v.} to give a command; to tell someone what to do; n. a command; the - correct or normal way things are organized; a peaceful situation in - which people obey laws} -\worddef{organize}{\textit{v.} to put in order; to put together into a system} -\worddef{other}{\textit{ad.} different; of another kind; the remaining one or ones of two or - more ">("That man is short; the other is tall.")} -\worddef{our}{\textit{ad.} of or belonging to us} -\worddef{oust}{\textit{v.} to force to leave; to remove by force} -\worddef{out}{\textit{ad.} away from the inside; opposite of in} -\worddef{over}{\textit{conj.} above; covering; across, in or on every part of ("all over the - world")} -\worddef{overthrow}{\textit{v.} to remove from power; to defeat or end by force} -\worddef{owe}{\textit{v.} to pay or have to repay (usually money) in return for something - received} -\worddef{own}{\textit{v.} to have or possess for oneself} -\worddef{pain}{\textit{n.} a hurt or suffering somewhere in the body} -\worddef{paint}{\textit{v.} to cover with a liquid color; to make a picture with liquid colors; - n. a colored liquid used to cover or protect a surface} -\worddef{paper}{\textit{n.} a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often used for - writing} -\worddef{parachute}{\textit{n.} a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly from an - airplane or helicopter to the ground} -\worddef{parade}{\textit{n.} a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate a - special event or anniversary} -\worddef{pardon}{\textit{v.} to forgive for a crime and release from punishment} -\worddef{parent}{\textit{n.} a father or mother} -\worddef{parliament}{\textit{n.} a government lawmaking group} -\worddef{part}{\textit{n.} something less than the whole; not all of something} -\worddef{partner}{\textit{n.} a person who takes part in some activity in common with another or - others. (“The two men were business partners.”)} -\worddef{party}{\textit{n.} a group of people working together for a political purpose; a group - of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment} -\worddef{pass}{\textit{v.} to go by or move around something; to move along; to cause or - permit to go} -\worddef{passenger}{\textit{n.} a person travelling by airplane, train, boat or car who is not the - pilot or driver} -\worddef{passport}{\textit{n.} a document permitting a person to travel to another country} -\worddef{past}{\textit{n.} the time gone by; the time before; ad. recent; immediately before; - former} -\worddef{path}{\textit{n.} a narrow way for walking; a way along which something moves} -\worddef{patient}{\textit{n.} a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem} -\worddef{pay}{\textit{v.} to give money for work done or for something bought} -\worddef{peace}{\textit{n.} the condition of freedom from war, fighting or noise; rest; quiet} -\worddef{people}{\textit{n.} any group of persons; all the persons of a group, race, religion or - nation ("the American people")} -\worddef{percent}{\textit{n.} a part of every hundred ("Ten is ten percent of one hundred.")} -\worddef{perfect}{\textit{ad.} complete or correct in every way; completely right or good; - without mistakes} -\worddef{perform}{\textit{v.} to speak, dance or sing in front of others} -\worddef{period}{\textit{n.} an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions} -\worddef{permanent}{\textit{ad.} never changing; lasting for a very long time or for all time} -\worddef{permit}{\textit{v.} to let; to make possible} -\worddef{person}{\textit{n.} a man, woman or child} -\worddef{persuade}{\textit{v.} to cause someone to do something by explaining or urging. (“The - police persuaded the criminal to surrender his weapon.”)} -\worddef{physical}{\textit{ad.} of the body} -\worddef{physics}{\textit{n.} the study of motion, matter and energy} -\worddef{picture}{\textit{n.} something that shows what another thing looks like; an idea or - representation of something as seen by the eye; a painting; what is - made with a camera} -\worddef{piece}{\textit{n.} a part of something larger} -\worddef{pig}{\textit{n.} a farm animal used for its meat} -\worddef{pilot}{\textit{n.} one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter} -\worddef{pipe}{\textit{n.} a long, round piece of material used to move liquid or gas} -\worddef{place}{\textit{v.} to put something somewhere; n. an area or a part of an area; space - where a person or thing is; any room, building, town or country} -\worddef{plan}{\textit{v.} to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or doing - something ">("They plan to have a party."); n. an organized or - developed idea or method ("The plan will not work.")} -\worddef{planet}{\textit{n.} a large object in space that orbits the sun ("Earth is a planet.")} -\worddef{plant}{\textit{v.} to put into the ground to grow; n. a living growth from the ground - which gets its food from air, water and earth} -\worddef{plastic}{\textit{n.} a material made from chemicals that can be formed and made into - things} -\worddef{play}{\textit{v.} to have fun; to not work; to take part in a sport; to make music on - an instrument; n. a story acted in a theater} -\worddef{please}{\textit{v.} to make one happy; to give enjoyment} -\worddef{plenty}{\textit{n.} all that is needed; a large enough amount} -\worddef{plot}{\textit{v.} to make secret plans; n. a secret plan to do something wrong or - illegal} -\worddef{poem}{\textit{n.} words and their sounds organized in a special way to express - emotions} -\worddef{point}{\textit{v.} to aim one's finger toward; to aim; n. the sharp end of something} -\worddef{poison}{\textit{n.} a substance that can destroy life or damage health} -\worddef{police}{\textit{n.} a government agency responsible for guarding the public, keeping - order, and making sure people obey the law; members of that agency} -\worddef{policy}{\textit{n.} an established set of plans or goals used to develop and make - decisions in politics, economics or business} -\worddef{politics}{\textit{n.} the activities of government and of those who are in public office} -\worddef{pollute}{\textit{v.} to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into the air, soil or - water} -\worddef{poor}{\textit{n.} people with little or no money; ad. lacking money or goods; of bad - quality} -\worddef{popular}{\textit{ad.} liked by many people; generally approved by the public} -\worddef{population}{\textit{n.} all the people in a place, city or country} -\worddef{port}{\textit{n.} a city where ships load or unload goods; a place on a coast where - ships can be safe from a storm} -\worddef{position}{\textit{n.} a place; the way of holding the body; the way a thing is set or - placed; a job (or level of a job) in an organization} -\worddef{possess}{\textit{v.} to have; to own; to control or be controlled by} -\worddef{possible}{\textit{ad.} able to be done; can happen or is expected to happen} -\worddef{postpone}{\textit{v.} to delay action until a later time} -\worddef{pour}{\textit{v.} to flow; to cause to flow} -\worddef{poverty}{\textit{n.} the condition of being poor} -\worddef{power}{\textit{n.} the ability to control or direct others; control; strength; ruling - force; force or energy used to do work ("Water power turns the - wheel.")} -\worddef{praise}{\textit{v.} to say good things about; to approve} -\worddef{pray}{\textit{v.} to make a request to a god or spirit; to praise a god or spirit} -\worddef{predict}{\textit{v.} to say what one believes will happen in the future. (“The weather - scientist predicted a cold winter.”)} -\worddef{pregnant}{\textit{ad.} carrying a child within the body before it is born; expecting to - give birth to a baby} -\worddef{present}{\textit{v.} to offer for consideration ("We will present our idea to the - committee."); n. a gift ("I gave them a present for their - anniversary."); now ("The present time is a good time."); ad. to be at - a place ("I was present at school yesterday.")} -\worddef{president}{\textit{n.} the chief official of a country that is a republic; the leader of - an organization} -\worddef{press}{\textit{v.} to urge strongly; n. newspapers, magazines and other publications} -\worddef{pressure}{\textit{n.} the force produced when something is pushed down or against - something else} -\worddef{prevent}{\textit{v.} to keep or stop from going or happening} -\worddef{price}{\textit{n.} the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered - for sale} -\worddef{prison}{\textit{n.} a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime} -\worddef{private}{\textit{ad.} of or about a person or group that is secret; opposite public} -\worddef{prize}{\textit{n.} something offered or won in a competition; something of value that - one must work hard for to get} -\worddef{probably}{\textit{ad.} a good chance of taking place; a little more than possible} -\worddef{problem}{\textit{n.} a difficult question or situation with an unknown or unclear answer} -\worddef{process}{\textit{n.} an operation or series of changes leading to a desired result} -\worddef{produce}{\textit{v.} to make; to create; to cause something to be; to manufacture} -\worddef{profession}{\textit{n.} a job that requires special training} -\worddef{professor}{\textit{n.} a teacher at a college or university} -\worddef{profit}{\textit{n.} money gained from a business activity after paying all costs of - that activity} -\worddef{program}{\textit{n.} a plan of action; the different events or parts of a meeting or - show} -\worddef{progress}{\textit{n.} movement forward or toward improvement or a goal} -\worddef{project}{\textit{n.} a planned effort to do something} -\worddef{promise}{\textit{v.} to say one will do something; n. a spoken or written agreement to - do something} -\worddef{propaganda}{\textit{n.} ideas or information used to influence opinions} -\worddef{property}{\textit{n.} anything owned by someone such as land, buildings or goods} -\worddef{propose}{\textit{v.} to present or offer for consideration} -\worddef{protect}{\textit{v.} to guard; to defend; to prevent from being harmed or damaged} -\worddef{protest}{\textit{v.} to speak against; to object} -\worddef{prove}{\textit{v.} to show to be true} -\worddef{provide}{\textit{v.} to give something needed or wanted} -\worddef{public}{\textit{ad.} of or about all the people in a community or country; opposite - private} -\worddef{publication}{\textit{n.} something that is published such as a book, newspaper or magazine} -\worddef{publish}{\textit{v.} to make public something that is written; to include something in a - book, newspaper or magazine} -\worddef{pull}{\textit{v.} to use force to move something toward the person or thing using the - force; opposite push} -\worddef{pump}{\textit{v.} to force a gas or liquid up, into or through} -\worddef{punish}{\textit{v.} to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something bad or illegal} -\worddef{purchase}{\textit{v.} to buy with money or with something of equal value; n. that which - is bought} -\worddef{pure}{\textit{ad.} free from anything that is different or that reduces value; clean} -\worddef{purpose}{\textit{n.} the reason or desired effect for doing something; goal} -\worddef{push}{\textit{v.} to use force to move something away from the person or thing using - the force; opposite pull} -\worddef{put}{\textit{v.} to place; to set in position} -\worddef{quality}{\textit{n.} that which something is known to have or be ("An important quality - of steel is its strength."); amount of value or excellence ("Their - goods are of the highest quality.")} -\worddef{question}{\textit{v.} to ask; to express wonder or disbelief; n. a sentence or word used - in asking for information; a problem; an issue to be discussed} -\worddef{quick}{\textit{ad.} fast} -\worddef{quiet}{\textit{ad.} with little or no noise; having little or no movement; calm} -\worddef{race}{\textit{v.} to run; to take part in a competition to decide who or what can - move fastest; to take part in a campaign for political office; n. one - of the major groups that humans can be divided into because of a - common physical similarity, such as skin color} -\worddef{radar}{\textit{n.} a device that uses radio signals to learn the position or speed of - objects that may be too far away to be seen} -\worddef{radiation}{\textit{n.} waves of energy from something that produces heat or light; energy - from a nuclear substance, which can be dangerous} -\worddef{radio}{\textit{n.} the system of sending and receiving signals or sounds through the - air without wires} -\worddef{raid}{\textit{v.} to make a sudden attack; n. a sudden attack carried out as an act - of war, or for the purpose of seizing or stealing something} -\worddef{railroad}{\textit{n.} a road for trains; a company that operates such a road and its - stations and equipment} -\worddef{rain}{\textit{n.} water falling from the sky} -\worddef{raise}{\textit{v.} to lift up; to move to a higher position; to cause to grow; to - increase} -\worddef{rape}{\textit{v.} to carry out a sexual attack by force against a person} -\worddef{rare}{\textit{ad.} not common; not usual; not often} -\worddef{rate}{\textit{n.} speed; a measure of how quickly or how often something happens; the - price of any thing or service that is bought or sold} -\worddef{reach}{\textit{v.} to put a hand toward; to arrive at; to come to} -\worddef{react}{\textit{v.} to act as a result of or in answer to} -\worddef{read}{\textit{v.} to look at and understand the meaning of written words or numbers} -\worddef{ready}{\textit{ad.} prepared; completed; organized; willing} -\worddef{real}{\textit{ad.} true; truly existing; not false} -\worddef{realistic}{\textit{ad.} in agreement with the way things are} -\worddef{reason}{\textit{n.} the cause for a belief or act; purpose; something that explains} -\worddef{reasonable}{\textit{ad.} ready to listen to reasons or ideas; not extreme; ready or willing - to compromise} -\worddef{rebel}{\textit{v.} to act against a government or power, often with force; to refuse - to obey; n. one who opposes or fights against the government of his or - her country} -\worddef{receive}{\textit{v.} to get or accept something given, offered or sent} -\worddef{recent}{\textit{ad.} a short time ago} -\worddef{recession}{\textit{n.} a temporary reduction in economic activity, when industries produce - less and many workers lose their jobs} -\worddef{recognize}{\textit{v.} to know or remember something or someone that was known, known - about or seen before; to accept another nation as independent and - establish diplomatic ties with its government} -\worddef{record}{\textit{v.} to write something in order to have it for future use; to put sound - or pictures in a form that can be kept and heard or seen again; n. a - writing that shows proof or facts about something} -\worddef{recover}{\textit{v.} to get again something that was lost, stolen or taken away ("The - police recovered the stolen money."); to return to normal health or - normal conditions She is expected to recover from the operation.")} -\worddef{red}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of blood} -\worddef{reduce}{\textit{v.} to make less or smaller in number, size or amount; to cut} -\worddef{reform}{\textit{v.} to make better by changing; to improve; n. a change to a better - condition} -\worddef{refugee}{\textit{n.} a person who has been forced to flee because of unjust treatment, - danger or war} -\worddef{refuse}{\textit{v.} to reject; to not accept, give or do something} -\worddef{register}{\textit{v.} to have one’s name officially placed on a list of people permitted - to vote in an election or take part in an educational program} -\worddef{regret}{\textit{n.} a feeling of sadness or sorrow about something that is done or that - happens} -\worddef{reject}{\textit{v.} to refuse to accept, use or believe} -\worddef{relations}{\textit{n.} understandings or ties between nations; members of the same family; - people connected by marriage or family ties} -\worddef{release}{\textit{v.} to free; to permit to go; to permit to be known or made public} -\worddef{religion}{\textit{n.} a belief in, or the honoring of, a god or gods} -\worddef{remain}{\textit{v.} to stay in a place after others leave; to stay the same} -\worddef{remains}{\textit{n.} a dead body} -\worddef{remember}{\textit{v.} to think about the past; opposite forget} -\worddef{remove}{\textit{v.} to take away or take off; to put an end to; to take out of a - position or office} -\worddef{repair}{\textit{n.} work done to fix something} -\worddef{repeat}{\textit{v.} to say or do again} -\worddef{report}{\textit{v.} to tell about; to give the results of a study or investigation; n. - the story about an event; the results of a study or investigation; a - statement in which the facts may not be confirmed} -\worddef{represent}{\textit{v.} to act in the place of someone else; to substitute for; to serve as - an example} -\worddef{repress}{\textit{v.} to control or to restrict freedoms by force} -\worddef{request}{\textit{v.} to ask for; n. the act of asking for} -\worddef{require}{\textit{v.} to need or demand as necessary} -\worddef{rescue}{\textit{v.} to free from danger or evil} -\worddef{research}{\textit{n.} a careful study to discover correct information} -\worddef{resign}{\textit{v.} to leave a position, job or office} -\worddef{resist}{\textit{v.} to oppose; to fight to prevent} -\worddef{resolution}{\textit{n.} an official statement of agreement by a group of people, usually - reached by voting} -\worddef{resource}{\textit{n.} anything of value that can be used or sold} -\worddef{respect}{\textit{v.} to feel or show honor to a person or thing (“All citizens should - respect the law.”)} -\worddef{responsible}{\textit{ad.} having a duty or job to do ("He is responsible for preparing the - report."); being the cause of ("They were responsible for the - accident.")} -\worddef{rest}{\textit{v.} to sit, lie down or sleep to regain strength; n. that which - remains; the others} -\worddef{restaurant}{\textit{n.} a place where people can buy and eat meals} -\worddef{restrain}{\textit{v.} to keep controlled; to limit action by a person or group} -\worddef{restrict}{\textit{v.} to limit; to prevent from increasing or becoming larger} -\worddef{result}{\textit{v.} to happen from a cause; n. that which follows or is produced by a - cause; effect} -\worddef{retire}{\textit{v.} to leave a job or position because one is old or in poor health} -\worddef{return}{\textit{v.} to go or come back; to bring, give, take or send back} -\worddef{revolt}{\textit{v.} to protest violently; to fight for a change, especially of - government} -\worddef{rice}{\textit{n.} a food grain} -\worddef{rich}{\textit{ad.} having much money or goods; having plenty of something} -\worddef{ride}{\textit{v.} to sit on or in and be carried along; to travel by animal, wheeled - vehicle, airplane or boat} -\worddef{right}{\textit{n.} what a person legally and morally should be able to do or have ("It - is their right to vote."); ad. agreeing with the facts; good; correct; - opposite wrong; on the side that is toward the east when one is facing - north; opposite left} -\worddef{riot}{\textit{v.} to act with many others in a violent way in a public place; n. a - violent action by a large group of people} -\worddef{rise}{\textit{v.} to go up; to go higher; to increase; to go from a position of - sitting or lying to a position of standing} -\worddef{risk}{\textit{n.} the chance of loss, damage or injury} -\worddef{river}{\textit{n.} a large amount of water that flows across land into another river, - a lake or an ocean} -\worddef{road}{\textit{n.} a long piece of hard ground built between two places so people can - walk, drive or ride easily from one place to the other} -\worddef{rob}{\textit{v.} to take money or property secretly or by force; to steal} -\worddef{rock}{\textit{n.} a hard piece of mineral matter} -\worddef{rocket}{\textit{n.} a device shaped like a tube that moves through air or space by - burning gases and letting them escape from the back or bottom, - sometimes used as a weapon} -\worddef{roll}{\textit{v.} to turn over and over; to move like a ball} -\worddef{room}{\textit{n.} a separate area within a building with its own walls} -\worddef{root}{\textit{n.} the part of a plant that is under the ground and takes nutrients - from the soil} -\worddef{rope}{\textit{n.} a long, thick piece of material made from thinner pieces of - material, used for tying} -\worddef{rough}{\textit{ad.} not flat or smooth; having an uneven surface; violent; not made - well} -\worddef{round}{\textit{ad.} having the shape of a ball or circle} -\worddef{rub}{\textit{v.} to move something over the surface of another thing} -\worddef{rubber}{\textit{n.} a substance made from the liquid of trees with the same name, or a - similar substance made from chemicals} -\worddef{ruin}{\textit{v.} to damage severely; to destroy} -\worddef{rule}{\textit{v.} to govern or control; to decide; n. a statement or an order that - says how something must be done} -\worddef{run}{\textit{v.} to move quickly by steps faster than those used for walking} -\worddef{rural}{\textit{ad.} describing areas away from cities which may include farms, small - towns and unpopulated areas} -\worddef{sabotage}{\textit{v.} to damage or destroy as an act against an organization or nation - ("The rebels sabotaged the railroad.")} -\worddef{sacrifice}{\textit{v.} to do without something or to suffer a loss for a belief, idea, - goal or another person} -\worddef{sad}{\textit{ad.} not happy} -\worddef{safe}{\textit{ad.} away from harm or danger} -\worddef{sail}{\textit{v.} to travel by boat or ship} -\worddef{sailor}{\textit{n.} a person involved in sailing a boat or ship} -\worddef{salt}{\textit{n.} a white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used to - affect the taste of food} -\worddef{same}{\textit{ad.} not different; not changed; like another or others} -\worddef{sand}{\textit{n.} extremely small pieces of crushed rock found in large amounts in - deserts and on coasts} -\worddef{satellite}{\textit{n.} a small object in space that moves around a larger object; an - object placed in orbit around the earth} -\worddef{satisfy}{\textit{v.} to give or provide what is desired, needed or demanded} -\worddef{save}{\textit{v.} to make safe; to remove from harm; to keep for future use} -\worddef{say}{\textit{v.} to speak; to express in words} -\worddef{school}{\textit{n.} a place for education; a place where people go to learn} -\worddef{science}{\textit{n.} the study of nature and the actions of natural things, and the - knowledge gained about them} -\worddef{sea}{\textit{n.} a large area of salt water, usually part of an ocean} -\worddef{search}{\textit{v.} to look for carefully} -\worddef{season}{\textit{n.} one of the four periods of the year that is based on the earth's - position toward the sun (spring, summer, autumn, winter); a period of - time based on different weather conditions ("dry season", "rainy - season"); a period during the year when something usually happens - ("baseball season")} -\worddef{seat}{\textit{n.} a thing to sit on; a place to sit or the right to sit there ("a - seat in parliament")} -\worddef{second}{\textit{ad.} the one that comes after the first} -\worddef{secret}{\textit{n.} something known only to a few and kept from general knowledge; ad. - hidden from others; known only to a few} -\worddef{security}{\textit{n.} freedom from danger or harm; protection; measures necessary to - protect a person or place ("Security was increased in the city.")} -\worddef{see}{\textit{v.} to know or sense through the eyes; to understand or know} -\worddef{seed}{\textit{n.} the part of a plant from which new plants grow} -\worddef{seek(ing)}{\textit{v.} to search for ("They are seeking a cure for cancer."); to try to - get ("She is seeking election to public office."); to plan to do - ("Electric power companies are seeking to reduce their use of coal.")} -\worddef{seem}{\textit{v.} to appear to be ("She seems to be in good health.")} -\worddef{seize}{\textit{v.} to take quickly by force; to take control of quickly; to arrest} -\worddef{self}{\textit{n.} all that which makes one person different from others} -\worddef{sell}{\textit{v.} to give something in exchange for money} -\worddef{Senate}{\textit{n.} the smaller of the two groups in the governments of some countries, - such as in the United States Congress} -\worddef{send}{\textit{v.} to cause to go; to permit to go; to cause to be carried, taken or - directed to or away from a place} -\worddef{sense}{\textit{v.} to come to know about by feeling, believing or understanding; n. - any of the abilities to see, hear, taste, smell or feel} -\worddef{sentence}{\textit{v.} to declare the punishment for a crime; n. the punishment for a - crime} -\worddef{separate}{\textit{v.} to set or keep people, things or ideas away from or independent - from others; ad. not together or connected; different} -\worddef{series}{\textit{n.} a number of similar things or events that follow one after another - in time, position or order} -\worddef{serious}{\textit{ad.} important; needing careful consideration; dangerous} -\worddef{serve}{\textit{v.} to work as an official; to be employed by the government; to assist - or help} -\worddef{service}{\textit{n.} an organization or system that provides something for the public - ("Schools and roads are services paid for by taxes."); a job that an - organization or business can do for money; military organizations such - as an army, navy or air force; a religious ceremony} -\worddef{set}{\textit{v.} to put in place or position; to establish a time, price or limit} -\worddef{settle}{\textit{v.} to end (a dispute); to agree about (a problem); to make a home in a - new place} -\worddef{several}{\textit{ad.} three or more, but not many} -\worddef{severe}{\textit{ad.} not gentle; causing much pain, sadness or damage} -\worddef{sex}{\textit{n.} either the male or female group into which all people and animals - are divided because of their actions in producing young; the physical - activity by which humans and animals can produce young} -\worddef{shake}{\textit{v.} to move or cause to move in short, quick movements} -\worddef{shape}{\textit{v.} to give form to; n. the form of something, especially how it looks} -\worddef{share}{\textit{v.} to give part of something to another or others; n. a part belonging - to, given to or owned by a single person or a group; any one of the - equal parts of ownership of a business or company} -\worddef{sharp}{\textit{ad.} having a thin edge or small point that can cut or hurt; causing - hurt or pain} -\worddef{she}{\textit{pro.} the girl or woman who is being spoken about} -\worddef{sheep}{\textit{n.} a farm animal used for its meat and hair} -\worddef{shell}{\textit{v.} to fire artillery; n. a metal container that is fired from a large - gun and explodes when it reaches its target; a hard outside cover} -\worddef{shelter}{\textit{v.} to protect or give protection to; n. something that gives - protection; a place of safety} -\worddef{shine}{\textit{v.} to aim a light; to give bright light; to be bright; to clean to - make bright} -\worddef{ship}{\textit{v.} to transport; n. a large boat} -\worddef{shock}{\textit{v.} to cause to feel sudden surprise or fear; n. something that greatly - affects the mind or emotions; a powerful shake, as from an earthquake} -\worddef{shoe}{\textit{n.} a covering for the foot} -\worddef{shoot}{\textit{v.} to cause a gun or other weapon to send out an object designed to - kill; to use a gun} -\worddef{short}{\textit{ad.} lasting only for a small period of time; not long; opposite tall} -\worddef{should}{\textit{v.} used with another verb (action word) to show responsibility ("We - should study."), probability ("The talks should begin soon."), or that - something is believed to be a good idea ("Criminals should be - punished.")} -\worddef{shout}{\textit{v.} to speak very loudly} -\worddef{show}{\textit{v.} to make something be seen; to make known; n. a play or story - presented in a theater, or broadcast on radio or television, for - enjoyment or education; something organized to be seen by the public} -\worddef{shrink}{\textit{v.} to make or become less in size, weight or value} -\worddef{sick}{\textit{ad.} suffering physically or mentally with a disease or other problem; - not in good health} -\worddef{sickness}{\textit{n.} the condition of being in bad health} -\worddef{side}{\textit{n.} the outer surfaces of an object that are not the top or bottom; - parts away from the middle; either the right or left half of the body} -\worddef{sign}{\textit{v.} to write one's name; n. a mark or shape used to mean something; - evidence that something exists or will happen; a flat piece of - material with writing that gives information} -\worddef{signal}{\textit{v.} to send a message by signs; n. an action or movement that sends a - message} -\worddef{silence}{\textit{v.} to make quiet; to stop from speaking or making noise; n. a lack of - noise or sound} -\worddef{silver}{\textit{n.} a valued white metal} -\worddef{similar}{\textit{ad.} like something else but not exactly the same} -\worddef{simple}{\textit{ad.} easy to understand or do; not difficult or complex} -\worddef{since}{\textit{prep.} from a time in the past until now ("I have known her since we - went to school together.")} -\worddef{sing}{\textit{v.} to make music sounds with the voice} -\worddef{single}{\textit{ad.} one only} -\worddef{sink}{\textit{v.} to go down into water or other liquid} -\worddef{sister}{\textit{n.} a female with the same father or mother as another person} -\worddef{sit}{\textit{v.} to rest on the lower part of the body without the support of the - legs; to become seated} -\worddef{situation}{\textit{n.} the way things are during a period of time} -\worddef{size}{\textit{n.} the space occupied by something; how long, wide or high something - is} -\worddef{skeleton}{\textit{n.} all the bones of a human or other animal together in their normal - positions} -\worddef{skill}{\textit{n.} the ability gained from training or experience} -\worddef{skin}{\textit{n.} the outer covering of humans and most animals} -\worddef{sky}{\textit{n.} the space above the earth} -\worddef{slave}{\textit{n.} a person owned or controlled by another} -\worddef{sleep}{\textit{v.} to rest the body and mind with the eyes closed} -\worddef{slide}{\textit{v.} to move smoothly over a surface} -\worddef{slow}{\textit{v.} to reduce the speed of; ad. not fast in moving, talking or other - activities} -\worddef{small}{\textit{ad.} little in size or amount; few in number; not important; opposite - large} -\worddef{smash}{\textit{v.} to break or be broken into small pieces by force; to hit or move - with >force} -\worddef{smell}{\textit{v.} to sense through the nose; n. something sensed by the nose ("the - smell of food cooking")} -\worddef{smoke}{\textit{v.} to use cigarettes or other tobacco products by burning them and - breathing in the smoke; n. that which can be seen rising into the air - like a cloud from something burning} -\worddef{smooth}{\textit{ad.} having a level surface; opposite rough} -\worddef{snow}{\textit{n.} soft, white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky, usually - in winter or when the air temperature is very cold} -\worddef{so}{\textit{ad.} in such a way that ("He held the flag so all could see it."); - also; too ("She left early, and so did we."); very ("I am so sick."); - as a result ("They were sick, so they could not come."); conj. in - order that; for the purpose of ("Come early so we can discuss the - plans.")} -\worddef{social}{\textit{ad.} of or about people or a group} -\worddef{soft}{\textit{ad.} not hard; easily shaped; pleasing to touch; not loud} -\worddef{soil}{\textit{n.} earth in which plants grow} -\worddef{soldier}{\textit{n.} a person in the army} -\worddef{solid}{\textit{ad.} having a hard shape with no empty spaces inside; strong; not in - the form of a liquid or gas} -\worddef{solve}{\textit{v.} to find an answer; to settle} -\worddef{some}{\textit{ad.} of an amount or number or part not stated; not all} -\worddef{son}{\textit{n.} a person's male child} -\worddef{soon}{\textit{ad.} not long after the present time; quickly} -\worddef{sort}{\textit{n.} any group of people or things that are the same or are similar in - some way; a kind of something} -\worddef{sound}{\textit{n.} fast-moving waves of energy that affect the ear and result in - hearing; that which is heard} -\worddef{south}{\textit{n.} the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun} -\worddef{space}{\textit{n.} the area outside the earth's atmosphere where the sun, moon, - planets and stars are; the area between or inside things} -\worddef{speak}{\textit{v.} to talk; to say words with the mouth; to express one's thoughts to - others and exchange ideas; to give a speech to a group} -\worddef{special}{\textit{ad.} of a different or unusual kind; not for general use; better or - more important than others of the same kind} -\worddef{speech}{\textit{n.} a talk given to a group of people} -\worddef{speed}{\textit{v.} to make something go or move faster; n. the rate at which something - moves or travels; the rate at which something happens or is done} -\worddef{spend}{\textit{v.} to give as payment; to use ("He spends much time studying.")} -\worddef{spill}{\textit{v.} to cause or permit liquid to flow out, usually by accident} -\worddef{spirit}{\textit{n.} the part of a human that is not physical and is connected to - thoughts and emotions; the part of a person that is believed to remain - alive after death} -\worddef{split}{\textit{v.} to separate into two or more parts; to divide or break into parts} -\worddef{sport}{\textit{n.} any game or activity of competition involving physical effort or - skill} -\worddef{spread}{\textit{v.} to become longer or wider; to make or become widely known} -\worddef{spring}{\textit{n.} the time of the year between winter and summer} -\worddef{spy}{\textit{v.} to steal or get information secretly; n. one who watches others - secretly; a person employed by a government to get secret information - about another country} -\worddef{square}{\textit{n.} a flat shape having four equal sides} -\worddef{stab}{\textit{v.} to cut or push into or through with a pointed weapon} -\worddef{stand}{\textit{v.} to move into or be in a position in which only the feet are on a - surface; to be in one position or place} -\worddef{star}{\textit{n.} a mass of gas that usually appears as a small light in the sky at - night, but is not a planet; a famous person, usually an actor or - singer} -\worddef{start}{\textit{v.} to begin; to make something begin} -\worddef{starve}{\textit{v.} to suffer or die from a lack of food} -\worddef{state}{\textit{v.} to say; to declare; n. a political part of a nation} -\worddef{station}{\textit{n.} a place of special work or purpose ("a police station"); a place - where passengers get on or off trains or buses; a place for radio or - television broadcasts} -\worddef{statue}{\textit{n.} a form of a human, animal or other creature usually made of stone, - wood or metal} -\worddef{stay}{\textit{v.} to continue to be where one is; to remain; to not leave; to live - for a time ("They stayed in New York for two years.")} -\worddef{steal}{\textit{v.} to take without permission or paying} -\worddef{steam}{\textit{n.} the gas that comes from hot water} -\worddef{steel}{\textit{n.} iron made harder and stronger by mixing it with other substances} -\worddef{step}{\textit{v.} to move by lifting one foot and placing it in a new position; n. - the act of stepping; one of a series of actions designed to reach a - goal} -\worddef{stick}{\textit{v.} to attach something to another thing using a substance that will - hold them together; to become fixed in one position so that movement - is difficult ("Something is making the door stick."); n. a thin piece - of wood} -\worddef{still}{\textit{ad.} not moving ("The man was standing still."); until the present or a - stated time ("Was he still there?"); even so; although ("The job was - difficult, but she still wanted to do it.")} -\worddef{stone}{\textit{n.} a small piece of rock} -\worddef{stop}{\textit{v.} to prevent any more movement or action; to come or bring to an end} -\worddef{store}{\textit{v.} to keep or put away for future use; n. a place where people buy - things} -\worddef{storm}{\textit{n.} violent weather, including strong winds and rain or snow} -\worddef{story}{\textit{n.} the telling or writing of an event, either real or imagined} -\worddef{stove}{\textit{n.} a heating device used for cooking} -\worddef{straight}{\textit{ad.} continuing in one direction without turns} -\worddef{strange}{\textit{ad.} unusual; not normal; not known} -\worddef{street}{\textit{n.} a road in a city, town or village} -\worddef{stretch}{\textit{v.} to extend for a distance; to pull on to make longer or wider} -\worddef{strike}{\textit{v.} to hit with force; to stop work as a way to seek better conditions, - more pay or to make other demands} -\worddef{strong}{\textit{ad.} having much power; not easily broken, damaged or destroyed} -\worddef{structure}{\textit{n.} the way something is built, made or organized; a system that is - formed or organized in a special way; a building} -\worddef{struggle}{\textit{v.} to try with much effort; to fight with; n. a great effort; a fight} -\worddef{study}{\textit{v.} to make an effort to gain knowledge by using the mind; to examine - carefully} -\worddef{stupid}{\textit{ad.} not able to learn much; not intelligent} -\worddef{subject}{\textit{n.} the person or thing being discussed, studied or written about} -\worddef{submarine}{\textit{n.} an underwater ship} -\worddef{substance}{\textit{n.} the material of which something is made (a solid, liquid or gas)} -\worddef{substitute}{\textit{v.} to put or use in place of another; n. a person or thing put or used - in place of another} -\worddef{subversion}{\textit{n.} an attempt to weaken or destroy a political system or government, - usually secretly} -\worddef{succeed}{\textit{v.} to reach a goal or thing desired; to produce a planned result} -\worddef{such}{\textit{ad.} of this or that kind; of the same kind as; similar to} -\worddef{sudden}{\textit{ad.} not expected; without warning; done or carried out quickly or - without preparation} -\worddef{suffer}{\textit{v.} to feel pain in the body or mind; to receive or experience hurt or - sadness} -\worddef{sugar}{\textit{n.} a sweet substance made from liquids taken from plants} -\worddef{suggest}{\textit{v.} to offer or propose something to think about or consider} -\worddef{suicide}{\textit{n.} the act of killing oneself} -\worddef{summer}{\textit{n.} the warmest time of the year, between spring and autumn} -\worddef{sun}{\textit{n.} the huge star in the sky that provides heat and light to earth} -\worddef{supervise}{\textit{v.} to direct and observe the work of others} -\worddef{supply}{\textit{v.} to give; to provide; n. the amount of something that can be given - or sold to others} -\worddef{support}{\textit{v.} to carry the weight of; to hold up or in position; to agree with - others and help them reach a goal; to approve} -\worddef{suppose}{\textit{v.} to believe, think or imagine ("I suppose you are right."); to - expect ("It is supposed to rain tonight.")} -\worddef{suppress}{\textit{v.} to put down or to keep down by force; to prevent information from - being known publicly} -\worddef{sure}{\textit{ad.} very probable; with good reason to believe; true without question} -\worddef{surface}{\textit{n.} the outer side or top of something ("The rocket landed on the - surface of the moon.")} -\worddef{surplus}{\textit{n.} an amount that is more than is needed; extra; ("That country has a - trade surplus. It exports more than it imports.")} -\worddef{surprise}{\textit{v.} to cause a feeling of wonder because something is not expected; n. - something not expected; the feeling caused by something not expected} -\worddef{surrender}{\textit{v.} to give control of oneself or one's property to another or others; - to stop fighting and admit defeat} -\worddef{surround}{\textit{v.} to form a circle around; to be in positions all around someone or - something} -\worddef{survive}{\textit{v.} to remain alive during or after a dangerous situation} -\worddef{suspect}{\textit{v.} to imagine or believe that a person is guilty of something bad or - illegal; n. a person believed to be guilty} -\worddef{suspend}{\textit{v.} to cause to stop for a period of time} -\worddef{swallow}{\textit{v.} to take into the stomach through the mouth} -\worddef{swear in}{\textit{v.} to put an official into office by having him or her promise to - carry out the duties of that office ("The chief justice will swear in - the president.")} -\worddef{sweet}{\textit{ad.} tasting pleasant, like sugar} -\worddef{swim}{\textit{v.} to move through water by making motions with the arms and legs} -\worddef{sympathy}{\textit{n.} a sharing of feelings or emotions with another person, usually - feelings of sadness} -\worddef{system}{\textit{n.} a method of organizing or doing something by following rules or a - plan; a group of connected things or parts working together for a - common purpose or goal} -\worddef{take}{\textit{v.} to put a hand or hands around something and hold it, often to move - it to another place; to carry something ; to seize; to capture; to - begin to be in control ("The president takes office tomorrow.")} -\worddef{talk}{\textit{v.} to express thoughts in spoken words; n. a meeting for discussion} -\worddef{tall}{\textit{ad.} higher than others; opposite short} -\worddef{tank}{\textit{n.} a large container for holding liquids; a heavy military vehicle - with guns} -\worddef{target}{\textit{n.} any person or object aimed at or fired at} -\worddef{taste}{\textit{v.} to sense through the mouth ("The fruit tastes sweet.")} -\worddef{tax}{\textit{n.} the money a person or business must pay to the government so the - government can provide services} -\worddef{tea}{\textit{n.} a drink made from the plant of the same name} -\worddef{teach}{\textit{v.} to show how to do something; to provide knowledge; to cause to - understand} -\worddef{team}{\textit{n.} a group organized for some purpose, often for sports} -\worddef{tear}{\textit{v.} to pull apart, often by force} -\worddef{technical}{\textit{ad.} involving machines, processes and materials in industry, - transportation and communications; of or about a very special kind of - subject or thing ("You need technical knowledge to understand how this - system works.")} -\worddef{technology}{\textit{n.} the use of scientific knowledge and methods to produce goods and - services} -\worddef{telephone}{\textit{n.} a device or system for sending sounds, especially the voice, over - distances} -\worddef{telescope}{\textit{n.} a device for making objects that are far away appear closer and - larger} -\worddef{television}{\textit{n.} a device that receives electronic signals and makes them into - pictures and sounds; the system of sending pictures and sounds by - electronic signals over a distance so others can see and hear them on - a receiver} -\worddef{tell}{\textit{v.} to give information; to make known by speaking; to order; to - command} -\worddef{temperature}{\textit{n.} the measurement of heat and cold} -\worddef{temporary}{\textit{ad.} lasting only a short time} -\worddef{tense}{\textit{ad.} having fear or concern; dangerous; opposite calm} -\worddef{term}{\textit{n.} a limited period of time during which someone does a job or carries - out a responsibility ("He served two terms in Congress."); the - conditions of an agreement that have been accepted by those involved - in it} -\worddef{terrible}{\textit{ad.} very bad; causing terror or fear} -\worddef{territory}{\textit{n.} a large area of land} -\worddef{terror}{\textit{n.} extreme fear; that which causes great fear} -\worddef{terrorist}{\textit{n.} a person who carries out acts of extreme violence as a protest or a - way to influence a government} -\worddef{test}{\textit{v.} to attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how it will - act by studying or doing ("The scientists will test the new engine - soon."); n. an attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how - it will act by studying or doing ("The test of the new engine takes - place today."); a group of questions or problems used to find out a - person's knowledge ("The students did well on the language test.")} -\worddef{than}{\textit{conj.} connecting word used to link things that may be similar, but are - not equal ("My sister is taller than I am.")} -\worddef{thank}{\textit{v.} to say that one has a good feeling toward another because that - person did something kind ("I want to thank you for helping me.")} -\worddef{that}{\textit{ad.} showing the person, place or thing being spoken about ("That man - is a soldier."); pro. the person, place or thing being spoken about - ("The building that I saw was very large.")} -\worddef{the}{\textit{pro.} used in front of a name word to show that it is a person or thing - that is known about or is being spoken about} -\worddef{theater}{\textit{n.} a place where movies are shown or plays are performed} -\worddef{them}{\textit{pro.} other people being spoken about} -\worddef{then}{\textit{ad.} at that time; existing; and so} -\worddef{theory}{\textit{n.} a possible explanation of why something exists or how something - happens using experiments or ideas, but which is not yet proven - ("Other scientists are debating his theory about the disappearance of - dinosaurs.")} -\worddef{there}{\textit{ad.} in that place or position; to or toward that place} -\worddef{these}{\textit{pro.} of or about the people, places or things nearby that have been - spoken about already} -\worddef{they}{\textit{pro.} those ones being spoken about} -\worddef{thick}{\textit{ad.} having a large distance between two opposite surfaces ("The wall - is two meters thick."); having many parts close together ("The forest - is very thick."); almost solid, such as a liquid that does not flow - easily; opposite thin} -\worddef{thin}{\textit{ad.} having a small distance between two opposite surfaces; not fat; - not wide; opposite thick} -\worddef{thing}{\textit{n.} any object} -\worddef{think}{\textit{v.} to produce thoughts; to form ideas in the mind; to consider; to - believe} -\worddef{third}{\textit{ad.} coming after two others} -\worddef{this}{\textit{pro.} of or about the person, place or thing nearby that has been - spoken about already} -\worddef{threaten}{\textit{v.} to warn that one will do harm or cause damage} -\worddef{through}{\textit{prep.} in at one end and out at the other; from front to back; from top - to bottom; with the help of; by} -\worddef{throw}{\textit{v.} to cause to go through the air by a movement of the arm} -\worddef{tie}{\textit{v.} to join or hold together with some material; n. anything that joins - or unites; links or connections ("The two nations have strong trade - ties.")} -\worddef{time}{\textit{n.} that which is measured in minutes, hours, days and years; a period - that can be identified in hours and minutes and is shown on a clock; a - period when an event should or will take place} -\worddef{tired}{\textit{ad.} having less strength because of work or exercise; needing sleep or - rest} -\worddef{to}{\textit{prep.} showing the direction of an action; showing the person or place - toward which an action is directed; showing a goal or purpose} -\worddef{today}{\textit{n.} this day} -\worddef{together}{\textit{ad.} in one group; at the same time or place; in cooperation} -\worddef{tomorrow}{\textit{n.} the day after today} -\worddef{tonight}{\textit{n.} this night} -\worddef{too}{\textit{ad.} also; as well as; more than is necessary} -\worddef{tool}{\textit{n.} any instrument or device designed to help one do work} -\worddef{top}{\textit{n.} the upper edge or surface; the highest part; the cover of something} -\worddef{torture}{\textit{v.} to cause severe pain; n. the act of causing severe pain in order to - harm, to punish or to get information from} -\worddef{total}{\textit{n.} the complete amount} -\worddef{touch}{\textit{v.} to put the hand or fingers on} -\worddef{toward}{\textit{prep.} in the direction of; leading to} -\worddef{town}{\textit{n.} a center where people live, larger than a village but not as large - as a city} -\worddef{trade}{\textit{v.} to buy and sell or exchange products or services; n. the activity - of buying, selling or exchanging products or services} -\worddef{tradition}{\textit{n.} a ceremony, activity or belief that has existed for a long time} -\worddef{traffic}{\textit{n.} the movement of people, vehicles or ships along a street, road or - waterway} -\worddef{tragic}{\textit{ad.} extremely sad; terrible} -\worddef{train}{\textit{v.} to teach or learn how to do something; to prepare for an activity; - n. an engine and the cars connected to it that move along a railroad} -\worddef{transport}{\textit{v.} to move goods or people from one place to another} -\worddef{transportation}{\textit{n.} the act or business of moving goods or people} -\worddef{trap}{\textit{v.} to catch or be caught by being tricked; to be unable to move or - escape; n. a device used to catch animals} -\worddef{travel}{\textit{v.} to go from one place to another, usually for a long distance} -\worddef{treason}{\textit{n.} the act of fighting against one's own country or of helping its - enemies} -\worddef{treasure}{\textit{n.} a large collection of money, jewels or other things of great value} -\worddef{treat}{\textit{v.} to deal with; to act toward in a special way; to try to cure} -\worddef{treatment}{\textit{n.} the act of treating; the use of medicine to try to cure or make - better} -\worddef{treaty}{\textit{n.} a written agreement between two or more nations} -\worddef{tree}{\textit{n.} a very tall plant that is mostly wood, except for its leaves} -\worddef{trial}{\textit{n.} an examination in a court of a question or dispute to decide if a - charge is true} -\worddef{tribe}{\textit{n.} a group of families ruled by a common chief or leader} -\worddef{trick}{\textit{v.} to cheat; to fool a person so as to get something or make him or - her do something} -\worddef{trip}{\textit{n.} a movement from one place to another, usually a long distance} -\worddef{troops}{\textit{n.} a number of soldiers in a large controlled group} -\worddef{trouble}{\textit{n.} that which causes concern, fear, difficulty or problems} -\worddef{truce}{\textit{n.} a temporary halt in fighting agreed to by all sides involved} -\worddef{truck}{\textit{n.} a heavy vehicle used to carry goods} -\worddef{true}{\textit{ad.} correct; not false} -\worddef{trust}{\textit{v.} to believe that someone is honest and will not cause harm} -\worddef{try}{\textit{v.} to make an effort; to take court action against a person to decide - if he or she is guilty or innocent of a crime} -\worddef{tube}{\textit{n.} a long, round structure through which liquids or gases can flow; a - long, thin container in which they can be kept} -\worddef{turn}{\textit{v.} to change direction; to move into a different position; to change - color, form or shape} -\worddef{under}{\textit{prep.} below; below the surface of; less than; as called for by a law, - agreement or system ("The river flows under the bridge." "Such action - is not permitted under the law.")} -\worddef{understand}{\textit{v.} to know what is meant; to have knowledge of} -\worddef{unite}{\textit{v.} to join together} -\worddef{universe}{\textit{n.} all of space, including planets and stars} -\worddef{university}{\textit{n.} a place of education that usually includes several colleges and - research organizations} -\worddef{unless}{\textit{conj.} except if it happens; on condition that ("I will not go, unless - the rain stops.")} -\worddef{until}{\textit{conj.} up to a time; before} -\worddef{up}{\textit{ad.} to, in or at a higher position or value} -\worddef{urge}{\textit{v.} to advise strongly; to make a great effort to get someone to do - something} -\worddef{urgent}{\textit{ad.} needing an immediate decision or action} -\worddef{us}{\textit{pro.} the form of the word "we" used after a preposition ("He said he - would write to us.") or used as an object of a verb ("They saw us - yesterday.")} -\worddef{use}{\textit{v.} to employ for a purpose; to put into action} -\worddef{usual}{\textit{ad.} as is normal or common; as is most often done, seen or heard} -\worddef{vacation}{\textit{n.} a holiday; a period of time for travel, pleasure or rest, - especially one with pay given to an employee} -\worddef{vaccine}{\textit{n.} a substance containing killed or weakened organisms given to a - person or animal to produce protection against a disease} -\worddef{valley}{\textit{n.} a long area of land between higher areas of land} -\worddef{value}{\textit{n.} the quality of being useful, important or desired; the amount of - money that could be received if something is sold} -\worddef{vegetable}{\textit{n.} a plant grown for food} -\worddef{vehicle}{\textit{n.} anything on or in which a person or thing can travel or be - transported, especially anything on wheels; a car or truck} -\worddef{version}{\textit{n.} the form of something with different details than earlier or later - forms} -\worddef{very}{\textit{ad.} extremely ("He was very late.")} -\worddef{veto}{\textit{v.} to reject or refuse to approve} -\worddef{victim}{\textit{n.} someone or something that is injured, killed or made to suffer; - someone who is tricked} -\worddef{victory}{\textit{n.} a success in a fight or competition} -\worddef{video}{\textit{n.} a method of recording images and sound without a traditional film - camera to be shown on a television, computer or other device} -\worddef{village}{\textit{n.} a very small town} -\worddef{violate}{\textit{v.} to fail to obey or honor; to break (an agreement)} -\worddef{violence}{\textit{n.} the use of force to cause injury, death or damage} -\worddef{visa}{\textit{n.} the official permission given to a person to enter a country where - he or she is not a citizen} -\worddef{visit}{\textit{v.} to go to or come to a place for a short time for friendly or - business reasons} -\worddef{voice}{\textit{n.} the sound made by creatures, especially humans, for speaking} -\worddef{volcano}{\textit{n.} a hill or mountain around a hole in the earth's surface that can - explode, sending hot, melted rock and ash into the air} -\worddef{volunteer}{\textit{n.} a person who chooses to do something without being asked, usually - without being paid} -\worddef{vote}{\textit{v.} to choose a candidate in an election; n. a choice or decision - expressed by the voice, by hand or by writing} -\worddef{wages}{\textit{n.} money received for work done} -\worddef{wait}{\textit{v.} to delay acting; to postpone} -\worddef{walk}{\textit{v.} to move by putting one foot in front of the other} -\worddef{wall}{\textit{n.} the side of a room or building formed by wood, stone or other - material; a structure sometimes used to separate areas of land} -\worddef{want}{\textit{v.} to desire; to wish for; to need} -\worddef{war}{\textit{n.} fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using weapons} -\worddef{warm}{\textit{ad.} almost hot; having or feeling some heat} -\worddef{warn}{\textit{v.} to tell of possible danger; to advise or inform about something bad - that may happen} -\worddef{wash}{\textit{v.} to make clean, usually with water} -\worddef{waste}{\textit{v.} to spend or use without need or care; to make bad use of; n. a - spending of money, time or effort with no value gained or returned; - something thrown away as having no value; the liquid and solid - substances that result from body processes and are passed out of the - body} -\worddef{watch}{\textit{v.} to look at; to observe closely; to look and wait for} -\worddef{water}{\textit{n.} the liquid that falls from the sky as rain or is found in lakes, - rivers and oceans} -\worddef{wave}{\textit{v.} to move or cause to move one way and the other, as a flag in the - wind; to signal by moving the hand one way and the other; n. a large - mass of water that forms and moves on the surface of a lake or ocean} -\worddef{way}{\textit{n.} a path on land or sea or in the air; how something is done; method} -\worddef{we}{\textit{pro.} two or more people, including the speaker or writer ("He and I - will go together, and we will return together.")} -\worddef{weak}{\textit{ad.} having little power; easily broken, damaged or destroyed; opposite - strong} -\worddef{wealth}{\textit{n.} a large amount of possessions, money or other things of value} -\worddef{weapon}{\textit{n.} anything used to cause injury or to kill during an attack, fight or - war} -\worddef{wear}{\textit{v.} to have on the body, as clothes} -\worddef{weather}{\textit{n.} the condition of the atmosphere resulting from sun, wind, rain, - heat or cold} -\worddef{Web site}{\textit{n.} a collection of information prepared by a person or organization on - the World Wide Web of the Internet} -\worddef{week}{\textit{n.} a period of time equal to seven days} -\worddef{weigh}{\textit{v.} to measure how heavy someone or something is} -\worddef{welcome}{\textit{v.} to express happiness or pleasure when someone arrives or something - develops} -\worddef{well}{\textit{ad.} in a way that is good or pleasing; in good health; n. a hole in - the ground where water, gas or oil can be found} -\worddef{west}{\textit{n.} the direction in which the sun goes down} -\worddef{wet}{\textit{ad.} covered with water or other liquid; not dry} -\worddef{what}{\textit{pro.} used to ask about something or to ask for information about - something ("What is this?"); ad. which or which kind ("He wants to - know what you would like to drink.")} -\worddef{wheat}{\textit{n.} a grain used to make bread; the plant that produces the grain} -\worddef{wheel}{\textit{n.} a round structure that turns around a center} -\worddef{when}{\textit{ad.} at what time; at any time ("When will she come home?"); conj. - during or at the time ("I studied hard when I was in school.")} -\worddef{where}{\textit{ad.}, conj. at, to or in what place ("Where is his house?" "The house - where he lives is in the old part of the city.")} -\worddef{whether}{\textit{conj.} if it be the case or fact that (“He did not know whether he was - right or wrong.”)} -\worddef{which}{\textit{pro.} used to ask about what one or what ones of a group of things or - people ("Which program do you like best?" "Which students will take - the test?")} -\worddef{while}{\textit{n.} a space of time ("Please come to my house for a while."); conj. at - or during the same time ("It may not be a good idea to eat while you - are running.")} -\worddef{white}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of milk or snow} -\worddef{who}{\textit{pro.} what or which person or persons that ("Who wants to go?"); the - person or persons ("They are the ones who want to go.")} -\worddef{whole}{\textit{ad.} the complete amount; all together; not divided; not cut into - pieces} -\worddef{why}{\textit{ad.} for what cause or reason ("Why did she do it?"); conj. the reason - for which ("I do not know why she did it.")} -\worddef{wide}{\textit{ad.} having a great distance from one side to the other; not limited} -\worddef{wife}{\textit{n.} a woman who is married} -\worddef{wild}{\textit{ad.} living and growing in natural conditions and not organized or - supervised by humans; angry; uncontrolled} -\worddef{will}{\textit{v.} a word used with action words to show future action ("They will - hold talks tomorrow.")} -\worddef{willing}{\textit{ad.} being ready or having a desire to ("They are willing to talk about - the problem.")} -\worddef{win}{\textit{v.} to gain a victory; to defeat another or others in a competition, - election or battle} -\worddef{wind}{\textit{n.} a strong movement of air} -\worddef{window}{\textit{n.} an opening in a wall to let in light and air, usually filled with - glass} -\worddef{winter}{\textit{n.} the coldest time of year, between autumn and spring} -\worddef{wire}{\textit{n.} a long, thin piece of metal used to hang objects or to carry - electricity or electronic communications from one place to another} -\worddef{wise}{\textit{ad.} having much knowledge and understanding; able to use knowledge and - understanding to make good or correct decisions} -\worddef{wish}{\textit{v.} to want; to express a desire for} -\worddef{with}{\textit{prep.} along or by the side of; together; using ("He fixed it with a - tool."); having ("the house with the red door")} -\worddef{withdraw}{\textit{v.} to take or move out, away or back; to remove} -\worddef{without}{\textit{prep.} with no; not having or using; free from; not doing} -\worddef{witness}{\textit{n.} a person who saw and can tell about an action or event, sometimes - in a court of law} -\worddef{woman}{\textit{n.} an adult female human} -\worddef{wonder}{\textit{v.} to ask oneself; to question ("She wonders if it is true."); n. a - feeling of surprise} -\worddef{wonderful}{\textit{ad.} causing wonder; especially good} -\worddef{wood}{\textit{n.} the solid material of which trees are made} -\worddef{word}{\textit{n.} one or more connected sounds that form a single part of a language} -\worddef{work}{\textit{v.} to use physical or mental effort to make or do something; n. the - effort used to make or to do something; that which needs effort; the - job one does to earn money} -\worddef{world}{\textit{n.} the earth; the people who live on the earth} -\worddef{worry}{\textit{v.} to be concerned; to continue thinking that something, possibly bad, - can happen} -\worddef{worse}{\textit{ad.} more bad than} -\worddef{worth}{\textit{n.} value measured in money} -\worddef{wound}{\textit{v.} to injure; to hurt; to cause physical damage to a person or animal; - n. an injury to the body of a human or animal in which the skin is - usually cut or broken} -\worddef{wreck}{\textit{v.} to damage greatly; to destroy; n. anything that has been badly - damaged or broken} -\worddef{wreckage}{\textit{n.} what remains of something severely damaged or destroyed} -\worddef{write}{\textit{v.} to use an instrument to make words appear on a surface, such as - paper} -\worddef{wrong}{\textit{ad.} not correct; bad; not legal; opposite right} -\worddef{year}{\textit{n.} a period of time equal to twelve months} -\worddef{yellow}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of gold or the sun} -\worddef{yes}{\textit{ad.} used to express agreement or to permit} -\worddef{yesterday}{\textit{n.} the day before today} -\worddef{yet}{\textit{ad.} at some time before now ("Have they arrived yet?"); now; at this - time ("I cannot tell you about it yet."); conj. however ("The sun was - shining, yet it was cold.")} -\worddef{you}{\textit{pro.} the person or persons being spoken to} -\worddef{young}{\textit{ad.} in the early years of life; not old} -\worddef{zero}{\textit{n.} the number meaning none or nothing} -\worddef{zoo}{\textit{n.} a place where animals are kept for the public to look at and study} - -\subsection*{COMMON PREFIXES} - -\worddef{dis-}{not (dishonest, disobey)} -\worddef{pro-}{for, supporting (pro-labor, pro-government)} -\worddef{re-}{to do again (reorganize, reunite)} -\worddef{self-}{used to show that the person or group acting is the one affected by - the action, or to show that the action is done only by its own effort - or power (self-declared, self-appointed)} -\worddef{un-}{not (unusual, unhappy)} - -\subsection*{COMMON EXPRESSIONS} - -\worddef{carry out}{to do; to put into effect ("Please carry out the plan.")} -\worddef{pass a bill}{approve ("Congress is expected to pass a bill to cut taxes.")} -\worddef{take steps}{to start to do something ("The government will take steps to halt - inflation.")} - -\subsection*{WORDS USED IN VOA SPECIAL ENGLISH SCIENCE PROGRAMS} - -\worddef{atom}{a very small part of all things; the smallest part of an element that - can join with parts of other elements} -\worddef{bacteria}{living things that are one cell and can be seen only through a - microscope; some cause disease} -\worddef{cell}{a small mass of living material that is part of all plants and animals} -\worddef{chromosome}{a line of genes; most human cells contain 46 chromosomes} -\worddef{compound}{a substance containing two or more elements} -\worddef{dense}{close together; thick} -\worddef{electron}{a small part of an atom that has an electrical force} -\worddef{element}{one of more than 100 substances known to science that cannot be - separated into other substances} -\worddef{enzyme}{a special kind of protein; it produces changes in other substances - without being changed itself} -\worddef{fetus}{unborn young} -\worddef{fission}{a splitting; in atomic fission, the nucleus of an atom is split to - produce nuclear energy} -\worddef{fusion}{a joining together; in atomic fusion, atomic particles are joined - together to produce nuclear energy} -\worddef{genes}{parts of cells that control the growth and development of living - things; genes from the mother and father are passed to the child; - genes contain nucleic acid} -\worddef{genetic engineering}{the science of changing the genes of a living organism} -\worddef{gravity}{the force that pulls things toward the center of the earth} -\worddef{image}{a reproduction of the appearance of a person or thing} -\worddef{laser}{an instrument that makes a thin, powerful light} -\worddef{magnet}{a piece of iron or other material that has a pulling force; this - pulling force is called magnetism} -\worddef{molecule}{the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist} -\worddef{nerve}{a thin piece of tissue that sends information through the body to and - from the brain} -\worddef{nucleus}{the center part of an atom or cell} -\worddef{nucleic acid}{a molecule that holds the genetic information necessary for life; - there are two kinds of nucleic acid: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and - RNA (ribonucleic acid)} -\worddef{nutrient}{a food or substance that makes plants, humans or animals grow} -\worddef{organ}{a part of the body that has a special purpose, such as the heart or - brain} -\worddef{organism}{a living thing, often so small it can be seen only through a - microscope} -\worddef{particle}{a very small piece of matter} -\worddef{proteins}{substances responsible for the growth of tissue and for fixing damaged - tissue} -\worddef{robot}{a machine that moves and performs tasks} -\worddef{tissue}{living material; a group of cells that are similar in appearance and - do the same thing} -\worddef{virus}{a kind of organism that causes disease} -\worddef{x-rays}{a kind of radiation that can pass through most solid materials, often - used in medicine} - -\subsection*{ORGANS OF THE BODY} - -\worddef{heart}{pumps blood through the body} -\worddef{intestines}{tubes through which food passes after it is broken down in the - stomach; part of the intestines also remove solid wastes from the body} -\worddef{kidney}{cleans liquid wastes from the body} -\worddef{liver}{makes some proteins and enzymes; removes poisons from the blood} -\worddef{lung}{takes in and expels air from the body} -\worddef{prostate}{a part of the male reproductive system} -\worddef{stomach}{breaks down food for the body to use} - -\end{multicols} -\end{document} diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 misc/colors.html --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/misc/colors.html Sun Oct 18 12:25:22 2020 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + + + + Colors for article. + + + + + + +

+ smell [smel]«v1» + smelled [smelt]«Am», «v2», «v3» + smelt [smelt]«Br», «v2», «v3» +

+ v hypo: stink + ru пахнуть + uk пахнути +

+ v + ru нюхать + uk нюхати +

+ + diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 misc/gadialog.el --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/misc/gadialog.el Sun Oct 18 12:25:22 2020 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +;;; gadialog.el --- major mode for editing gadialog dialog files -*- lexical-binding: t -*- + +;; Copyright (C) 2019 by Oleksandr Gavenko + +;; You can do anything with this file without any warranty. + +;; Author: Oleksandr Gavenko +;; Maintainer: Oleksandr Gavenko +;; Created: 2019 +;; Version: 0.17 +;; Keywords: dict, dictionary + +;;; Commentary: +;; +;; Mode can be installed by: +;; +;; (autoload 'gadialog-mode "gadialog") +;; +;; File association can be registered by: +;; +;; (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist (cons "\\.gadialog$" 'gadialog-mode)) + +;;; Code: + +(defvar gadialog-font-lock-keywords + '(("^# [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-type-face) + ("^## [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-warning-face) + ("^- " . font-lock-keyword-face))) + +(defvar gadialog-syntax-table + (let ((table (make-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table))) + (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w" table) + table)) + +(defun gadialog-next-num () + (save-excursion + (goto-char (point-min)) + (let (beg end num) + (catch 'return + (when (looking-at "## \$[1-9][0-9]*\$") + (setq beg (match-beginning 1) + end (match-end 1)) + (setq num (string-to-number (buffer-substring beg end))) + (delete-region beg end) + (goto-char beg) + (setq num (1+ num)) + (insert (int-to-string num)) + (throw 'return num)) + (insert "## 1\n") + 1)))) + +(defun gadialog-cleaup-whitespaces-forward () + (while (memq (char-before) '(?\ ?\n ?\t)) + (delete-char -1))) + +(defun gadialog-insert-template () + (interactive) + (forward-line 0) + (when (looking-at "# ") + (forward-line 1)) + (unless (re-search-forward "^# " (+ (point) 10240) t) + (goto-char (point-max))) + (when (eobp) (insert-char ?\n)) + (forward-line 0) + (gadialog-cleaup-whitespaces-forward) + (insert "\n# ") + (insert (int-to-string (gadialog-next-num))) + (insert "\n- \n") + (backward-char)) + +(defun gadialog-insert-sentence () + (interactive) + (forward-line 1) + (while (not (or (eobp) + (memq (char-after) (list ?- ?#)))) + (forward-line 1)) + (gadialog-cleaup-whitespaces-forward) + (insert "\n- \n") + (backward-char)) + + +(define-derived-mode gadialog-mode fundamental-mode "gadialog" + (setq font-lock-defaults '(gadialog-font-lock-keywords)) + (define-key (current-local-map) [C-return] 'gadialog-insert-template) + (define-key (current-local-map) [S-return] 'gadialog-insert-sentence) + (set-syntax-table gadialog-syntax-table) + (setq paragraph-start "[#-]")) + +(provide 'gadialog) + +;;; gadialog.el ends here diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 misc/gadict.el --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/misc/gadict.el Sun Oct 18 12:25:22 2020 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,429 @@ +;;; gadict.el --- major mode for editing gadict dictionary source files -*- lexical-binding: t -*- + +;; Copyright (C) 2016 by Oleksandr Gavenko + +;; You can do anything with this file without any warranty. + +;; Author: Oleksandr Gavenko +;; Maintainer: Oleksandr Gavenko +;; Created: 2016 +;; Version: 0.1 +;; Keywords: dict, dictionary + +;;; Commentary: +;; +;; Mode can be installed by: +;; +;; (autoload 'gadict-mode "gadict") +;; +;; File association can be registered by: +;; +;; (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist (cons "\\.gadict$" 'gadict-mode)) + +;;; Code: + +(defun gadict--trim-left (s) + "Remove whitespace at the beginning of S." + (if (string-match "\\`[ \t\n\r]+" s) + (replace-match "" t t s) + s)) + +(defun gadict--trim-right (s) + "Remove whitespace at the end of S." + (if (string-match "[ \t\n\r]+\\'" s) + (replace-match "" t t s) + s)) + +(defun gadict--trim (s) + "Remove whitespace at the beginning and end of S." + (gadict--trim-left (gadict--trim-right s))) + + + +(defconst gadict--vowels-re "[o$(O+8+:+7+9(Ba$(O+3+0,Af(Be,0#$(O+1(Bi,0!(Bu$(O+5+C+U+S+T(B]+") + +(defun gadict--vowel-group-count (s) + (let ( (cnt 0) (start 0) ) + (while (string-match gadict--vowels-re s start) + (setq cnt (1+ cnt)) + (setq start (match-end 0))) + cnt)) + +(defun gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent (s) + "Remove accent if only one syllable in word." + (if (<= (gadict--vowel-group-count s) 1) + (replace-regexp-in-string "[$,1$h$l(B]" "" s) + s)) + +(defun gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent-in-sentence (s) + "Remove accent if only one syllable in word." + (mapconcat #'gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent (split-string s " ") " ")) + +(defun gadict--espeak-cleanup (s) + "Cleanup espeak IPA output." + (mapc (lambda (fn) (setq s (funcall fn s))) + (list + ;; UTF symbol between t$(O*h(B to make ligature. + (lambda (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "[\x200D]" "" str)) + (lambda (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "t$(O*h(B" "$,1$G(B" str)) + (lambda (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "$,1k{(B" ",0!(B" str)) + #'gadict--trim + #'gadict--espeak-cleanup-accent-in-sentence)) + s) + +(defvar gadict-espeak-enabled nil + "Is espeak used.") + +(defvar gadict-espeak-program "espeak") +(defvar gadict-espeak-program-ipa-args "-q --ipa=2") +;; "en" "en-gb" "en-us" "en-sc" +(defvar gadict-espeak-voices-list '("en-gb" "en-us") + "What voices to show. Look to 'espeak --voices' for full list.") +(defvar gadict-espeak-default-voice "en-us" + "Default voice for espeak. Used in article template.") + +(defun gadict-espeak-ipa (str &optional voice) + (gadict--espeak-cleanup + (shell-command-to-string + (format "%s %s %s %s" + gadict-espeak-program + gadict-espeak-program-ipa-args + (if (stringp voice) (concat "-v" (shell-quote-argument voice)) "") + (shell-quote-argument str))))) + +(defun gadict-espeak-headline-line (headword) + (mapconcat (lambda (voice) (format "%s: %s" + (propertize voice 'face '(:foreground "red")) + (gadict-espeak-ipa headword voice))) + (if (listp gadict-espeak-voices-list) gadict-espeak-voices-list '(nil)) + " | ")) + +;; (defun gadict-espeak-headline-display () +;; (interactive) +;; (message (gadict-espeak-headline-line))) + +(defvar gadict-espeak-headline-headword nil) + +(defun gadict-espeak-headline-display () + (when (eq major-mode 'gadict-mode) + (let ( (headword (condition-case nil (gadict-nearest-headword) (error nil))) ) + (unless (eq headword gadict-espeak-headline-headword) + (setq gadict-espeak-headline-headword headword) + (setq header-line-format (if headword (gadict-espeak-headline-line headword) nil)) + (force-mode-line-update))))) + +(defvar gadict-espeak-headline-timer nil) +(defun gadict-espeak-headline-enable () + "Enable headline with espeak IPA pronunciation." + (interactive) + (unless gadict-espeak-headline-timer + (setq gadict-espeak-headline-timer (run-with-idle-timer 1 t #'gadict-espeak-headline-display)))) +(defun gadict-espeak-headline-disable () + "Enable headline with espeak IPA pronunciation." + (interactive) + (when gadict-espeak-headline-timer + (cancel-timer gadict-espeak-headline-timer)) + (setq gadict-espeak-headline-timer nil) + (setq header-line-format nil)) + + + +(defconst gadict--pos '("n" "v" "adj" "adv" "pron" "det" "prep" "num" "conj" "int" "phr" "phr.v" "contr" "abbr" "prefix") + "Defined parts of speech.") + +(defconst gadict--art-lang-regex (regexp-opt '("en" "ru" "uk" "la"))) +(defconst gadict--art-rel-regex (regexp-opt '("cnt" "ant" "syn" "rel" "topic" "hyper" "hypo" "col"))) +(defconst gadict--art-var-regex (regexp-opt '("rare" "v1" "v2" "v3" "s" "pl" "male" "female" "baby" "abbr" "comp" "super" "Am" "Br" "Au"))) +(defconst gadict--art-pos-regex (regexp-opt gadict--pos)) + +(defgroup gadict nil + "gadict-mode customization." + :group 'wp) + +(defface gadict-tr-face '((t :foreground "#40a040" :slant italic)) + "Face for marker of translation." + :group 'gadict) +(defface gadict-ex-face '((t :foreground "#20a0c0" :slant italic)) + "Face for marker of example." + :group 'gadict) +(defface gadict-glos-face '((t :foreground "#a04040" :slant italic)) + "Face for marker of explanation." + :group 'gadict) + +(defvar gadict-font-lock-keywords + `( ("^\$__\$\n\n\$\\w.*\$$" (1 font-lock-function-name-face) (2 font-lock-keyword-face)) + ("^ .*\n\$\\w.*\$" (1 font-lock-keyword-face)) + ("^#.*" . font-lock-comment-face) + ("^ +\\[[^]\n:]+]" . font-lock-type-face) + ("^ +homo: " . 'gadict-tr-face) + (,(format "^%s: " gadict--art-lang-regex) . 'gadict-tr-face) + (,(format "^%s> " gadict--art-lang-regex) . 'gadict-ex-face) + (,(format "^%s= " gadict--art-lang-regex) . 'gadict-glos-face) + (,(format "^%s: " gadict--art-rel-regex) . font-lock-doc-face) + (,(format "^ +%s$" gadict--art-var-regex) . font-lock-doc-face) + (,(format "^%s$" gadict--art-pos-regex) . font-lock-warning-face) )) + +(defun gadict-setup-fontlock () + "Setup gadict fontlock." + (setq font-lock-defaults + '(gadict-font-lock-keywords + t nil nil nil + (font-lock-multiline . t) )) + (add-hook 'font-lock-extend-region-functions 'gadict-font-lock-extend-region t) ) + +(defun gadict-setup-syntax () + "Setup gadict characters syntax." + (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w")) + +(defun gadict-setup-comment () + "Setup gadict comment commands." + (set (make-local-variable 'comment-start) "#") + (set (make-local-variable 'comment-continue) nil) + (set (make-local-variable 'comment-end) "") + (set (make-local-variable 'comment-end-skip) nil) + (set (make-local-variable 'comment-multi-line) nil) + (set (make-local-variable 'comment-use-syntax) nil) ) + +(defun gadict-setup-paragraph () + "Setup gadict sentence/paragraph definition." + (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) "__$") + (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) "__$") + (set (make-local-variable 'sentence-end) "\n")) + +(defun gadict-setup-page () + "Setup gadict page definition." + (set (make-local-variable 'page-delimiter) "__$") ) + +(defvar gadict-indent-offset 2 + "Indent level.") + +(defun gadict-indent-line () + "Indent line in gdict mode." + (if (eq (current-indentation) gadict-indent-offset) + (indent-line-to 0) + (indent-line-to gadict-indent-offset))) + +(defun gadict-setup-indent () + "Setup indenting for gdict mode." + (set (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function) 'gadict-indent-line)) + +(defun gadict-mark-article () + "Mark current article." + (end-of-line) + (re-search-backward "^__$") + (set-mark (point)) + (forward-line) + (if (re-search-forward "^__$" nil t) + (forward-line 0) + (goto-char (point-max))) + (exchange-point-and-mark)) + +(defun gadict-mark-line () + "Mark current line." + (forward-line 0) + (set-mark (point)) + (forward-line 1) + (exchange-point-and-mark)) + +(defvar er/try-expand-list) +(defun gadict-setup-expansions () + "Add `gadict-mode' specific expansions." + (set (make-local-variable 'er/try-expand-list) (list #'er/mark-word #'gadict-mark-line #'gadict-mark-article))) + +(defvar font-lock-beg) +(defvar font-lock-end) +(defun gadict-font-lock-extend-region () + "Look for '__' expression and extend `font-lock-beg' and `font-lock-end'." + ;; (message "%d:%d, %d lines" font-lock-beg font-lock-end (count-lines font-lock-beg font-lock-end)) + (cond + ((and + (< (count-lines font-lock-beg font-lock-end) 5) + (not (and (<= (point-max) font-lock-end) (<= font-lock-beg (point-min)) ))) + (save-excursion + (goto-char font-lock-beg) + (forward-line -2) + (setq font-lock-beg (point)) + (goto-char font-lock-end) + (forward-line 3) + (setq font-lock-end (point))) + t) + (t nil) )) + +(defvar-local gadict-tr nil + "Translation markers as string separated by comma. Define own + values in .dir-local.el or as -*- gadict-tr: \"...\" -*- file prelude") +(put 'gadict-tr 'safe-local-variable 'string-or-null-p) + +(defun gadict-insert-article (headword pos) + "Insert new article after the current place. + +If `gadict-espeak-enabled' is `t' pronunciation will be filled +with espeak `gadict-espeak-default-voice'." + (if (re-search-forward "^__" nil t) + (beginning-of-line) + (goto-char (point-max))) + (while (eq (char-before) ?\n) + (delete-char -1)) + (insert-char ?\n) + (insert-char ?_ 2) + (insert-char ?\n 3) + (forward-char -1) + (insert headword) + (insert "\n [") + (when gadict-espeak-enabled + (insert (gadict-espeak-ipa headword gadict-espeak-default-voice))) + (insert "]") + (insert-char ?\n 2) + (insert pos) + (gadict--insert-tr)) + +(defun gadict-search-floor (headword) + "Move to HEADWORD definition or place on posiiton for new corresponding +definition. Check for headwords ordering during search. + +Return `t' if definition found, `nil' if no such headword." + (let ( prev curr ) + (catch 'exit + (goto-char (point-min)) + (unless (re-search-forward "^__$" nil t) + (throw 'exit nil)) + (forward-line 2) + (setq prev (buffer-substring-no-properties (point) (line-end-position))) + (when (string= headword prev) + (throw 'exit t)) + (when (string< headword prev) + (goto-char (point-min)) + (throw 'exit nil)) + (while t + (unless (re-search-forward "^__$" nil t) + (throw 'exit nil)) + (forward-line 2) + (setq curr (buffer-substring-no-properties (point) (line-end-position))) + (when (string> prev curr) + (error (format "%s < %s" curr prev))) + (when (string= headword curr) + (throw 'exit t)) + (when (string< headword curr) + (forward-line -2) + (re-search-backward "^__$") + (forward-line 2) + (throw 'exit nil)) + (setq prev curr)) ))) + +(defun gadict-search (headword) + "Move to HEADWORD definition or place on posiiton for new corresponding +definition. Check for headwords ordering during search." + (interactive (list (read-string "Headword: "))) + (gadict-search-floor headword) + (recenter)) + +(defun gadict-insert-article-in-order () + "Insert new article template with respect of headword order." + (interactive) + (let (headword pos) + (setq headword (read-string "Headword: ")) + (unless (gadict-search-floor headword) + (setq pos (completing-read "POS: " gadict--pos nil t)) + (gadict-insert-article headword pos) + (recenter)))) + +(defun gadict--find-headword-end () + (save-excursion + (end-of-line) + (re-search-backward "^__$") + (re-search-forward "^$") + (forward-char) + (re-search-forward "^$") + (point))) + +(defun gadict-insert-translation (pos) + "Insert translation template using value of `gadict-tr'." + (interactive (list (completing-read "POS: " gadict--pos nil t))) + (let ( (headword-end (gadict--find-headword-end)) ) + (if (< (point) headword-end) + (goto-char headword-end) + (re-search-forward "^\$?:\\|__\$$") + (when (eq (char-before) ?_) + (beginning-of-line))) + (insert-char ?\n 2) + (forward-char -1) + (insert pos) + (gadict--insert-tr) )) + +(defun gadict--insert-tr () + "Insert `gadict-tr' as multiline template on next line. Place point on the end of the first new line." + (when (stringp gadict-tr) + (save-excursion + (end-of-line) + (mapc (lambda (lang) + (insert-char ?\n) + (insert lang) + (insert ": ")) + (split-string gadict-tr ","))) + (end-of-line 2))) + +(defun gadict-nearest-headword () + "Return nearest headword looking upward." + (save-excursion + (let ( (orig (point)) limit ) + (re-search-backward "^__$") + (forward-line 1) + (unless (and (eq (char-before) ?\n) (eq (char-after) ?\n)) + (error "Syntax error: there is not empty line after '__'...")) + (forward-line 1) + (when (< orig (point)) + (setq orig (point))) + (setq limit (point)) + (re-search-forward "^$") + (when (< orig (point)) + (goto-char orig) + (end-of-line)) + (re-search-backward "^\$[^ ].*\$$" limit) + (match-string 1) + ))) + +(defun gadict-copy-pronunciation (&optional headword) + "Copy existing pronunciation of selected region or current word to `kill-ring'." + (interactive + (list (if (use-region-p) + (buffer-substring (region-beginning) (region-end)) + (thing-at-point 'word)))) + (save-excursion + (gadict-search-floor headword) + (when (search-forward-regexp "\\[\$[^]]+\$]") + (kill-new (match-string 1))))) + +(defun gadict-copy-espeak-pronunciation (&optional headword) + "Copy espeak pronunciation of selected region or current word to `kill-ring'." + (interactive + (list (if (use-region-p) + (buffer-substring (region-beginning) (region-end)) + (thing-at-point 'word)))) + (kill-new (gadict-espeak-headline-line headword))) + +(defun gadict-setup-keymap () + "Setup gadict keymap." + (define-key (current-local-map) [S-return] 'gadict-insert-translation) + (define-key (current-local-map) [C-return] 'gadict-insert-article-in-order) + (define-key (current-local-map) [C-S-return] 'gadict-search) + (define-key (current-local-map) [M-return] 'gadict-copy-pronunciation) + (define-key (current-local-map) [M-S-return] 'gadict-copy-espeak-pronunciation)) + +;;;###autoload +(define-derived-mode gadict-mode fundamental-mode "gadict" + "Derived mode for editing gadict dictionary source files." + (gadict-setup-fontlock) + (gadict-setup-keymap) + (gadict-setup-syntax) + (gadict-setup-paragraph) + (gadict-setup-page) + (gadict-setup-comment) + (gadict-setup-indent) + (gadict-setup-expansions) + (when (executable-find gadict-espeak-program) + (setq gadict-espeak-enabled t) + (gadict-espeak-headline-enable))) + +(provide 'gadict) + +;;; gadict.el ends here diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 misc/gaphrase.el --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/misc/gaphrase.el Sun Oct 18 12:25:22 2020 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +;;; gaphrase.el --- major mode for editing gaphrase dialog files -*- lexical-binding: t -*- + +;; Copyright (C) 2019 by Oleksandr Gavenko + +;; You can do anything with this file without any warranty. + +;; Author: Oleksandr Gavenko +;; Maintainer: Oleksandr Gavenko +;; Created: 2019 +;; Version: 0.1 +;; Keywords: dict, dictionary + +;;; Commentary: +;; +;; Mode can be installed by: +;; +;; (autoload 'gaphrase-mode "gaphrase") +;; +;; File association can be registered by: +;; +;; (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist (cons "\\.gaphrase$" 'gaphrase-mode)) + +;;; Code: + +(defvar gaphrase-font-lock-keywords + '(("^# [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-type-face) + ("^## [1-9][0-9]*" . font-lock-warning-face))) + +(defvar gaphrase-syntax-table + (let ((table (make-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table))) + (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w" table) + table)) + +(defun gaphrase-next-num () + (save-excursion + (goto-char (point-min)) + (let (beg end num) + (catch 'return + (when (looking-at "## \$[1-9][0-9]*\$") + (setq beg (match-beginning 1) + end (match-end 1)) + (setq num (string-to-number (buffer-substring beg end))) + (delete-region beg end) + (goto-char beg) + (setq num (1+ num)) + (insert (int-to-string num)) + (throw 'return num)) + (insert "## 1\n") + 1)))) + +(defun gaphrase-insert-template () + (interactive) + (forward-line 0) + (when (looking-at "# ") + (forward-line 1)) + (unless (re-search-forward "^# " (+ (point) 10240) t) + (goto-char (point-max))) + (forward-line 0) + (while (memq (char-before) '(?\ ?\n ?\t)) + (delete-char -1)) + (insert "\n# ") + (insert (int-to-string (gaphrase-next-num))) + (insert "\n\n") + (backward-char)) + + +(define-derived-mode gaphrase-mode fundamental-mode "gaphrase" + (setq font-lock-defaults '(gaphrase-font-lock-keywords)) + (define-key (current-local-map) [C-return] 'gaphrase-insert-template) + (set-syntax-table gaphrase-syntax-table)) + +(provide 'gaphrase) + +;;; gaphrase.el ends here diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 misc/voa-special-c5.py --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/misc/voa-special-c5.py Sun Oct 18 12:25:22 2020 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +#!/usr/bin/python + +# python voa-special-c5.py + +import re + +f = open('../gadict-voa-special-english-word-book.dict-c5', 'r') + +re_delim = re.compile(r'^_____\n') +re_empty = re.compile(r'^\n') + +while True: + s = f.readline() + if re_delim.match(s): + break +state = 'delim' + +words = [] +word = None +article = None + +while True: + line = f.readline() + if len(line) == 0: + break + if state == 'delim': + if re_empty.match(line): + state = 'skip_to_word' + elif state == 'skip_to_word': + if not re_empty.match(line): + state = 'word' + word = line.strip() + elif state == 'word': + if re_empty.match(line): + state = 'skip_to_article' + else: + state = 'article' + article += line + elif state == 'skip_to_article': + if not re_empty.match(line): + state = 'article' + article = line + elif state == 'article': + if re_delim.match(line): + state = 'delim' + words.append( (word, article.strip()) ) + word = None + article = '' + else: + state = 'article' + article += line + +f.close() + +for i in words: + print("\\worddef{%s}{%s}" % (i[0], i[1])) diff -r c87a8290acc4 -r a4a1e57e8ad7 misc/voa-special.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/misc/voa-special.tex Sun Oct 18 12:25:22 2020 +0300 @@ -0,0 +1,2294 @@ +%% pdf2latex voa-special.tex + +\RequirePackage{ifpdf} +\ifpdf + \documentclass[10pt,landscape,a4paper,pdftex]{article} +\else + \documentclass[10pt,landscape,a4paper]{article} +\fi +\usepackage{multicol} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\usepackage[landscape]{geometry} +\usepackage{color,graphicx,overpic} +\usepackage{hyperref} + +\geometry{top=1cm,left=2cm,right=2cm,bottom=1cm} + +\newcommand{\worddef}[2]{\hangindent=2.5em\hangafter=1\texttt{\textbf{#1}}\hspace{\stretch{1}}#2\par} + +\pagestyle{empty} + +\font\btt=rm-lmtk10 + +\begin{document} +\begin{multicols}{4} +\fontsize{8pt}{10pt}\selectfont + +\setlength{\premulticols}{1pt} +\setlength{\postmulticols}{1pt} +\setlength{\multicolsep}{1pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} + +\subsection*{VOA Special English Word Book} + +\worddef{a; an}{\textit{ad.} one; any; each} +\worddef{able}{\textit{v.} having the power to do something} +\worddef{about}{\textit{ad.} almost ("about half"); of or having a relation to ("We talk about + the weather.")} +\worddef{above}{\textit{ad.} at a higher place} +\worddef{abuse}{\textit{n.} bad treatment causing harm or injury} +\worddef{accept}{\textit{v.} to agree to receive} +\worddef{accident}{\textit{n.} something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned event} +\worddef{accuse}{\textit{v.} to say a person is responsible for an act or crime; to make a + statement against someone} +\worddef{across}{\textit{ad.} from side to side; to the other side} +\worddef{act}{\textit{v.} to do something} +\worddef{activist}{\textit{n.} one who seeks change through action} +\worddef{actor}{\textit{n.} someone acting in a play or show} +\worddef{add}{\textit{v.} to put (something) with another to make it larger; to say more} +\worddef{administration}{\textit{n.} the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president + or prime minister} +\worddef{admit}{\textit{v.} to accept ("admitted to the United Nations"); to express one's + guilt or responsibility ("He admitted that what he did was wrong.")} +\worddef{adult}{\textit{n.} a grown person} +\worddef{advertise}{\textit{v.} to show or present the qualities of a product to increase sales} +\worddef{advise}{\textit{v.} to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision} +\worddef{affect}{\textit{v.} to produce an effect on; to influence ("A lack of sleep affected + the singer's performance.")} +\worddef{afraid}{\textit{ad.} feeling fear} +\worddef{after}{\textit{ad.} later; behind} +\worddef{again}{\textit{ad.} another time; as before} +\worddef{against}{\textit{ad.} opposed to; not agreeing with something} +\worddef{age}{\textit{n.} how old a person or thing is} +\worddef{agency}{\textit{n.} an organization that is part of a larger group ("an agency of the + United Nations")} +\worddef{aggression}{\textit{n.} an attack against a person or country; the violation of a country's + borders} +\worddef{ago}{\textit{ad.} of time past; before now} +\worddef{agree}{\textit{v.} to have the same belief as someone; to be willing to do something} +\worddef{agriculture}{\textit{n.} farming} +\worddef{aid}{\textit{v.} to help; to support; n. help, assistance} +\worddef{aim}{\textit{v.} to point a gun at; n. a goal or purpose} +\worddef{air}{\textit{n.} the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, + that we breathe} +\worddef{air force}{\textit{n.} a military organization using airplanes} +\worddef{airplane}{\textit{n.} a vehicle with wings that flies} +\worddef{airport}{\textit{n.} a place where airplanes take off and land} +\worddef{album}{\textit{n.} a collection of recorded music} +\worddef{alcohol}{\textit{n.} a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug + or in industrial products} +\worddef{alive}{\textit{ad.} having life; not dead} +\worddef{all}{\textit{ad.} everything; everyone; the complete amount} +\worddef{ally}{\textit{n.} a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose} +\worddef{almost}{\textit{ad.} a little less than completely} +\worddef{alone}{\textit{ad.} separated from others} +\worddef{along}{\textit{ad.} near or on ("along the road")} +\worddef{already}{\textit{ad.} before now; even now} +\worddef{also}{\textit{ad.} added to; too} +\worddef{although}{\textit{conj.} even if it is true that} +\worddef{always}{\textit{ad.} at all times; every time} +\worddef{ambassador}{\textit{n.} a nation's highest diplomatic representative (to another + government)} +\worddef{amend}{\textit{v.} to add to or to change (a proposal or law)} +\worddef{ammunition}{\textit{n.} the bullets or shells fired from guns} +\worddef{among}{\textit{ad.} in or part of (a group)} +\worddef{amount}{\textit{n.} the number, size or weight of anything} +\worddef{anarchy}{\textit{n.} a lack of order; lawlessness} +\worddef{ancestor}{\textit{n.} a family member from the past} +\worddef{ancient}{\textit{ad.} very old; long ago} +\worddef{and}{\textit{conj.} also; in addition to; with} +\worddef{anger}{\textit{n.} a strong emotion against someone or something} +\worddef{animal}{\textit{n.} a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat} +\worddef{anniversary}{\textit{n.} a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the + past} +\worddef{announce}{\textit{v.} to make known publicly; to declare officially} +\worddef{another}{\textit{ad.} one more; a different one} +\worddef{answer}{\textit{n.} a statement produced by a question; v. to make a statement after + being asked a question} +\worddef{any}{\textit{ad.} one or more of no special kind} +\worddef{apologize}{\textit{v.} to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts + responsibility} +\worddef{appeal}{\textit{v.} to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision; to call + on somebody for help} +\worddef{appear}{\textit{v.} to show oneself; to come into sight; to seem} +\worddef{appoint}{\textit{v.} to name; to choose ("appoint a judge")} +\worddef{approve}{\textit{v.} to agree with; to agree to support} +\worddef{archeology}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of past human life and activities} +\worddef{area}{\textit{n.} any place or part of it} +\worddef{argue}{\textit{v.} to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute; to disagree} +\worddef{arms}{\textit{n.} military equipment; weapons} +\worddef{army}{\textit{n.} military ground forces} +\worddef{around}{\textit{ad.} on every side (of)} +\worddef{arrest}{\textit{v.} to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner} +\worddef{arrive}{\textit{v.} to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip} +\worddef{art}{\textit{n.} expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, + writing or statues} +\worddef{artillery}{\textit{n.} big guns} +\worddef{as}{\textit{conj.} equally ("as fast as"); when; while} +\worddef{ash}{\textit{n.} the part left after something burns} +\worddef{ask}{\textit{v.} to question; to say something is wanted ("We ask the teacher + questions every day.")} +\worddef{assist}{\textit{v.} to help} +\worddef{astronaut}{\textit{n.} a person who travels in space} +\worddef{astronomy}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of stars and the universe} +\worddef{asylum}{\textit{n.} political protection given by a government to a person from another + country} +\worddef{at}{\textit{prep.} in or near ("at the edge"); where ("look at"); when ("at noon")} +\worddef{atmosphere}{\textit{n.} the gases surrounding any star or planet} +\worddef{attach}{\textit{v.} to tie together; to connect} +\worddef{attack}{\textit{n.} a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill; v. to start a fight} +\worddef{attempt}{\textit{v.} to work toward something; to try; to make an effort} +\worddef{attend}{\textit{v.} to be present at} +\worddef{attention}{\textit{n.} close or careful observing of, or listening to, someone or + something (“The student paid attention to his teacher.”)} +\worddef{automobile}{\textit{n.} a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car} +\worddef{autumn}{\textit{n.} the time of the year between summer and winter} +\worddef{available}{\textit{ad.} present and ready for use; willing to serve or help. (“There was a + list of available candidates.”)} +\worddef{average}{\textit{n.} something (a number) representing the middle; ad. common; normal} +\worddef{avoid}{\textit{v.} to stay away from} +\worddef{awake}{\textit{ad.} not sleeping} +\worddef{award}{\textit{n.} an honor or prize for an act or service} +\worddef{away}{\textit{ad.} not near} +\worddef{baby}{\textit{n.} a newly born creature} +\worddef{back}{\textit{n.} the part behind the front; ad. the other way from forward} +\worddef{bad}{\textit{ad.} wrong; acting against the law; not good} +\worddef{balance}{\textit{v.} to make two sides or forces equal} +\worddef{ball}{\textit{n.} something round} +\worddef{balloon}{\textit{n.} a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas + lighter than air} +\worddef{ballot}{\textit{n.} a piece of paper used for voting} +\worddef{ban}{\textit{v.} to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction} +\worddef{bank}{\textit{n.} an organization that keeps and lends money} +\worddef{bar}{\textit{v.} to prevent or block} +\worddef{barrier}{\textit{n.} anything that blocks or makes an action difficult} +\worddef{base}{\textit{n.} a military center; v. to establish as a fact ("Her research was + based on experiments.")} +\worddef{battle}{\textit{n.} a fight between opposing armed forces} +\worddef{be}{\textit{v.} to live; to happen; to exist} +\worddef{beat}{\textit{v.} to hit again and again} +\worddef{beauty}{\textit{n.} that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit} +\worddef{because}{\textit{prep.} for the reason that ("He left because he was sick.")} +\worddef{become}{\textit{v.} to come to be} +\worddef{bed}{\textit{n.} a sleeping place} +\worddef{before}{\textit{prep.} earlier} +\worddef{begin}{\textit{v.} to do the first part of an action; to start} +\worddef{behavior}{\textit{n.} the way in which a person or animal acts (“The child’s behavior was + bad because he fought with other children.”)} +\worddef{behind}{\textit{ad.} at the back of; in back of} +\worddef{believe}{\textit{v.} to think; to feel sure of; to accept as true; to trust} +\worddef{belong}{\textit{v.} to be owned by; to be a member of} +\worddef{below}{\textit{ad.} lower than} +\worddef{best}{\textit{ad.} the most good} +\worddef{betray}{\textit{v.} to turn against; to be false to} +\worddef{better}{\textit{ad.} more good than} +\worddef{between}{\textit{ad.} in the space or time that separates; from one to the other ("talks + between two nations")} +\worddef{big}{\textit{ad.} of great size; not small} +\worddef{bill}{\textit{n.} a legislative proposal} +\worddef{biology}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms} +\worddef{bird}{\textit{n.} a creature that flies} +\worddef{bite}{\textit{v.} to cut with the teeth} +\worddef{black}{\textit{ad.} dark; having the color like that of the night sky} +\worddef{blame}{\textit{v.} to accuse; to hold responsible} +\worddef{bleed}{\textit{v.} to lose blood} +\worddef{blind}{\textit{ad.} not able to see} +\worddef{block}{\textit{v.} to stop something from being done; to prevent movement} +\worddef{blood}{\textit{n.} red fluid in the body} +\worddef{blow}{\textit{v.} to move with force, as in air ("The wind blows.")} +\worddef{blue}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of a clear sky} +\worddef{boat}{\textit{n.} something built to travel on water that carries people or goods} +\worddef{body}{\textit{n.} all of a person or animal; the remains of a person or animal} +\worddef{boil}{\textit{v.} to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot} +\worddef{bomb}{\textit{n.} a device that explodes with great force; v. to attack or destroy + with bombs} +\worddef{bone}{\textit{n.} the hard material in the body} +\worddef{book}{\textit{n.} a long written work for reading} +\worddef{border}{\textit{n.} a dividing line between nations} +\worddef{born}{\textit{v.} to come to life; to come into existence} +\worddef{borrow}{\textit{v.} to take as a loan} +\worddef{both}{\textit{ad.} not just one of two, but the two together} +\worddef{bottle}{\textit{n.} a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid} +\worddef{bottom}{\textit{ad.} the lowest part of something} +\worddef{box}{\textit{n.} something to put things into; a container, usually made of paper or + wood} +\worddef{boy}{\textit{n.} a young male person} +\worddef{boycott}{\textit{v.} to refuse to take part in or deal with} +\worddef{brain}{\textit{n.} the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all + creatures} +\worddef{brave}{\textit{ad.} having no fear} +\worddef{bread}{\textit{n.} a food made from grain} +\worddef{break}{\textit{v.} to divide into parts by force; to destroy} +\worddef{breathe}{\textit{v.} to take air into the body and let it out again} +\worddef{bridge}{\textit{n.} a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and + vehicles can cross from one side to the other} +\worddef{brief}{\textit{ad.} short; not long} +\worddef{bright}{\textit{ad.} giving much light; strong and clear in color} +\worddef{bring}{\textit{v.} to come with something} +\worddef{broadcast}{\textit{v.} to send information, stories or music by radio or television; n. a + radio or television program} +\worddef{brother}{\textit{n.} a male with the same father or mother as another person} +\worddef{brown}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of coffee} +\worddef{budget}{\textit{n.} a spending plan} +\worddef{build}{\textit{v.} to join materials together to make something} +\worddef{building}{\textit{n.} anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store + or place of entertainment} +\worddef{bullet}{\textit{n.} a small piece of metal shot from a gun} +\worddef{burn}{\textit{v.} to be on fire; to destroy or damage by fire} +\worddef{burst}{\textit{v.} to break open suddenly} +\worddef{bury}{\textit{v.} to put into the ground and cover with earth} +\worddef{bus}{\textit{n.} a public vehicle to carry people} +\worddef{business}{\textit{n.} one's work; buying and selling to earn money; trade} +\worddef{busy}{\textit{ad.} doing something; very active} +\worddef{but}{\textit{conj.} however; other than; yet} +\worddef{buy}{\textit{v.} to get by paying something, usually money} +\worddef{by}{\textit{conj.} near; at; next to ("by the road"); from ("a play by William + Shakespeare"); not later than ("by midnight")} +\worddef{cabinet}{\textit{n.} a group of ministers that helps lead a government} +\worddef{call}{\textit{v.} to give a name to ("I call myself John."); to ask for or request + ("They called for an end to the fighting.")} +\worddef{calm}{\textit{ad.} quiet; peaceful; opposite tense} +\worddef{camera}{\textit{n.} a device for taking pictures} +\worddef{camp}{\textit{n.} a place with temporary housing} +\worddef{campaign}{\textit{n.} a competition by opposing political candidates seeking support from + voters; a connected series of military actions during a war} +\worddef{can}{\textit{v.} to be able to; to have the right to; n. a container used to hold + liquid or food, usually made of metal} +\worddef{cancel}{\textit{v.} to end; to stop} +\worddef{cancer}{\textit{n.} a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts + of the body} +\worddef{candidate}{\textit{n.} a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor} +\worddef{capital}{\textit{n.} the official center of a government; the city where a country's + government is} +\worddef{capture}{\textit{v.} to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or take by force; + to get control of} +\worddef{car}{\textit{n.} a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; an automobile; a part + of a train} +\worddef{care}{\textit{v.} to like; to protect; to feel worry or interest} +\worddef{career}{\textit{n.} a chosen profession; a person’s working life (“The actor’s career + lasted for thirty years.”)} +\worddef{careful}{\textit{ad.} acting safely; with much thought} +\worddef{carry}{\textit{v.} to take something or someone from one place to another} +\worddef{case (court)}{\textit{n.} a legal action} +\worddef{case (medical)}{\textit{n.} an incident of disease ("There was only one case of chicken pox at + the school.")} +\worddef{cat}{\textit{n.} a small animal that often lives with humans} +\worddef{catch}{\textit{v.} to seize after a chase; to stop and seize with the hands} +\worddef{cause}{\textit{v.} to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces a result} +\worddef{ceasefire}{\textit{n.} a halt in fighting, usually by agreement} +\worddef{celebrate}{\textit{v.} to honor a person or event with special activities} +\worddef{center}{\textit{n.} the middle of something; the place in the middle; a place that is + the main point of an activity} +\worddef{century}{\textit{n.} one hundred years} +\worddef{ceremony}{\textit{n.} an act or series of acts done in a special way established by + tradition} +\worddef{chairman}{\textit{n.} a person leading a meeting or an organized group} +\worddef{champion}{\textit{n.} the best; the winner} +\worddef{chance}{\textit{n.} a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen} +\worddef{change}{\textit{v.} to make different; to become different} +\worddef{charge}{\textit{v.} to accuse someone of something, usually a crime; n. a statement in + which someone is accused of something} +\worddef{chase}{\textit{v.} to run or go after someone or something} +\worddef{cheat}{\textit{v.} to get by a trick; to steal from} +\worddef{cheer}{\textit{v.} to shout approval or praise} +\worddef{chemicals}{\textit{n.} elements found in nature or made by people; substances used in the + science of chemistry} +\worddef{chemistry}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they + act under different conditions, and how they form other substances} +\worddef{chief}{\textit{n.} the head or leader of a group; ad. leading; most important} +\worddef{child}{\textit{n.} a baby; a boy or girl} +\worddef{children}{\textit{n.} more than one child} +\worddef{choose}{\textit{v.} to decide between two or more} +\worddef{circle}{\textit{n.} a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the + center, like an "O"} +\worddef{citizen}{\textit{n.} a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law} +\worddef{city}{\textit{n.} any important large town} +\worddef{civil rights}{\textit{n.} the political, economic and social rights given equally to all + people of a nation} +\worddef{civilian}{\textit{ad.} not military} +\worddef{claim}{\textit{v.} to say something as a fact} +\worddef{clash}{\textit{n.} a battle; v. to fight or oppose} +\worddef{class}{\textit{n.} a group of students who meet to study the same subject; also, a + social or economic group. ("They were members of the middle class.")} +\worddef{clean}{\textit{v.} to make pure; ad. free from dirt or harmful substances ("clean + water")} +\worddef{clear}{\textit{ad.} easy to see or see through; easily understood} +\worddef{clergy}{\textit{n.} a body of officials within a religious organization} +\worddef{climate}{\textit{n.} the normal weather conditions of a place} +\worddef{climb}{\textit{v.} to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes the + hands} +\worddef{clock}{\textit{n.} a device that measures and shows time} +\worddef{close}{\textit{v.} to make something not open; ad. near to} +\worddef{cloth}{\textit{n.} a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other + substances} +\worddef{clothes}{\textit{n.} what people wear} +\worddef{cloud}{\textit{n.} a mass of fog high in the sky} +\worddef{coal}{\textit{n.} a solid black substance used as fuel} +\worddef{coalition}{\textit{n.} forces, groups or nations joined together} +\worddef{coast}{\textit{n.} land on the edge of the ocean} +\worddef{coffee}{\textit{n.} a drink made from the plant of the same name} +\worddef{cold}{\textit{ad.} not warm; having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature} +\worddef{collapse}{\textit{v.} to fall down or inward suddenly; to break down or fail suddenly in + strength, health or power. (“The building collapsed in the + earthquake.” “The government collapsed after a vote in parliament.”)} +\worddef{collect}{\textit{v.} to bring or gather together in one place; to demand and receive + ("collect taxes")} +\worddef{college}{\textit{n.} a small university} +\worddef{colony}{\textit{n.} land controlled by another country or government} +\worddef{color}{\textit{n.} the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, + black, yellow and others} +\worddef{combine}{\textit{v.} to mix or bring together} +\worddef{come}{\textit{v.} to move toward; to arrive} +\worddef{command}{\textit{v.} to order; to have power over something} +\worddef{comment}{\textit{v.} to say something about; to express an opinion about something} +\worddef{committee}{\textit{n.} a group of people given special work} +\worddef{common}{\textit{ad.} usual; same for all ("a common purpose")} +\worddef{communicate}{\textit{v.} to tell; to give or exchange information} +\worddef{community}{\textit{n.} a group of people living together in one place or area} +\worddef{company}{\textit{n.} a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposes} +\worddef{compare}{\textit{v.} to examine what is different or similar} +\worddef{compete}{\textit{v.} to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others} +\worddef{complete}{\textit{ad.} having all parts; ended or finished} +\worddef{complex}{\textit{ad.} of or having many parts that are difficult to understand; not + simple} +\worddef{compromise}{\textit{n.} the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less + than first demanded} +\worddef{computer}{\textit{n.} an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and + for communicating with others} +\worddef{concern}{\textit{n.} interest, worry ("express concern about"); v. to fear ("to be + concerned")} +\worddef{condemn}{\textit{v.} to say a person or action is wrong or bad} +\worddef{condition}{\textit{n.} something declared necessary to complete an agreement; a person's + health} +\worddef{conference}{\textit{n.} a meeting} +\worddef{confirm}{\textit{v.} to approve; to say that something is true} +\worddef{conflict}{\textit{n.} a fight; a battle, especially a long one} +\worddef{congratulate}{\textit{v.} to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck} +\worddef{Congress}{\textit{n.} the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United + States (the House of Representatives and the Senate); a similar + organization in other countries} +\worddef{connect}{\textit{v.} to join one thing to another; to unite; to link} +\worddef{conservative}{\textit{n.} one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change} +\worddef{consider}{\textit{v.} to give thought to; to think about carefully} +\worddef{constitution}{\textit{n.} the written general laws and ideas that form a nation's system of + government} +\worddef{contact}{\textit{n.} the act of touching or being close to a person or thing (“He was in + contact with animals that had the disease.”) v. to meet or communicate + with (“He wanted to contact his local official.”)} +\worddef{contain}{\textit{v.} to hold; to include} +\worddef{container}{\textit{n.} a box, bottle or can used to hold something} +\worddef{continent}{\textit{n.} any of the seven great land areas of the world} +\worddef{continue}{\textit{v.} to go on doing or being} +\worddef{control}{\textit{v.} to direct; to have power over} +\worddef{convention}{\textit{n.} a large meeting for a special purpose} +\worddef{cook}{\textit{v.} to heat food before eating it} +\worddef{cool}{\textit{ad.} almost cold} +\worddef{cooperate}{\textit{v.} to act or work together} +\worddef{copy}{\textit{v.} to make something exactly like another; n. something made to look + exactly like another} +\worddef{corn}{\textit{n.} a food grain} +\worddef{correct}{\textit{ad.} true; free from mistakes; v. to change to what is right} +\worddef{corruption}{\textit{n.} actions taken to gain money or power that are legally or morally + wrong} +\worddef{cost}{\textit{n.} the price or value of something ("The cost of the book is five + dollars."); v. to be valued at ("The book costs five dollars.")} +\worddef{cotton}{\textit{n.} a material made from a plant of the same name} +\worddef{count}{\textit{v.} to speak or add numbers} +\worddef{country}{\textit{n.} a nation; the territory of a nation; land away from cities} +\worddef{court}{\textit{n.} where trials take place; where judges make decisions about law} +\worddef{cover}{\textit{v.} to put something over a person or thing; n. anything that is put + over a person or thing} +\worddef{cow}{\textit{n.} a farm animal used for its milk} +\worddef{crash}{\textit{v.} to fall violently; to hit with great force} +\worddef{create}{\textit{v.} to make; to give life or form to} +\worddef{creature}{\textit{n.} any living being; any animal or human} +\worddef{credit}{\textit{n.} an agreement that payments will be made at a later time} +\worddef{crew}{\textit{n.} a group of people working together} +\worddef{crime}{\textit{n.} an act that violates a law} +\worddef{criminal}{\textit{n.} a person who is responsible for a crime} +\worddef{crisis}{\textit{n.} an extremely important time when something may become much better + or worse; a dangerous situation} +\worddef{criticize}{\textit{v.} to say what is wrong with something or someone; to condemn; to + judge} +\worddef{crops}{\textit{n.} plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits + and vegetables} +\worddef{cross}{\textit{v.} to go from one side to another; to go across} +\worddef{crowd}{\textit{n.} a large number of people gathered in one place} +\worddef{crush}{\textit{v.} to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat completely} +\worddef{cry}{\textit{v.} to express or show sorrow or pain} +\worddef{culture}{\textit{n.} all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population} +\worddef{cure}{\textit{v.} to improve health; to make well ("The doctor can cure the + disease."); n. something that makes a sick person well ("Antibiotics + are a cure for infection.")} +\worddef{curfew}{\textit{n.} an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their + businesses} +\worddef{current}{\textit{n.} movement of air, water or electricity; ad. belonging to the present + time ("She found the report in a current publication.")} +\worddef{custom}{\textit{n.} a long-established belief or activity of a people} +\worddef{customs}{\textit{n.} taxes on imports} +\worddef{cut}{\textit{v.} to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to reduce} +\worddef{dam}{\textit{n.} a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water} +\worddef{damage}{\textit{v.} to cause injury or destruction; n. harm; hurt or injury, usually to + things} +\worddef{dance}{\textit{v.} to move the body and feet to music; n. a series of steps, usually + to music} +\worddef{danger}{\textit{n.} a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss} +\worddef{dark}{\textit{ad.} having little or no light ("The room was dark.")} +\worddef{date}{\textit{n.} an expression of time; a day, month and year} +\worddef{daughter}{\textit{n.} a person's female child} +\worddef{day}{\textit{n.} twenty-four hours; the hours of sunlight} +\worddef{dead}{\textit{ad.} not living} +\worddef{deaf}{\textit{ad.} not able to hear} +\worddef{deal}{\textit{v.} to have to do with ("The talks will deal with the problem of + pollution."); to buy or sell ("Her company deals in plastic.")} +\worddef{debate}{\textit{v.} to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion or + argument} +\worddef{debt}{\textit{n.} something that is owed; the condition of owing} +\worddef{decide}{\textit{v.} to choose; to settle; to judge} +\worddef{declare}{\textit{v.} to say; to make a statement} +\worddef{decrease}{\textit{v.} to make less in size or amount} +\worddef{deep}{\textit{ad.} going far down; a long way from top to bottom} +\worddef{defeat}{\textit{v.} to cause to lose in a battle or struggle; n. a loss; the condition + of having lost} +\worddef{defend}{\textit{v.} to guard or fight against attack; to protect} +\worddef{deficit}{\textit{n.} a shortage that results when spending is greater than earnings, or + imports are greater than exports} +\worddef{define}{\textit{v.} to give the meaning of; to explain} +\worddef{degree}{\textit{n.} a measure of temperature} +\worddef{delay}{\textit{v.} to decide to do something at a later time; to postpone; to cause to + be late} +\worddef{delegate}{\textit{n.} one sent to act for another; one who represents another} +\worddef{demand}{\textit{v.} to ask by ordering; to ask with force} +\worddef{democracy}{\textit{n.} the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders + or to make other important decisions} +\worddef{demonstrate}{\textit{v.} to make a public show of opinions or feelings ("The crowd + demonstrated in support of human rights."); to explain by using + examples ("The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.")} +\worddef{denounce}{\textit{v.} to accuse of being wrong or evil; to criticize severely} +\worddef{deny}{\textit{v.} to declare that something is not true; to refuse a request} +\worddef{depend}{\textit{v.} to need help and support} +\worddef{deplore}{\textit{v.} to regret strongly; to express sadness} +\worddef{deploy}{\textit{v.} to move forces or weapons into positions for action} +\worddef{depression}{\textit{n.} severe unhappiness; a period of reduced business and economic + activity during which many people lose their jobs} +\worddef{describe}{\textit{v.} to give a word picture of something; to give details of something} +\worddef{desert}{\textit{n.} a dry area of land} +\worddef{design}{\textit{v.} to plan or create plans for} +\worddef{desire}{\textit{v.} to want very much; to wish for} +\worddef{destroy}{\textit{v.} to break into pieces; to end the existence of} +\worddef{detail}{\textit{n.} a small part of something; a small piece of information} +\worddef{detain}{\textit{v.} to keep or hold (“The police detained several suspects for + questioning.”)} +\worddef{develop}{\textit{v.} to grow; to create; to experience progress} +\worddef{device}{\textit{n.} a piece of equipment made for a special purpose} +\worddef{dictator}{\textit{n.} a ruler with complete power} +\worddef{die}{\textit{v.} to become dead; to stop living; to end} +\worddef{diet}{\textit{n.} usual daily food and drink} +\worddef{different}{\textit{ad.} not the same} +\worddef{difficult}{\textit{ad.} not easy; hard to do, make or carry out} +\worddef{dig}{\textit{v.} to make a hole in the ground} +\worddef{dinner}{\textit{n.} the main amount of food eaten at a usual time ("The family had its + dinner at noon."); a special event that includes food ("The official + dinner took place at the White House.")} +\worddef{diplomat}{\textit{n.} a person who represents his or her government in dealing with + another government} +\worddef{direct}{\textit{v.} to lead; to aim or show the way ("He directed me to the theater."); + ad. straight to something; not through some other person or thing + ("The path is direct.")} +\worddef{direction}{\textit{n.} the way (east, west, north, south); where someone or something came + from or went to} +\worddef{dirt}{\textit{n.} earth or soil} +\worddef{disappear}{\textit{v.} to become unseen; to no longer exist} +\worddef{disarm}{\textit{v.} to take away weapons; to no longer keep weapons; to make a bomb + harmless by removing its exploding device} +\worddef{disaster}{\textit{n.} an event causing widespread destruction or loss of life, such as an + earthquake or plane crash} +\worddef{discover}{\textit{v.} to find or learn something} +\worddef{discrimination}{\textit{n.} unfair treatment or consideration based on opinions about a whole + group instead of on the qualities of an individual. (“He was accused + of discrimination against people from other countries.”)} +\worddef{discuss}{\textit{v.} to talk about; to exchange ideas} +\worddef{disease}{\textit{n.} a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or + bacteria} +\worddef{dismiss}{\textit{v.} to send away; to refuse to consider} +\worddef{dispute}{\textit{v.} to oppose strongly by argument; n. an angry debate} +\worddef{dissident}{\textit{n.} a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government} +\worddef{distance}{\textit{n.} the amount of space between two places or objects ("The distance + from my house to your house is two kilometers.")} +\worddef{dive}{\textit{v.} to jump into water head first} +\worddef{divide}{\textit{v.} to separate into two or more parts} +\worddef{do}{\textit{v.} to act; to make an effort} +\worddef{doctor}{\textit{n.} a person trained in medicine to treat sick people} +\worddef{document}{\textit{n.} an official piece of paper with facts written on it, used as proof + or support of something} +\worddef{dog}{\textit{n.} a small animal that often lives with humans} +\worddef{dollar}{\textit{n.} United States money, one hundred cents} +\worddef{donate}{\textit{v.} to present something as a gift to an organization, country or + cause. (“She donated money to the Red Cross to help survivors of the + earthquake.”)} +\worddef{door}{\textit{n.} an opening for entering or leaving a building or room} +\worddef{double}{\textit{v.} to increase two times as much in size, strength or number} +\worddef{down}{\textit{ad.} from higher to lower; in a low place} +\worddef{dream}{\textit{v.} to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep; n. a picture + or story in the mind during sleep; a happy idea about the future} +\worddef{drink}{\textit{v.} to take liquid into the body through the mouth} +\worddef{drive}{\textit{v.} to control a moving vehicle} +\worddef{drop}{\textit{v.} to fall or let fall; to go lower} +\worddef{drown}{\textit{v.} to die under water} +\worddef{drug}{\textit{n.} anything used as a medicine or in making medicine; a chemical + substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind} +\worddef{dry}{\textit{ad.} not wet; without rain} +\worddef{during}{\textit{ad.} through the whole time; while (something is happening)} +\worddef{dust}{\textit{n.} pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air} +\worddef{duty}{\textit{n.} one's job or responsibility; what one must do because it is right + and just} +\worddef{each}{\textit{ad.} every one by itself} +\worddef{early}{\textit{ad.} at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of the day; + opposite late} +\worddef{earn}{\textit{v.} to be paid in return for work done} +\worddef{earth}{\textit{n.} the planet we all live on; the ground or soil} +\worddef{earthquake}{\textit{n.} a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface} +\worddef{ease}{\textit{v.} to reduce; to make less difficult} +\worddef{east}{\textit{n.} the direction from which the sun rises} +\worddef{easy}{\textit{ad.} not difficult; not hard to do} +\worddef{eat}{\textit{v.} to take food into the body through the mouth} +\worddef{ecology}{\textit{n.} the scientific study of the environment and links among living and + material things} +\worddef{economy}{\textit{n.} the system by which money, industry and trade are organized} +\worddef{edge}{\textit{n.} the line where something ends or begins} +\worddef{education}{\textit{n.} the act of teaching} +\worddef{effect}{\textit{n.} the result or change caused by something ("The storm had a serious + effect on the economy.")} +\worddef{effort}{\textit{n.} an attempt; the work necessary to do something} +\worddef{egg}{\textit{n.} the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female + birds, fish or reptiles; a single cell in a female person or animal + that can develop into a baby} +\worddef{either}{\textit{ad.} one of two, but not the other} +\worddef{elect}{\textit{v.} to choose by voting} +\worddef{electricity}{\textit{n.} a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and + light, and power to machines} +\worddef{embassy}{\textit{n.} the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants} +\worddef{embryo}{\textit{n.} a human or animal in the earliest stages of its development} +\worddef{emergency}{\textit{n.} an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action} +\worddef{emotion}{\textit{n.} a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness} +\worddef{employ}{\textit{v.} to give work in return for wages} +\worddef{empty}{\textit{ad.} having nothing inside; v. to remove everything} +\worddef{end}{\textit{v.} to stop; to finish; n. the part which comes last} +\worddef{enemy}{\textit{n.} a person opposing or hating another; a person or people of the + other side in a war} +\worddef{energy}{\textit{n.} power used to do work, usually with machines; the ability and + willingness to be active} +\worddef{enforce}{\textit{v.} to make something be done} +\worddef{engine}{\textit{n.} a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do work} +\worddef{engineer}{\textit{n.} a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads} +\worddef{enjoy}{\textit{v.} to be pleased or satisfied by something} +\worddef{enough}{\textit{ad.} as much as necessary; pro. the amount needed} +\worddef{enter}{\textit{v.} to come or go into} +\worddef{environment}{\textit{n.} all surrounding things, conditions and influences that affect life; + the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals} +\worddef{equal}{\textit{ad.} the same in amount, size, weight or value; having the same rights} +\worddef{equipment}{\textit{n.} things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or activity} +\worddef{escape}{\textit{v.} to get free; to get away from; to get out of} +\worddef{especially}{\textit{ad.} more than others ("We liked the food, especially the fish.")} +\worddef{establish}{\textit{v.} to bring into existence; to create} +\worddef{estimate}{\textit{v.} to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than + complete information} +\worddef{ethnic}{\textit{ad.} of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of + their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived} +\worddef{evaporate}{\textit{v.} to change from a liquid into a gas} +\worddef{even}{\textit{ad.} in a way not thought possible ("They survived, even though the + building was destroyed.")} +\worddef{event}{\textit{n.} that which happens, especially something of importance} +\worddef{ever}{\textit{ad.} at any time} +\worddef{every}{\textit{ad.} each one; all} +\worddef{evidence}{\textit{n.} material or facts that prove something; a reason for believing} +\worddef{evil}{\textit{ad.} not good; extremely bad} +\worddef{exact}{\textit{ad.} having no mistakes; correct in every detail} +\worddef{examine}{\textit{v.} to study closely} +\worddef{example}{\textit{n.} a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like} +\worddef{excellent}{\textit{ad.} extremely good} +\worddef{except}{\textit{prep.} but for} +\worddef{exchange}{\textit{v.} to trade; to give or receive one thing for another} +\worddef{excuse}{\textit{v.} to take away blame; to pardon; to forgive; n. a reason (sometimes + false) for an action} +\worddef{execute}{\textit{v.} to kill} +\worddef{exercise}{\textit{n.} an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to + stay in good health} +\worddef{exile}{\textit{v.} to force a person to leave his or her country; to expel; n. a + person who is forced to leave his or her country} +\worddef{exist}{\textit{v.} to be; to live} +\worddef{expand}{\textit{v.} to make larger; to grow larger} +\worddef{expect}{\textit{v.} to think or believe that something will happen; to wait for an + event} +\worddef{expel}{\textit{v.} to force out; to remove from; to send away} +\worddef{experience}{\textit{v.} to live through an event, situation or condition ("She experienced + great pain."); n. something that one has done or lived through ("The + experience caused her great pain.")} +\worddef{experiment}{\textit{v.} to test; n. a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true + or false, or to discover something} +\worddef{expert}{\textit{n.} a person with special knowledge or training} +\worddef{explain}{\textit{v.} to give reasons for; to make clear; to tell about; to tell the + meaning} +\worddef{explode}{\textit{v.} to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb} +\worddef{explore}{\textit{v.} to travel in a place that is not well known to learn more about it; + to make a careful search; to examine closely} +\worddef{export}{\textit{v.} to send to another country; n. something sent to another country, + usually for sale} +\worddef{express}{\textit{v.} to say clearly} +\worddef{extend}{\textit{v.} to stretch out in area or length; to continue for a longer time} +\worddef{extra}{\textit{ad.} more than normal, expected or necessary} +\worddef{extraordinary}{\textit{ad.} far greater or better than the usual or normal} +\worddef{extreme}{\textit{ad.} more than the usual or accepted} +\worddef{extremist}{\textit{n.} a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an + extreme or violent way} +\worddef{face}{\textit{n.} the front of the head: eyes, nose, mouth; v. to look toward; to + turn toward; to have before you, such as a problem or danger} +\worddef{fact}{\textit{n.} something known or proved to be true} +\worddef{factory}{\textit{n.} a building or group of buildings where goods are made} +\worddef{fail}{\textit{v.} to not succeed; to not reach a goal} +\worddef{fair}{\textit{ad.} just; honest; what is right} +\worddef{fall}{\textit{v.} to go down quickly; to come down; to drop to the ground or a lower + position} +\worddef{false}{\textit{ad.} not true; not correct} +\worddef{family}{\textit{n.} the group that includes children and their parents} +\worddef{famous}{\textit{ad.} known very well to many people} +\worddef{fan}{\textit{n.} a person who actively supports a sport, activity or performer (“The + baseball fan attended every game his team played.”)} +\worddef{far}{\textit{ad.} at, to or from a great distance} +\worddef{farm}{\textit{n.} land used to grow crops and animals for food} +\worddef{fast}{\textit{ad.} moving or working at great speed; quick} +\worddef{fat}{\textit{n.} tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store energy and + to keep warm; ad. thick; heavy} +\worddef{father}{\textit{n.} the male parent; a man who has a child or children} +\worddef{favorite}{\textit{ad.} liked more than others (“Ice cream was her favorite food.”)} +\worddef{fear}{\textit{v.} to be afraid; to worry that something bad is near or may happen + ("He feared falling down."); n. a strong emotion when there is danger + or trouble ("He had a fear that he would fall down.")} +\worddef{federal}{\textit{ad.} of or having to do with a national or central government} +\worddef{feed}{\textit{v.} to give food to} +\worddef{feel}{\textit{v.} to have or experience an emotion; to know by touching} +\worddef{female}{\textit{n.} a woman or girl; the sex that gives birth; ad. of or about women} +\worddef{fence}{\textit{n.} something around an area of land to keep animals or people in or + out} +\worddef{fertile}{\textit{ad.} rich in production of plants or animals; producing much} +\worddef{few}{\textit{ad.} not many; a small number of} +\worddef{field}{\textit{n.} an area of open land, usually used to grow crops or to raise + animals} +\worddef{fierce}{\textit{ad.} extremely strong; violent; angry} +\worddef{fight}{\textit{v.} to use violence or force; to attempt to defeat or destroy an enemy; + n. the use of force; a battle} +\worddef{fill}{\textit{v.} to put or pour something into a container until there is space for + no more} +\worddef{film}{\textit{v.} to record something so it can be seen again; to make a motion + picture or movie; n. a thin piece of material for making pictures with + a camera; a movie} +\worddef{final}{\textit{ad.} at the end; last} +\worddef{financial}{\textit{ad.} of or about the system that includes the use of money, credit, + investments and banks} +\worddef{find}{\textit{v.} to discover or learn something by searching or by accident; to + decide a court case ("The jury finds the man guilty of murder.")} +\worddef{fine}{\textit{n.} a payment ordered by a court to punish someone for a crime; ad. + very good; very small or thin} +\worddef{finish}{\textit{v.} to complete; to end} +\worddef{fire}{\textit{v.} to shoot a gun; n. the heat and light produced by something burning} +\worddef{fireworks}{\textit{n.} rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in holiday + celebrations} +\worddef{firm}{\textit{ad.} not easily moved or changed ("She is firm in her opinion.")} +\worddef{first}{\textit{ad.} coming before all others} +\worddef{fish}{\textit{n.} a creature that lives and can breathe in water} +\worddef{fit}{\textit{v.} to be of the correct size or shape ("These shoes fit my feet.")} +\worddef{fix}{\textit{v.} to make good or right again} +\worddef{flag}{\textit{n.} a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government or + organization} +\worddef{flat}{\textit{ad.} smooth; having no high places} +\worddef{flee}{\textit{v.} to run away from} +\worddef{float}{\textit{v.} to be on water without sinking; to move or be moved gently on water + or through air} +\worddef{flood}{\textit{v.} to cover with water; n. the movement of water out of a river, lake + or ocean onto land} +\worddef{floor}{\textit{n.} the bottom part of a room for walking on ("The book fell to the + floor."); the level of a building ("The fire was on the first floor.")} +\worddef{flow}{\textit{v.} to move like a liquid} +\worddef{flower}{\textit{n.} the colored part of plants that carry seeds} +\worddef{fluid}{\textit{n.} any substance that can flow, such as a liquid} +\worddef{fly}{\textit{v.} to move through the air with wings, like a bird or airplane; to + travel in an airplane or flying vehicle} +\worddef{fog}{\textit{n.} a mass of wet air that is difficult to see through; a cloud close + to the ground} +\worddef{follow}{\textit{v.} to come or go after; to accept the rule or power of; to obey} +\worddef{food}{\textit{n.} that which is taken in by all living things for energy, strength + and growth} +\worddef{fool}{\textit{v.} to make someone believe something that is not true; to trick; n. a + person who is tricked easily} +\worddef{foot}{\textit{n.} the bottom part of the leg; the part of the body that touches the + ground when a person or animal walks} +\worddef{for}{\textit{prep.} because of ("He is famous for his work."); in exchange ("Give me + one dollar for the book."); through space or time ("They travelled for + one hour."); representative of ("I speak for all people."); to be + employed by ("She works for a computer company.")} +\worddef{force}{\textit{v.} to make someone do something or make something happen by using + power; n. power, strength; strength used against a person or object; + military power of a nation; a military group} +\worddef{foreign}{\textit{ad.} of, about or from another nation; not from one's own place or + country} +\worddef{forest}{\textit{n.} a place of many trees} +\worddef{forget}{\textit{v.} to not remember} +\worddef{forgive}{\textit{v.} to pardon; to excuse; to remove guilt} +\worddef{form}{\textit{v.} to make; to start; to shape ("They formed a swim team."); n. a kind + ("Swimming is a form of exercise.")} +\worddef{former}{\textit{ad.} earlier in time; not now} +\worddef{forward}{\textit{ad.} the direction in front of; toward the front} +\worddef{free}{\textit{v.} to release; ad. not controlled by another or by outside forces; not + in prison; independent; not limited by rules; without cost} +\worddef{freedom}{\textit{n.} the condition of being free} +\worddef{freeze}{\textit{v.} to cause or to become very cold; to make or to become hard by cold} +\worddef{fresh}{\textit{ad.} newly made or gathered; recent} +\worddef{friend}{\textit{n.} a person one likes and trusts} +\worddef{frighten}{\textit{v.} to cause great fear} +\worddef{from}{\textit{prep.} having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause ("It is + a message from the president."); at a place distant, not near ("The + school is five kilometers from my home."); because of ("He is + suffering from cancer.")} +\worddef{front}{\textit{n.} the forward part; the opposite of back; the beginning; the first + part} +\worddef{fruit}{\textit{n.} food from trees and plants} +\worddef{fuel}{\textit{n.} any substance burned to create heat or power} +\worddef{full}{\textit{ad.} containing as much as a person or thing can hold; complete} +\worddef{fun}{\textit{n.} anything that is pleasing and causes happiness} +\worddef{funeral}{\textit{n.} a ceremony held in connection with the burial or burning of the + dead} +\worddef{future}{\textit{n.} time after now ("We can talk about it in the future."); ad. in the + time to come ("All future meetings will be held in this room.")} +\worddef{gain}{\textit{v.} to get possession of; to get more; to increase} +\worddef{game}{\textit{n.} an activity with rules in which people or teams play or compete, + usually sports} +\worddef{gas}{\textit{n.} any substance that is not solid or liquid; any substance that burns + to provide heat, light or power} +\worddef{gather}{\textit{v.} to bring or come together into a group or place; to collect} +\worddef{general}{\textit{n.} a high military leader; ad. without details; affecting or including + all or almost all} +\worddef{generation}{\textit{n.} a group of individuals born and living at about the same time. + ("The mother and daughter represented two generations.")} +\worddef{genocide}{\textit{n.} a plan of action to kill or destroy a national, religious, racial + or ethnic group} +\worddef{gentle}{\textit{ad.} soft; kind; not rough or violent} +\worddef{get}{\textit{v.} to receive; to gain; to go and bring back; to become; to become the + owner of} +\worddef{gift}{\textit{n.} something given without cost} +\worddef{girl}{\textit{n.} a young female person} +\worddef{give}{\textit{v.} to present to another to keep without receiving payment} +\worddef{glass}{\textit{n.} a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most often for + windows or for containers to hold liquids} +\worddef{go}{\textit{v.} to move from one place to another; to leave} +\worddef{goal}{\textit{n.} that toward which an effort is directed; that which is aimed at; + the end of a trip or race} +\worddef{god}{\textit{n.} the spirit that is honored as creator of all things ("They believe + in God."); a spirit or being believed in many religions to have + special powers} +\worddef{gold}{\textit{n.} a highly valued yellow metal} +\worddef{good}{\textit{ad.} pleasing; helpful; kind; correct; not bad} +\worddef{goods}{\textit{n.} things owned or made to be sold} +\worddef{govern}{\textit{v.} to control; to rule by military or political power} +\worddef{government}{\textit{n.} a system of governing; the organization of people that rules a + country, city or area} +\worddef{grain}{\textit{n.} the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat, rice and + corn; those plants that produce the seeds} +\worddef{grass}{\textit{n.} a plant with long, narrow, green leaves} +\worddef{gray}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that made by mixing black and white} +\worddef{great}{\textit{ad.} very large or more than usual in size or number; very good; + important} +\worddef{green}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that made by mixing yellow and blue; having + the color like that of growing leaves and grass} +\worddef{grind}{\textit{v.} to reduce to small pieces by crushing} +\worddef{ground}{\textit{n.} land; the earth's surface; soil} +\worddef{group}{\textit{n.} a number of people or things together; a gathering of people + working for a common purpose} +\worddef{grow}{\textit{v.} to develop or become bigger; to increase in size or amount} +\worddef{guarantee}{\textit{v.} to promise a result; to promise that something will happen} +\worddef{guard}{\textit{v.} to watch and protect a person, place or thing ("He guards the + president."); n. a person or thing that watches or protects ("He is a + prison guard.")} +\worddef{guerrilla}{\textit{n.} a person who fights as part of an unofficial army, usually against + an official army or police} +\worddef{guide}{\textit{v.} to lead to; to show the way; n. one who shows the way} +\worddef{guilty}{\textit{ad.} having done something wrong or in violation of a law; responsible + for a bad action} +\worddef{gun}{\textit{n.} a weapon that shoots bullets} +\worddef{hair}{\textit{n.} the fine material that grows from the skin, especially from the + head} +\worddef{half}{\textit{n.} one of two equal parts of something} +\worddef{halt}{\textit{v.} to come or cause to come to a stop; to stop} +\worddef{hang}{\textit{v.} to place something so the highest part is supported and the lower + part is not; to kill by hanging} +\worddef{happen}{\textit{v.} to become a fact or event; to take place} +\worddef{happy}{\textit{ad.} pleased; satisfied; feeling good; not sad} +\worddef{hard}{\textit{ad.} not easily cut or broken; solid; difficult to do or understand; + needing much effort or force} +\worddef{harm}{\textit{v.} to injure; to damage; n. damage; hurt} +\worddef{harvest}{\textit{v.} to gather crops; n. the crop after it is gathered} +\worddef{hat}{\textit{n.} a head cover} +\worddef{hate}{\textit{v.} to have strong emotions against; to consider as an enemy; opposite + love} +\worddef{have}{\textit{v.} to possess; to own; to hold} +\worddef{he}{\textit{pro.} the boy or man who is being spoken about} +\worddef{head}{\textit{v.} to lead; to command; n. leader; chief; the top part of something; + the highest position} +\worddef{headquarters}{\textit{n.} the center from which orders are given; the main offices of a + business or organization} +\worddef{heal}{\textit{v.} to return to good health; to cure; to become well} +\worddef{health}{\textit{n.} the general condition of the body and mind; the condition of being + free from sickness or disease} +\worddef{hear}{\textit{v.} to receive sound through the ears; to receive news about} +\worddef{heat}{\textit{v.} to make hot or warm; n. great warmth; that which is produced by + burning fuel; energy from the sun} +\worddef{heavy}{\textit{ad.} having much weight; not easy to lift; of great amount or force} +\worddef{helicopter}{\textit{n.} a machine without wings that can fly up or down or remain in one + place above the ground} +\worddef{help}{\textit{v.} to give support; to assist; to make easier; n. support; aid} +\worddef{here}{\textit{ad.} in, to or at this place} +\worddef{hero}{\textit{n.} a person honored for being brave or wise} +\worddef{hide}{\textit{v.} to prevent from being seen or found; to make secret} +\worddef{high}{\textit{ad.} tall; far up; far above the ground; important; above others} +\worddef{hijack}{\textit{v.} to seize or take control of a vehicle by force} +\worddef{hill}{\textit{n.} a small mountain} +\worddef{history}{\textit{n.} the written record or description of past events; the study of the + past} +\worddef{hit}{\textit{v.} to strike; to touch with force} +\worddef{hold}{\textit{v.} to carry or support, usually in the hands or arms; to keep in one + position; to keep as a prisoner; to contain; to possess; to occupy; to + organize and be involved in ("The two sides hold talks this week.")} +\worddef{hole}{\textit{n.} an opening; a torn or broken place in something} +\worddef{holiday}{\textit{n.} a day when one does not work; a day on which no work is done to + honor or remember a person or event} +\worddef{holy}{\textit{ad.} greatly honored in religion} +\worddef{home}{\textit{n.} the building where a person lives, especially with family; the + place where one was born or comes from; the area or country where one + lives} +\worddef{honest}{\textit{ad.} truthful; able to be trusted} +\worddef{honor}{\textit{v.} to obey; to show strong, good feelings for ("to honor one's + parents"); n. an award; an act of giving special recognition ("He + received many honors for his efforts to help others.")} +\worddef{hope}{\textit{v.} to expect; to believe there is a good chance that something will + happen as wanted; to want something to happen} +\worddef{horrible}{\textit{ad.} causing great fear; terrible} +\worddef{horse}{\textit{n.} a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm work} +\worddef{hospital}{\textit{n.} a place where sick or injured people are given medical care} +\worddef{hostage}{\textit{n.} a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand or promise + will be honored} +\worddef{hostile}{\textit{ad.} ready to fight; ready for war} +\worddef{hot}{\textit{ad.} having or feeling great heat or a high temperature} +\worddef{hotel}{\textit{n.} a building with rooms, and often food, for travellers} +\worddef{hour}{\textit{n.} a measure of time; sixty minutes} +\worddef{house}{\textit{n.} a building in which people live; a country's parliament or + lawmaking group ("House of Representatives")} +\worddef{how}{\textit{ad.} in what way; to what amount} +\worddef{however}{\textit{conj.} yet; but} +\worddef{huge}{\textit{ad.} very big; of great size} +\worddef{human}{\textit{ad.} of or about people} +\worddef{humor}{\textit{n.} the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes people laugh} +\worddef{hunger}{\textit{n.} the need for food} +\worddef{hunt}{\textit{v.} to search for animals to capture or kill them; to seek; to try to + find} +\worddef{hurry}{\textit{v.} to do or go fast} +\worddef{hurt}{\textit{v.} to cause pain, injury or damage} +\worddef{husband}{\textit{n.} a man who is married} +\worddef{I}{\textit{pro.} the person speaking} +\worddef{ice}{\textit{n.} frozen water} +\worddef{idea}{\textit{n.} a thought or picture in the mind; a belief} +\worddef{identify}{\textit{v.} to recognize someone or something and to say who or what they are} +\worddef{if}{\textit{conj.} on condition; provided that ("I will go if you go.")} +\worddef{ignore}{\textit{v.} to pay no attention to or refuse to consider (“The president + ignored the protesters outside his office.”)} +\worddef{illegal}{\textit{ad.} not legal; in violation of a law} +\worddef{imagine}{\textit{v.} to make a picture in the mind; to form an idea} +\worddef{immediate}{\textit{ad.} without delay; very near in time or place} +\worddef{immigrant}{\textit{n.} a person who arrives in a country to live there} +\worddef{import}{\textit{v.} to bring from another country; n. something brought from another + country, usually for sale} +\worddef{important}{\textit{ad.} having great meaning, value or power} +\worddef{improve}{\textit{v.} to make better; to become better} +\worddef{in}{\textit{prep.} inside; held by; contained by; surrounded by; during} +\worddef{incident}{\textit{n.} an event or something that happens} +\worddef{incite}{\textit{v.} to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something bad or + violent} +\worddef{include}{\textit{v.} to have; to make a part of} +\worddef{increase}{\textit{v.} to make more in size or amount} +\worddef{independent}{\textit{ad.} not influenced by or controlled by another or others; free; + separate} +\worddef{individual}{\textit{n.} one person} +\worddef{industry}{\textit{n.} any business that produces goods or provides services; the work and + related activity in factories and offices; all organizations involved + in manufacturing} +\worddef{infect}{\textit{v.} to make sick with something that causes disease} +\worddef{inflation}{\textit{n.} a continuing rise in prices while the value of money goes down} +\worddef{influence}{\textit{v.} to have an effect on someone or something; to cause change} +\worddef{inform}{\textit{v.} to tell; to give knowledge to} +\worddef{information}{\textit{n.} knowledge; facts} +\worddef{inject}{\textit{v.} to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs into the + body through the skin} +\worddef{injure}{\textit{v.} to cause harm or damage to a person or animal} +\worddef{innocent}{\textit{ad.} not guilty of a crime; not responsible for a bad action} +\worddef{insane}{\textit{ad.} mentally sick} +\worddef{insect}{\textit{n.} a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes with + wings} +\worddef{inspect}{\textit{v.} to look at something carefully; to examine, especially by an expert} +\worddef{instead}{\textit{ad.} in the place of; taking the place of} +\worddef{instrument}{\textit{n.} a tool or device designed to do something or to make something} +\worddef{insult}{\textit{v.} to say something or to do something that makes another person angry + or dishonored} +\worddef{intelligence}{\textit{n.} the ability to think or learn; information gathered by spying} +\worddef{intelligent}{\textit{ad.} quick to understand or learn} +\worddef{intense}{\textit{ad.} very strong; extremely serious} +\worddef{interest}{\textit{n.} what is important to someone ("He acted to protect his interests." + "She had a great interest in painting."); a share in owning a + business; money paid for the use of money borrowed} +\worddef{interfere}{\textit{v.} to get in the way of; to work against; to take part in the + activities of others, especially when not asked to do so} +\worddef{international}{\textit{ad.} of or about more than one nation or many nations; of the whole + world} +\worddef{Internet}{\textit{n.} the extensive communications system that connects computers around + the world} +\worddef{intervene}{\textit{v.} to come between; to come between in order to settle or solve} +\worddef{invade}{\textit{v.} to enter an area or country by force with an army} +\worddef{invent}{\textit{v.} to plan and make something never made before; to create a new thing + or way of doing something} +\worddef{invest}{\textit{v.} to give money to a business or organization with the hope of making + more money} +\worddef{investigate}{\textit{v.} to study or examine all information about an event, situation or + charge; to search for the truth} +\worddef{invite}{\textit{v.} to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization or + gathering} +\worddef{involve}{\textit{v.} to take part in; to become a part of; to include} +\worddef{iron}{\textit{n.} a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools} +\worddef{island}{\textit{n.} a land area with water all around it} +\worddef{issue}{\textit{n.} an important problem or subject that people are discussing or + arguing about} +\worddef{it}{\textit{pro.} a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about ("The + sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.")} +\worddef{jail}{\textit{n.} a prison for those waiting to be tried for a crime or for those + serving sentences for crimes that are not serious} +\worddef{jewel}{\textit{n.} a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald} +\worddef{job}{\textit{n.} the work that one does to earn money} +\worddef{join}{\textit{v.} to put together or come together; to become part of or a member of} +\worddef{joint}{\textit{ad.} shared by two or more} +\worddef{joke}{\textit{n.} something done or said to cause others to laugh} +\worddef{judge}{\textit{v.} to form an opinion about; to decide a question, especially a legal + one; n. a public official who decides problems of law in a court} +\worddef{jump}{\textit{v.} to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the air} +\worddef{jury}{\textit{n.} a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial} +\worddef{just}{\textit{ad.} only ("Help me for just a minute."); very shortly before or after + the present ("He just left."); at the same time ("He left just as I + came in."); what is right or fair ("The law is just, in my opinion.")} +\worddef{justice}{\textit{n.} the quality of being right, fair or lawful} +\worddef{keep}{\textit{v.} to possess; to have for oneself} +\worddef{kick}{\textit{v.} to hit with the foot} +\worddef{kidnap}{\textit{v.} to seize and take away by force} +\worddef{kill}{\textit{v.} to make dead; to cause to die} +\worddef{kind}{\textit{n.} sort ("What kind of dog is that?"); ad. gentle; caring; helpful} +\worddef{kiss}{\textit{v.} to touch with the mouth to show love or honor} +\worddef{knife}{\textit{n.} a tool or weapon used to cut} +\worddef{know}{\textit{v.} to understand something as correct; to have the facts about; to + recognize someone because you have met and talked together before} +\worddef{knowledge}{\textit{n.} that which is known; learning or understanding} +\worddef{labor}{\textit{n.} work; workers as a group} +\worddef{laboratory}{\textit{n.} a room or place where experiments in science are done} +\worddef{lack}{\textit{v.} to be without; n. the condition of needing, wanting or not having} +\worddef{lake}{\textit{n.} a large area of fresh water surrounded by land} +\worddef{land}{\textit{v.} to come to the earth from the air ("Airplanes land at airports."); + n. the part of the earth not covered by water; the ground} +\worddef{language}{\textit{n.} words and their use; what people speak in a country, nation or + group} +\worddef{large}{\textit{ad.} big; being of more than usual size, amount or number; opposite + small} +\worddef{last}{\textit{v.} to continue ("The talks will last three days."); ad. after all + others; the only one remaining ("She is the last person in line.")} +\worddef{late}{\textit{ad.} after the correct time; near the end; opposite early} +\worddef{laugh}{\textit{v.} to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings} +\worddef{launch}{\textit{v.} to put into operation; to begin; to send into the air or space} +\worddef{law}{\textit{n.} all or any rules made by a government} +\worddef{lead}{\textit{v.} to show the way; to command; to control; to go first} +\worddef{leak}{\textit{v.} to come out of or to escape through a small opening or hole + (usually a gas or liquid)} +\worddef{learn}{\textit{v.} to get knowledge about; to come to know a fact or facts} +\worddef{leave}{\textit{v.} to go away from; to let something stay where it is} +\worddef{left}{\textit{ad.} on the side that is toward the west when one is facing north; + opposite right} +\worddef{legal}{\textit{ad.} of or in agreement with the law} +\worddef{legislature}{\textit{n.} a government lawmaking group} +\worddef{lend}{\textit{v.} to permit someone to use a thing temporarily; to make a loan of + money} +\worddef{less}{\textit{ad.} smaller in amount; not as much} +\worddef{let}{\textit{v.} to permit to do or to be; to make possible} +\worddef{letter}{\textit{n.} a message written on paper; a communication in writing sent to + another person} +\worddef{level}{\textit{n.} the amount or height that something reaches or rises to; the + position of something or someone} +\worddef{liberal}{\textit{ad.} one who usually supports social progress or change} +\worddef{lie}{\textit{v.} to have one's body on the ground or other surface; to say something + that one knows is not true} +\worddef{life}{\textit{n.} the time between being born and dying; opposite death; all living + things} +\worddef{lift}{\textit{v.} to take or bring up to a higher place or level} +\worddef{light}{\textit{n.} a form of energy that affects the eyes so that one is able to see; + anything that produces light; ad. bright; clear; not heavy} +\worddef{lightning}{\textit{n.} light produced by electricity in the air, usually during a storm} +\worddef{like}{\textit{v.} to be pleased with; to have good feelings for someone or something; + ad. in the same way as; similar to} +\worddef{limit}{\textit{v.} to restrict to a number or amount; n. the greatest amount or number + permitted} +\worddef{line}{\textit{n.} a long, thin mark on a surface; a number of people or things + organized; one after another; the edge of an area protected by + military forces} +\worddef{link}{\textit{v.} to connect; to unite one thing or event with another; n. a relation + between two or more things, situations or events} +\worddef{liquid}{\textit{n.} a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move freely, like + water} +\worddef{list}{\textit{v.} to put in writing a number of names of people or things; n. a + written series of names or things} +\worddef{listen}{\textit{v.} to try to hear} +\worddef{literature}{\textit{n.} all the poems, stories and writings of a period of time or of a + country} +\worddef{little}{\textit{ad.} not tall or big; a small amount} +\worddef{live}{\textit{v.} to have life; to exist; ad. having life; alive} +\worddef{load}{\textit{v.} to put objects on or into a vehicle or container; n. that which is + carried} +\worddef{loan}{\textit{n.} money borrowed that usually must be returned with interest + payments; something borrowed} +\worddef{local}{\textit{ad.} about or having to do with one place} +\worddef{lonely}{\textit{ad.} feeling alone and wanting friends; visited by few or no people ("a + lonely man")} +\worddef{long}{\textit{ad.} not short; measuring from beginning to end; measuring much; for + much time} +\worddef{look}{\textit{v.} to turn the eyes toward so as to see; to search or hunt for; to + seem to be} +\worddef{lose}{\textit{v.} to have no longer; to not find; to fail to keep; to be defeated} +\worddef{loud}{\textit{ad.} having a strong sound; full of sound or noise} +\worddef{love}{\textit{v.} to like very much; to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes + involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for someone or something; + opposite hate} +\worddef{low}{\textit{ad.} not high or tall; below the normal height; close to the ground} +\worddef{loyal}{\textit{ad.} showing strong friendship and support for someone or something} +\worddef{luck}{\textit{n.} something that happens by chance} +\worddef{machine}{\textit{n.} a device with moving parts used to do work} +\worddef{magazine}{\textit{n.} a publication of news, stories, pictures or other information} +\worddef{mail}{\textit{n.} letters, papers and other things sent through an official system, + such as a post office} +\worddef{main}{\textit{ad.} the most important or largest} +\worddef{major}{\textit{ad.} great in size, importance or amount} +\worddef{majority}{\textit{n.} the greater number; more than half} +\worddef{make}{\textit{v.} to produce; to create; to build; to do something or to carry out an + action; to cause to be or to become} +\worddef{male}{\textit{n.} a man or boy; the sex that is the father of children; ad. of or + about men} +\worddef{man}{\textit{n.} an adult male human} +\worddef{manufacture}{\textit{v.} to make goods in large amounts} +\worddef{many}{\textit{ad.} a large number or amount of} +\worddef{map}{\textit{n.} a picture of the earth's surface or a part of it} +\worddef{march}{\textit{v.} to walk in a group like soldiers; to walk together in a large group + to protest about something} +\worddef{mark}{\textit{v.} to make a sign or cut on something} +\worddef{market}{\textit{n.} a place or area where goods are sold, bought or traded; an economic + system in which the prices of things are decided by how many there are + and how much money people are willing to pay for them} +\worddef{marry}{\textit{v.} to join a man and woman together as husband and wife; to become + husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony)} +\worddef{mass}{\textit{n.} an amount of matter having no special form and usually of a large + size} +\worddef{mate}{\textit{v.} to bring together a male and a female to create another creature} +\worddef{material}{\textit{n.} the substance, substances or matter of which something is made or + from which something can be made, such as wood, cloth or stone; + anything that can be made into something else} +\worddef{mathematics}{\textit{n.} the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes, as explained by + numbers and signs} +\worddef{matter}{\textit{n.} anything that can be seen or felt; what things are made of} +\worddef{may}{\textit{v.} a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible ("May I + go?" "They may leave tomorrow.")} +\worddef{mayor}{\textit{n.} the chief official of a city or town government} +\worddef{meal}{\textit{n.} food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner} +\worddef{mean}{\textit{v.} to want to; to give the idea of; to have the idea of} +\worddef{measure}{\textit{v.} to learn the amount, size or distance of something; n. an action + taken; a legislative proposal} +\worddef{meat}{\textit{n.} the part of a dead animal used for food} +\worddef{media}{\textit{n.} all public information organizations, including newspapers, + television and radio} +\worddef{medicine}{\textit{n.} a substance or drug used to treat disease or pain; the science or + study of treating and curing disease or improving health} +\worddef{meet}{\textit{v.} to come together with someone or something at the same time and + place} +\worddef{melt}{\textit{v.} to make a solid into a liquid by heating it} +\worddef{member}{\textit{n.} one of a group} +\worddef{memorial}{\textit{n.} something done or made to honor the memory of a person or event} +\worddef{memory}{\textit{n.} a picture in the mind of past events; the ability to remember; a + thing remembered} +\worddef{mental}{\textit{ad.} about or having to do with the mind} +\worddef{message}{\textit{n.} written or spoken news or information; a note from one person to + another person or group} +\worddef{metal}{\textit{n.} a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold} +\worddef{method}{\textit{n.} the way something is done} +\worddef{microscope}{\textit{n.} a device used to make very small things look larger so they can be + studied} +\worddef{middle}{\textit{n.} the center; a place or time of equal distance from both sides or + ends; ad. in the center} +\worddef{militant}{\textit{n.} someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the + use of force or violence} +\worddef{military}{\textit{n.} the armed forces of a nation or group; ad. of or about the armed + forces} +\worddef{militia}{\textit{n.} an army of citizens instead of professional soldiers; an armed + force or private army} +\worddef{milk}{\textit{n.} the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their young} +\worddef{mind}{\textit{n.} the thinking, feeling part of a person} +\worddef{mine}{\textit{v.} to dig useful or valuable substances out of the earth; n. a place + in the earth where such substances are found; a bomb placed under the + ground or under water so it cannot be seen} +\worddef{mineral}{\textit{n.} a substance found in nature that is not an animal or a plant, such + as coal or salt} +\worddef{minister}{\textit{n.} a member of a cabinet; a high government official ("prime + minister,"foreign minister")} +\worddef{minor}{\textit{ad.} small in size; of little importance} +\worddef{minority}{\textit{n.} the smaller number; opposite majority} +\worddef{minute}{\textit{n.} a measure of time; one of the sixty equal parts of an hour; sixty + seconds} +\worddef{miss}{\textit{v.} to fail to hit, see, reach or meet} +\worddef{missile}{\textit{n.} any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the air and explodes + when it reaches its target} +\worddef{missing}{\textit{ad.} lost; not found} +\worddef{mistake}{\textit{n.} a wrong action or decision; an action done without the knowledge + that it was wrong} +\worddef{mix}{\textit{v.} to put different things together to make one thing} +\worddef{mob}{\textit{n.} a large group of wild or angry people} +\worddef{model}{\textit{n.} an example; something, usually small, made to show how something + will look or work} +\worddef{moderate}{\textit{ad.} not extreme} +\worddef{modern}{\textit{ad.} of the present or very recent time; the most improved} +\worddef{money}{\textit{n.} pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things} +\worddef{month}{\textit{n.} one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided} +\worddef{moon}{\textit{n.} the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits the earth + about every twenty-nine days} +\worddef{moral}{\textit{ad.} concerning what is right or wrong in someone's actions} +\worddef{more}{\textit{ad.} greater in size or amount} +\worddef{morning}{\textit{n.} the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon} +\worddef{most}{\textit{ad.} greatest in size or amount} +\worddef{mother}{\textit{n.} the female parent; a woman who has a child or children} +\worddef{motion}{\textit{n.} a movement; a continuing change of position or place} +\worddef{mountain}{\textit{n.} a part of the earth's surface that rises high above the area around + it} +\worddef{mourn}{\textit{v.} to express or feel sadness} +\worddef{move}{\textit{v.} to change position; to put or keep in motion; to go} +\worddef{movement}{\textit{n.} the act of moving or a way of moving; a series of acts or efforts + to reach a goal} +\worddef{movie}{\textit{n.} a motion picture; a film} +\worddef{much}{\textit{ad.} great in amount} +\worddef{murder}{\textit{v.} to kill another person illegally; n. the crime of killing another + person} +\worddef{music}{\textit{n.} the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument} +\worddef{must}{\textit{v.} a word used with an action word to mean necessary ("You must go to + school.")} +\worddef{mystery}{\textit{n.} something that is not or cannot be explained or understood; a + secret} +\worddef{name}{\textit{v.} to appoint; to nominate; to give a name to; n. a word by which a + person, animal or thing is known or called} +\worddef{narrow}{\textit{ad.} limited in size or amount; not wide; having a short distance from + one side to the other} +\worddef{nation}{\textit{n.} a country, together with its social and political systems} +\worddef{native}{\textit{n.} someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there} +\worddef{natural}{\textit{ad.} of or about nature; normal; common to its kind} +\worddef{nature}{\textit{n.} all the plants, animals and other things on earth not created by + humans; events or processes not caused by humans} +\worddef{navy}{\textit{n.} the part of a country's military force trained to fight at sea} +\worddef{near}{\textit{ad.} not far; close to} +\worddef{necessary}{\textit{ad.} needed to get a result or effect; required} +\worddef{need}{\textit{v.} to require; to want; to be necessary to have or to do} +\worddef{negotiate}{\textit{v.} to talk about a problem or situation to find a common solution} +\worddef{neighbor}{\textit{n.} a person or country that is next to or near another} +\worddef{neither}{\textit{ad.} not one or the other of two} +\worddef{neutral}{\textit{ad.} not supporting one side or the other in a dispute} +\worddef{never}{\textit{ad.} at no time; not ever} +\worddef{new}{\textit{ad.} not existing before; not known before; recently made, built, + bought or grown; another; different} +\worddef{news}{\textit{n.} information about any recent events, especially as reported by the + media} +\worddef{next}{\textit{ad.} coming immediately after; nearest} +\worddef{nice}{\textit{ad.} pleasing; good; kind} +\worddef{night}{\textit{n.} the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises, when + there is little or no light} +\worddef{no}{\textit{ad.} used to reject or to refuse; not any; not at all} +\worddef{noise}{\textit{n.} sound, especially when loud} +\worddef{nominate}{\textit{v.} to name someone as a candidate for an election; to propose a person + for an office or position} +\worddef{noon}{\textit{n.} the middle of the day; twelve o'clock in the daytime} +\worddef{normal}{\textit{n.} the usual condition, amount or form; ad. usual; what is expected} +\worddef{north}{\textit{n.} the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun} +\worddef{not}{\textit{ad.} a word showing that something is denied or untrue ("She is not + going.")} +\worddef{note}{\textit{v.} to talk about something already known; n. a word or words written + to help a person remember; a short letter} +\worddef{nothing}{\textit{n.} not anything; no thing} +\worddef{now}{\textit{ad.} at this time; immediately} +\worddef{nowhere}{\textit{ad.} not in, to or at any place} +\worddef{nuclear}{\textit{ad.} of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms or bringing + them together; of or about weapons that explode by using energy from + atoms} +\worddef{number}{\textit{n.} a word or sign used to show the order or amount of things} +\worddef{obey}{\textit{v.} to act as one is ordered to act} +\worddef{object}{\textit{v.} to show that one does not like or approve; to protest; n. something + not alive that can be seen or touched} +\worddef{observe}{\textit{v.} to watch; to look at carefully; to celebrate or honor something + ("They will observe the anniversary of the day she was born.")} +\worddef{occupy}{\textit{v.} to take and hold or to control by force} +\worddef{ocean}{\textit{n.} the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five percent of + the earth's surface; any of the five main divisions of this water} +\worddef{of}{\textit{prep.} made from; belonging to; about; connected to; included among} +\worddef{off}{\textit{ad.} away; at a distance; condition when something is no longer + operating or continuing; not on; not connected} +\worddef{offensive}{\textit{n.} a military campaign of attack; ad. having to do with attacking} +\worddef{offer}{\textit{v.} to present or propose; n. the act of presenting or proposing; that + which is presented or proposed} +\worddef{office}{\textit{n.} a room or building where business or work is done; a public + position to which one is elected or appointed} +\worddef{officer}{\textit{n.} a person in the military who commands others; any person who is a + member of a police force} +\worddef{official}{\textit{n.} a person with power in an organization; a representative of an + organization or government; ad. of or about an office; approved by the + government or someone in power} +\worddef{often}{\textit{ad.} many times} +\worddef{oil}{\textit{n.} a thick liquid that does not mix with water and that burns easily; + a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel} +\worddef{old}{\textit{ad.} not young or new; having lived or existed for many years} +\worddef{on}{\textit{prep.} above and held up by; touching the upper surface of ("The book + is on the table."); supported by ("He is on his feet."); about ("The + report on the meeting is ready."); at the time of ("He left on + Wednesday.")} +\worddef{once}{\textit{ad.} one time only} +\worddef{only}{\textit{ad.} being the single one or ones; no more than ("We have only two + dollars.")} +\worddef{open}{\textit{v.} to start ("They opened talks."); ad. not closed; not secret} +\worddef{operate}{\textit{v.} to do work or a job; to cut into the body for medical reasons} +\worddef{opinion}{\textit{n.} a belief based on one's own ideas and thinking} +\worddef{oppose}{\textit{v.} to be against; to fight against} +\worddef{opposite}{\textit{ad.} different as possible; completely different from; exactly the + other way ("North is the opposite direction from south.")} +\worddef{oppress}{\textit{v.} to make others suffer; to control by the use of unjust and cruel + force or power} +\worddef{or}{\textit{conj.} giving another of two choices; giving the last of several + choices} +\worddef{orbit}{\textit{v.} to travel in space around a planet or other object; n. the path or + way an object travels in space around another object or planet} +\worddef{order}{\textit{v.} to give a command; to tell someone what to do; n. a command; the + correct or normal way things are organized; a peaceful situation in + which people obey laws} +\worddef{organize}{\textit{v.} to put in order; to put together into a system} +\worddef{other}{\textit{ad.} different; of another kind; the remaining one or ones of two or + more ">("That man is short; the other is tall.")} +\worddef{our}{\textit{ad.} of or belonging to us} +\worddef{oust}{\textit{v.} to force to leave; to remove by force} +\worddef{out}{\textit{ad.} away from the inside; opposite of in} +\worddef{over}{\textit{conj.} above; covering; across, in or on every part of ("all over the + world")} +\worddef{overthrow}{\textit{v.} to remove from power; to defeat or end by force} +\worddef{owe}{\textit{v.} to pay or have to repay (usually money) in return for something + received} +\worddef{own}{\textit{v.} to have or possess for oneself} +\worddef{pain}{\textit{n.} a hurt or suffering somewhere in the body} +\worddef{paint}{\textit{v.} to cover with a liquid color; to make a picture with liquid colors; + n. a colored liquid used to cover or protect a surface} +\worddef{paper}{\textit{n.} a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often used for + writing} +\worddef{parachute}{\textit{n.} a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly from an + airplane or helicopter to the ground} +\worddef{parade}{\textit{n.} a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate a + special event or anniversary} +\worddef{pardon}{\textit{v.} to forgive for a crime and release from punishment} +\worddef{parent}{\textit{n.} a father or mother} +\worddef{parliament}{\textit{n.} a government lawmaking group} +\worddef{part}{\textit{n.} something less than the whole; not all of something} +\worddef{partner}{\textit{n.} a person who takes part in some activity in common with another or + others. (“The two men were business partners.”)} +\worddef{party}{\textit{n.} a group of people working together for a political purpose; a group + of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment} +\worddef{pass}{\textit{v.} to go by or move around something; to move along; to cause or + permit to go} +\worddef{passenger}{\textit{n.} a person travelling by airplane, train, boat or car who is not the + pilot or driver} +\worddef{passport}{\textit{n.} a document permitting a person to travel to another country} +\worddef{past}{\textit{n.} the time gone by; the time before; ad. recent; immediately before; + former} +\worddef{path}{\textit{n.} a narrow way for walking; a way along which something moves} +\worddef{patient}{\textit{n.} a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem} +\worddef{pay}{\textit{v.} to give money for work done or for something bought} +\worddef{peace}{\textit{n.} the condition of freedom from war, fighting or noise; rest; quiet} +\worddef{people}{\textit{n.} any group of persons; all the persons of a group, race, religion or + nation ("the American people")} +\worddef{percent}{\textit{n.} a part of every hundred ("Ten is ten percent of one hundred.")} +\worddef{perfect}{\textit{ad.} complete or correct in every way; completely right or good; + without mistakes} +\worddef{perform}{\textit{v.} to speak, dance or sing in front of others} +\worddef{period}{\textit{n.} an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions} +\worddef{permanent}{\textit{ad.} never changing; lasting for a very long time or for all time} +\worddef{permit}{\textit{v.} to let; to make possible} +\worddef{person}{\textit{n.} a man, woman or child} +\worddef{persuade}{\textit{v.} to cause someone to do something by explaining or urging. (“The + police persuaded the criminal to surrender his weapon.”)} +\worddef{physical}{\textit{ad.} of the body} +\worddef{physics}{\textit{n.} the study of motion, matter and energy} +\worddef{picture}{\textit{n.} something that shows what another thing looks like; an idea or + representation of something as seen by the eye; a painting; what is + made with a camera} +\worddef{piece}{\textit{n.} a part of something larger} +\worddef{pig}{\textit{n.} a farm animal used for its meat} +\worddef{pilot}{\textit{n.} one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter} +\worddef{pipe}{\textit{n.} a long, round piece of material used to move liquid or gas} +\worddef{place}{\textit{v.} to put something somewhere; n. an area or a part of an area; space + where a person or thing is; any room, building, town or country} +\worddef{plan}{\textit{v.} to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or doing + something ">("They plan to have a party."); n. an organized or + developed idea or method ("The plan will not work.")} +\worddef{planet}{\textit{n.} a large object in space that orbits the sun ("Earth is a planet.")} +\worddef{plant}{\textit{v.} to put into the ground to grow; n. a living growth from the ground + which gets its food from air, water and earth} +\worddef{plastic}{\textit{n.} a material made from chemicals that can be formed and made into + things} +\worddef{play}{\textit{v.} to have fun; to not work; to take part in a sport; to make music on + an instrument; n. a story acted in a theater} +\worddef{please}{\textit{v.} to make one happy; to give enjoyment} +\worddef{plenty}{\textit{n.} all that is needed; a large enough amount} +\worddef{plot}{\textit{v.} to make secret plans; n. a secret plan to do something wrong or + illegal} +\worddef{poem}{\textit{n.} words and their sounds organized in a special way to express + emotions} +\worddef{point}{\textit{v.} to aim one's finger toward; to aim; n. the sharp end of something} +\worddef{poison}{\textit{n.} a substance that can destroy life or damage health} +\worddef{police}{\textit{n.} a government agency responsible for guarding the public, keeping + order, and making sure people obey the law; members of that agency} +\worddef{policy}{\textit{n.} an established set of plans or goals used to develop and make + decisions in politics, economics or business} +\worddef{politics}{\textit{n.} the activities of government and of those who are in public office} +\worddef{pollute}{\textit{v.} to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into the air, soil or + water} +\worddef{poor}{\textit{n.} people with little or no money; ad. lacking money or goods; of bad + quality} +\worddef{popular}{\textit{ad.} liked by many people; generally approved by the public} +\worddef{population}{\textit{n.} all the people in a place, city or country} +\worddef{port}{\textit{n.} a city where ships load or unload goods; a place on a coast where + ships can be safe from a storm} +\worddef{position}{\textit{n.} a place; the way of holding the body; the way a thing is set or + placed; a job (or level of a job) in an organization} +\worddef{possess}{\textit{v.} to have; to own; to control or be controlled by} +\worddef{possible}{\textit{ad.} able to be done; can happen or is expected to happen} +\worddef{postpone}{\textit{v.} to delay action until a later time} +\worddef{pour}{\textit{v.} to flow; to cause to flow} +\worddef{poverty}{\textit{n.} the condition of being poor} +\worddef{power}{\textit{n.} the ability to control or direct others; control; strength; ruling + force; force or energy used to do work ("Water power turns the + wheel.")} +\worddef{praise}{\textit{v.} to say good things about; to approve} +\worddef{pray}{\textit{v.} to make a request to a god or spirit; to praise a god or spirit} +\worddef{predict}{\textit{v.} to say what one believes will happen in the future. (“The weather + scientist predicted a cold winter.”)} +\worddef{pregnant}{\textit{ad.} carrying a child within the body before it is born; expecting to + give birth to a baby} +\worddef{present}{\textit{v.} to offer for consideration ("We will present our idea to the + committee."); n. a gift ("I gave them a present for their + anniversary."); now ("The present time is a good time."); ad. to be at + a place ("I was present at school yesterday.")} +\worddef{president}{\textit{n.} the chief official of a country that is a republic; the leader of + an organization} +\worddef{press}{\textit{v.} to urge strongly; n. newspapers, magazines and other publications} +\worddef{pressure}{\textit{n.} the force produced when something is pushed down or against + something else} +\worddef{prevent}{\textit{v.} to keep or stop from going or happening} +\worddef{price}{\textit{n.} the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered + for sale} +\worddef{prison}{\textit{n.} a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime} +\worddef{private}{\textit{ad.} of or about a person or group that is secret; opposite public} +\worddef{prize}{\textit{n.} something offered or won in a competition; something of value that + one must work hard for to get} +\worddef{probably}{\textit{ad.} a good chance of taking place; a little more than possible} +\worddef{problem}{\textit{n.} a difficult question or situation with an unknown or unclear answer} +\worddef{process}{\textit{n.} an operation or series of changes leading to a desired result} +\worddef{produce}{\textit{v.} to make; to create; to cause something to be; to manufacture} +\worddef{profession}{\textit{n.} a job that requires special training} +\worddef{professor}{\textit{n.} a teacher at a college or university} +\worddef{profit}{\textit{n.} money gained from a business activity after paying all costs of + that activity} +\worddef{program}{\textit{n.} a plan of action; the different events or parts of a meeting or + show} +\worddef{progress}{\textit{n.} movement forward or toward improvement or a goal} +\worddef{project}{\textit{n.} a planned effort to do something} +\worddef{promise}{\textit{v.} to say one will do something; n. a spoken or written agreement to + do something} +\worddef{propaganda}{\textit{n.} ideas or information used to influence opinions} +\worddef{property}{\textit{n.} anything owned by someone such as land, buildings or goods} +\worddef{propose}{\textit{v.} to present or offer for consideration} +\worddef{protect}{\textit{v.} to guard; to defend; to prevent from being harmed or damaged} +\worddef{protest}{\textit{v.} to speak against; to object} +\worddef{prove}{\textit{v.} to show to be true} +\worddef{provide}{\textit{v.} to give something needed or wanted} +\worddef{public}{\textit{ad.} of or about all the people in a community or country; opposite + private} +\worddef{publication}{\textit{n.} something that is published such as a book, newspaper or magazine} +\worddef{publish}{\textit{v.} to make public something that is written; to include something in a + book, newspaper or magazine} +\worddef{pull}{\textit{v.} to use force to move something toward the person or thing using the + force; opposite push} +\worddef{pump}{\textit{v.} to force a gas or liquid up, into or through} +\worddef{punish}{\textit{v.} to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something bad or illegal} +\worddef{purchase}{\textit{v.} to buy with money or with something of equal value; n. that which + is bought} +\worddef{pure}{\textit{ad.} free from anything that is different or that reduces value; clean} +\worddef{purpose}{\textit{n.} the reason or desired effect for doing something; goal} +\worddef{push}{\textit{v.} to use force to move something away from the person or thing using + the force; opposite pull} +\worddef{put}{\textit{v.} to place; to set in position} +\worddef{quality}{\textit{n.} that which something is known to have or be ("An important quality + of steel is its strength."); amount of value or excellence ("Their + goods are of the highest quality.")} +\worddef{question}{\textit{v.} to ask; to express wonder or disbelief; n. a sentence or word used + in asking for information; a problem; an issue to be discussed} +\worddef{quick}{\textit{ad.} fast} +\worddef{quiet}{\textit{ad.} with little or no noise; having little or no movement; calm} +\worddef{race}{\textit{v.} to run; to take part in a competition to decide who or what can + move fastest; to take part in a campaign for political office; n. one + of the major groups that humans can be divided into because of a + common physical similarity, such as skin color} +\worddef{radar}{\textit{n.} a device that uses radio signals to learn the position or speed of + objects that may be too far away to be seen} +\worddef{radiation}{\textit{n.} waves of energy from something that produces heat or light; energy + from a nuclear substance, which can be dangerous} +\worddef{radio}{\textit{n.} the system of sending and receiving signals or sounds through the + air without wires} +\worddef{raid}{\textit{v.} to make a sudden attack; n. a sudden attack carried out as an act + of war, or for the purpose of seizing or stealing something} +\worddef{railroad}{\textit{n.} a road for trains; a company that operates such a road and its + stations and equipment} +\worddef{rain}{\textit{n.} water falling from the sky} +\worddef{raise}{\textit{v.} to lift up; to move to a higher position; to cause to grow; to + increase} +\worddef{rape}{\textit{v.} to carry out a sexual attack by force against a person} +\worddef{rare}{\textit{ad.} not common; not usual; not often} +\worddef{rate}{\textit{n.} speed; a measure of how quickly or how often something happens; the + price of any thing or service that is bought or sold} +\worddef{reach}{\textit{v.} to put a hand toward; to arrive at; to come to} +\worddef{react}{\textit{v.} to act as a result of or in answer to} +\worddef{read}{\textit{v.} to look at and understand the meaning of written words or numbers} +\worddef{ready}{\textit{ad.} prepared; completed; organized; willing} +\worddef{real}{\textit{ad.} true; truly existing; not false} +\worddef{realistic}{\textit{ad.} in agreement with the way things are} +\worddef{reason}{\textit{n.} the cause for a belief or act; purpose; something that explains} +\worddef{reasonable}{\textit{ad.} ready to listen to reasons or ideas; not extreme; ready or willing + to compromise} +\worddef{rebel}{\textit{v.} to act against a government or power, often with force; to refuse + to obey; n. one who opposes or fights against the government of his or + her country} +\worddef{receive}{\textit{v.} to get or accept something given, offered or sent} +\worddef{recent}{\textit{ad.} a short time ago} +\worddef{recession}{\textit{n.} a temporary reduction in economic activity, when industries produce + less and many workers lose their jobs} +\worddef{recognize}{\textit{v.} to know or remember something or someone that was known, known + about or seen before; to accept another nation as independent and + establish diplomatic ties with its government} +\worddef{record}{\textit{v.} to write something in order to have it for future use; to put sound + or pictures in a form that can be kept and heard or seen again; n. a + writing that shows proof or facts about something} +\worddef{recover}{\textit{v.} to get again something that was lost, stolen or taken away ("The + police recovered the stolen money."); to return to normal health or + normal conditions She is expected to recover from the operation.")} +\worddef{red}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of blood} +\worddef{reduce}{\textit{v.} to make less or smaller in number, size or amount; to cut} +\worddef{reform}{\textit{v.} to make better by changing; to improve; n. a change to a better + condition} +\worddef{refugee}{\textit{n.} a person who has been forced to flee because of unjust treatment, + danger or war} +\worddef{refuse}{\textit{v.} to reject; to not accept, give or do something} +\worddef{register}{\textit{v.} to have one’s name officially placed on a list of people permitted + to vote in an election or take part in an educational program} +\worddef{regret}{\textit{n.} a feeling of sadness or sorrow about something that is done or that + happens} +\worddef{reject}{\textit{v.} to refuse to accept, use or believe} +\worddef{relations}{\textit{n.} understandings or ties between nations; members of the same family; + people connected by marriage or family ties} +\worddef{release}{\textit{v.} to free; to permit to go; to permit to be known or made public} +\worddef{religion}{\textit{n.} a belief in, or the honoring of, a god or gods} +\worddef{remain}{\textit{v.} to stay in a place after others leave; to stay the same} +\worddef{remains}{\textit{n.} a dead body} +\worddef{remember}{\textit{v.} to think about the past; opposite forget} +\worddef{remove}{\textit{v.} to take away or take off; to put an end to; to take out of a + position or office} +\worddef{repair}{\textit{n.} work done to fix something} +\worddef{repeat}{\textit{v.} to say or do again} +\worddef{report}{\textit{v.} to tell about; to give the results of a study or investigation; n. + the story about an event; the results of a study or investigation; a + statement in which the facts may not be confirmed} +\worddef{represent}{\textit{v.} to act in the place of someone else; to substitute for; to serve as + an example} +\worddef{repress}{\textit{v.} to control or to restrict freedoms by force} +\worddef{request}{\textit{v.} to ask for; n. the act of asking for} +\worddef{require}{\textit{v.} to need or demand as necessary} +\worddef{rescue}{\textit{v.} to free from danger or evil} +\worddef{research}{\textit{n.} a careful study to discover correct information} +\worddef{resign}{\textit{v.} to leave a position, job or office} +\worddef{resist}{\textit{v.} to oppose; to fight to prevent} +\worddef{resolution}{\textit{n.} an official statement of agreement by a group of people, usually + reached by voting} +\worddef{resource}{\textit{n.} anything of value that can be used or sold} +\worddef{respect}{\textit{v.} to feel or show honor to a person or thing (“All citizens should + respect the law.”)} +\worddef{responsible}{\textit{ad.} having a duty or job to do ("He is responsible for preparing the + report."); being the cause of ("They were responsible for the + accident.")} +\worddef{rest}{\textit{v.} to sit, lie down or sleep to regain strength; n. that which + remains; the others} +\worddef{restaurant}{\textit{n.} a place where people can buy and eat meals} +\worddef{restrain}{\textit{v.} to keep controlled; to limit action by a person or group} +\worddef{restrict}{\textit{v.} to limit; to prevent from increasing or becoming larger} +\worddef{result}{\textit{v.} to happen from a cause; n. that which follows or is produced by a + cause; effect} +\worddef{retire}{\textit{v.} to leave a job or position because one is old or in poor health} +\worddef{return}{\textit{v.} to go or come back; to bring, give, take or send back} +\worddef{revolt}{\textit{v.} to protest violently; to fight for a change, especially of + government} +\worddef{rice}{\textit{n.} a food grain} +\worddef{rich}{\textit{ad.} having much money or goods; having plenty of something} +\worddef{ride}{\textit{v.} to sit on or in and be carried along; to travel by animal, wheeled + vehicle, airplane or boat} +\worddef{right}{\textit{n.} what a person legally and morally should be able to do or have ("It + is their right to vote."); ad. agreeing with the facts; good; correct; + opposite wrong; on the side that is toward the east when one is facing + north; opposite left} +\worddef{riot}{\textit{v.} to act with many others in a violent way in a public place; n. a + violent action by a large group of people} +\worddef{rise}{\textit{v.} to go up; to go higher; to increase; to go from a position of + sitting or lying to a position of standing} +\worddef{risk}{\textit{n.} the chance of loss, damage or injury} +\worddef{river}{\textit{n.} a large amount of water that flows across land into another river, + a lake or an ocean} +\worddef{road}{\textit{n.} a long piece of hard ground built between two places so people can + walk, drive or ride easily from one place to the other} +\worddef{rob}{\textit{v.} to take money or property secretly or by force; to steal} +\worddef{rock}{\textit{n.} a hard piece of mineral matter} +\worddef{rocket}{\textit{n.} a device shaped like a tube that moves through air or space by + burning gases and letting them escape from the back or bottom, + sometimes used as a weapon} +\worddef{roll}{\textit{v.} to turn over and over; to move like a ball} +\worddef{room}{\textit{n.} a separate area within a building with its own walls} +\worddef{root}{\textit{n.} the part of a plant that is under the ground and takes nutrients + from the soil} +\worddef{rope}{\textit{n.} a long, thick piece of material made from thinner pieces of + material, used for tying} +\worddef{rough}{\textit{ad.} not flat or smooth; having an uneven surface; violent; not made + well} +\worddef{round}{\textit{ad.} having the shape of a ball or circle} +\worddef{rub}{\textit{v.} to move something over the surface of another thing} +\worddef{rubber}{\textit{n.} a substance made from the liquid of trees with the same name, or a + similar substance made from chemicals} +\worddef{ruin}{\textit{v.} to damage severely; to destroy} +\worddef{rule}{\textit{v.} to govern or control; to decide; n. a statement or an order that + says how something must be done} +\worddef{run}{\textit{v.} to move quickly by steps faster than those used for walking} +\worddef{rural}{\textit{ad.} describing areas away from cities which may include farms, small + towns and unpopulated areas} +\worddef{sabotage}{\textit{v.} to damage or destroy as an act against an organization or nation + ("The rebels sabotaged the railroad.")} +\worddef{sacrifice}{\textit{v.} to do without something or to suffer a loss for a belief, idea, + goal or another person} +\worddef{sad}{\textit{ad.} not happy} +\worddef{safe}{\textit{ad.} away from harm or danger} +\worddef{sail}{\textit{v.} to travel by boat or ship} +\worddef{sailor}{\textit{n.} a person involved in sailing a boat or ship} +\worddef{salt}{\textit{n.} a white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used to + affect the taste of food} +\worddef{same}{\textit{ad.} not different; not changed; like another or others} +\worddef{sand}{\textit{n.} extremely small pieces of crushed rock found in large amounts in + deserts and on coasts} +\worddef{satellite}{\textit{n.} a small object in space that moves around a larger object; an + object placed in orbit around the earth} +\worddef{satisfy}{\textit{v.} to give or provide what is desired, needed or demanded} +\worddef{save}{\textit{v.} to make safe; to remove from harm; to keep for future use} +\worddef{say}{\textit{v.} to speak; to express in words} +\worddef{school}{\textit{n.} a place for education; a place where people go to learn} +\worddef{science}{\textit{n.} the study of nature and the actions of natural things, and the + knowledge gained about them} +\worddef{sea}{\textit{n.} a large area of salt water, usually part of an ocean} +\worddef{search}{\textit{v.} to look for carefully} +\worddef{season}{\textit{n.} one of the four periods of the year that is based on the earth's + position toward the sun (spring, summer, autumn, winter); a period of + time based on different weather conditions ("dry season", "rainy + season"); a period during the year when something usually happens + ("baseball season")} +\worddef{seat}{\textit{n.} a thing to sit on; a place to sit or the right to sit there ("a + seat in parliament")} +\worddef{second}{\textit{ad.} the one that comes after the first} +\worddef{secret}{\textit{n.} something known only to a few and kept from general knowledge; ad. + hidden from others; known only to a few} +\worddef{security}{\textit{n.} freedom from danger or harm; protection; measures necessary to + protect a person or place ("Security was increased in the city.")} +\worddef{see}{\textit{v.} to know or sense through the eyes; to understand or know} +\worddef{seed}{\textit{n.} the part of a plant from which new plants grow} +\worddef{seek(ing)}{\textit{v.} to search for ("They are seeking a cure for cancer."); to try to + get ("She is seeking election to public office."); to plan to do + ("Electric power companies are seeking to reduce their use of coal.")} +\worddef{seem}{\textit{v.} to appear to be ("She seems to be in good health.")} +\worddef{seize}{\textit{v.} to take quickly by force; to take control of quickly; to arrest} +\worddef{self}{\textit{n.} all that which makes one person different from others} +\worddef{sell}{\textit{v.} to give something in exchange for money} +\worddef{Senate}{\textit{n.} the smaller of the two groups in the governments of some countries, + such as in the United States Congress} +\worddef{send}{\textit{v.} to cause to go; to permit to go; to cause to be carried, taken or + directed to or away from a place} +\worddef{sense}{\textit{v.} to come to know about by feeling, believing or understanding; n. + any of the abilities to see, hear, taste, smell or feel} +\worddef{sentence}{\textit{v.} to declare the punishment for a crime; n. the punishment for a + crime} +\worddef{separate}{\textit{v.} to set or keep people, things or ideas away from or independent + from others; ad. not together or connected; different} +\worddef{series}{\textit{n.} a number of similar things or events that follow one after another + in time, position or order} +\worddef{serious}{\textit{ad.} important; needing careful consideration; dangerous} +\worddef{serve}{\textit{v.} to work as an official; to be employed by the government; to assist + or help} +\worddef{service}{\textit{n.} an organization or system that provides something for the public + ("Schools and roads are services paid for by taxes."); a job that an + organization or business can do for money; military organizations such + as an army, navy or air force; a religious ceremony} +\worddef{set}{\textit{v.} to put in place or position; to establish a time, price or limit} +\worddef{settle}{\textit{v.} to end (a dispute); to agree about (a problem); to make a home in a + new place} +\worddef{several}{\textit{ad.} three or more, but not many} +\worddef{severe}{\textit{ad.} not gentle; causing much pain, sadness or damage} +\worddef{sex}{\textit{n.} either the male or female group into which all people and animals + are divided because of their actions in producing young; the physical + activity by which humans and animals can produce young} +\worddef{shake}{\textit{v.} to move or cause to move in short, quick movements} +\worddef{shape}{\textit{v.} to give form to; n. the form of something, especially how it looks} +\worddef{share}{\textit{v.} to give part of something to another or others; n. a part belonging + to, given to or owned by a single person or a group; any one of the + equal parts of ownership of a business or company} +\worddef{sharp}{\textit{ad.} having a thin edge or small point that can cut or hurt; causing + hurt or pain} +\worddef{she}{\textit{pro.} the girl or woman who is being spoken about} +\worddef{sheep}{\textit{n.} a farm animal used for its meat and hair} +\worddef{shell}{\textit{v.} to fire artillery; n. a metal container that is fired from a large + gun and explodes when it reaches its target; a hard outside cover} +\worddef{shelter}{\textit{v.} to protect or give protection to; n. something that gives + protection; a place of safety} +\worddef{shine}{\textit{v.} to aim a light; to give bright light; to be bright; to clean to + make bright} +\worddef{ship}{\textit{v.} to transport; n. a large boat} +\worddef{shock}{\textit{v.} to cause to feel sudden surprise or fear; n. something that greatly + affects the mind or emotions; a powerful shake, as from an earthquake} +\worddef{shoe}{\textit{n.} a covering for the foot} +\worddef{shoot}{\textit{v.} to cause a gun or other weapon to send out an object designed to + kill; to use a gun} +\worddef{short}{\textit{ad.} lasting only for a small period of time; not long; opposite tall} +\worddef{should}{\textit{v.} used with another verb (action word) to show responsibility ("We + should study."), probability ("The talks should begin soon."), or that + something is believed to be a good idea ("Criminals should be + punished.")} +\worddef{shout}{\textit{v.} to speak very loudly} +\worddef{show}{\textit{v.} to make something be seen; to make known; n. a play or story + presented in a theater, or broadcast on radio or television, for + enjoyment or education; something organized to be seen by the public} +\worddef{shrink}{\textit{v.} to make or become less in size, weight or value} +\worddef{sick}{\textit{ad.} suffering physically or mentally with a disease or other problem; + not in good health} +\worddef{sickness}{\textit{n.} the condition of being in bad health} +\worddef{side}{\textit{n.} the outer surfaces of an object that are not the top or bottom; + parts away from the middle; either the right or left half of the body} +\worddef{sign}{\textit{v.} to write one's name; n. a mark or shape used to mean something; + evidence that something exists or will happen; a flat piece of + material with writing that gives information} +\worddef{signal}{\textit{v.} to send a message by signs; n. an action or movement that sends a + message} +\worddef{silence}{\textit{v.} to make quiet; to stop from speaking or making noise; n. a lack of + noise or sound} +\worddef{silver}{\textit{n.} a valued white metal} +\worddef{similar}{\textit{ad.} like something else but not exactly the same} +\worddef{simple}{\textit{ad.} easy to understand or do; not difficult or complex} +\worddef{since}{\textit{prep.} from a time in the past until now ("I have known her since we + went to school together.")} +\worddef{sing}{\textit{v.} to make music sounds with the voice} +\worddef{single}{\textit{ad.} one only} +\worddef{sink}{\textit{v.} to go down into water or other liquid} +\worddef{sister}{\textit{n.} a female with the same father or mother as another person} +\worddef{sit}{\textit{v.} to rest on the lower part of the body without the support of the + legs; to become seated} +\worddef{situation}{\textit{n.} the way things are during a period of time} +\worddef{size}{\textit{n.} the space occupied by something; how long, wide or high something + is} +\worddef{skeleton}{\textit{n.} all the bones of a human or other animal together in their normal + positions} +\worddef{skill}{\textit{n.} the ability gained from training or experience} +\worddef{skin}{\textit{n.} the outer covering of humans and most animals} +\worddef{sky}{\textit{n.} the space above the earth} +\worddef{slave}{\textit{n.} a person owned or controlled by another} +\worddef{sleep}{\textit{v.} to rest the body and mind with the eyes closed} +\worddef{slide}{\textit{v.} to move smoothly over a surface} +\worddef{slow}{\textit{v.} to reduce the speed of; ad. not fast in moving, talking or other + activities} +\worddef{small}{\textit{ad.} little in size or amount; few in number; not important; opposite + large} +\worddef{smash}{\textit{v.} to break or be broken into small pieces by force; to hit or move + with >force} +\worddef{smell}{\textit{v.} to sense through the nose; n. something sensed by the nose ("the + smell of food cooking")} +\worddef{smoke}{\textit{v.} to use cigarettes or other tobacco products by burning them and + breathing in the smoke; n. that which can be seen rising into the air + like a cloud from something burning} +\worddef{smooth}{\textit{ad.} having a level surface; opposite rough} +\worddef{snow}{\textit{n.} soft, white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky, usually + in winter or when the air temperature is very cold} +\worddef{so}{\textit{ad.} in such a way that ("He held the flag so all could see it."); + also; too ("She left early, and so did we."); very ("I am so sick."); + as a result ("They were sick, so they could not come."); conj. in + order that; for the purpose of ("Come early so we can discuss the + plans.")} +\worddef{social}{\textit{ad.} of or about people or a group} +\worddef{soft}{\textit{ad.} not hard; easily shaped; pleasing to touch; not loud} +\worddef{soil}{\textit{n.} earth in which plants grow} +\worddef{soldier}{\textit{n.} a person in the army} +\worddef{solid}{\textit{ad.} having a hard shape with no empty spaces inside; strong; not in + the form of a liquid or gas} +\worddef{solve}{\textit{v.} to find an answer; to settle} +\worddef{some}{\textit{ad.} of an amount or number or part not stated; not all} +\worddef{son}{\textit{n.} a person's male child} +\worddef{soon}{\textit{ad.} not long after the present time; quickly} +\worddef{sort}{\textit{n.} any group of people or things that are the same or are similar in + some way; a kind of something} +\worddef{sound}{\textit{n.} fast-moving waves of energy that affect the ear and result in + hearing; that which is heard} +\worddef{south}{\textit{n.} the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun} +\worddef{space}{\textit{n.} the area outside the earth's atmosphere where the sun, moon, + planets and stars are; the area between or inside things} +\worddef{speak}{\textit{v.} to talk; to say words with the mouth; to express one's thoughts to + others and exchange ideas; to give a speech to a group} +\worddef{special}{\textit{ad.} of a different or unusual kind; not for general use; better or + more important than others of the same kind} +\worddef{speech}{\textit{n.} a talk given to a group of people} +\worddef{speed}{\textit{v.} to make something go or move faster; n. the rate at which something + moves or travels; the rate at which something happens or is done} +\worddef{spend}{\textit{v.} to give as payment; to use ("He spends much time studying.")} +\worddef{spill}{\textit{v.} to cause or permit liquid to flow out, usually by accident} +\worddef{spirit}{\textit{n.} the part of a human that is not physical and is connected to + thoughts and emotions; the part of a person that is believed to remain + alive after death} +\worddef{split}{\textit{v.} to separate into two or more parts; to divide or break into parts} +\worddef{sport}{\textit{n.} any game or activity of competition involving physical effort or + skill} +\worddef{spread}{\textit{v.} to become longer or wider; to make or become widely known} +\worddef{spring}{\textit{n.} the time of the year between winter and summer} +\worddef{spy}{\textit{v.} to steal or get information secretly; n. one who watches others + secretly; a person employed by a government to get secret information + about another country} +\worddef{square}{\textit{n.} a flat shape having four equal sides} +\worddef{stab}{\textit{v.} to cut or push into or through with a pointed weapon} +\worddef{stand}{\textit{v.} to move into or be in a position in which only the feet are on a + surface; to be in one position or place} +\worddef{star}{\textit{n.} a mass of gas that usually appears as a small light in the sky at + night, but is not a planet; a famous person, usually an actor or + singer} +\worddef{start}{\textit{v.} to begin; to make something begin} +\worddef{starve}{\textit{v.} to suffer or die from a lack of food} +\worddef{state}{\textit{v.} to say; to declare; n. a political part of a nation} +\worddef{station}{\textit{n.} a place of special work or purpose ("a police station"); a place + where passengers get on or off trains or buses; a place for radio or + television broadcasts} +\worddef{statue}{\textit{n.} a form of a human, animal or other creature usually made of stone, + wood or metal} +\worddef{stay}{\textit{v.} to continue to be where one is; to remain; to not leave; to live + for a time ("They stayed in New York for two years.")} +\worddef{steal}{\textit{v.} to take without permission or paying} +\worddef{steam}{\textit{n.} the gas that comes from hot water} +\worddef{steel}{\textit{n.} iron made harder and stronger by mixing it with other substances} +\worddef{step}{\textit{v.} to move by lifting one foot and placing it in a new position; n. + the act of stepping; one of a series of actions designed to reach a + goal} +\worddef{stick}{\textit{v.} to attach something to another thing using a substance that will + hold them together; to become fixed in one position so that movement + is difficult ("Something is making the door stick."); n. a thin piece + of wood} +\worddef{still}{\textit{ad.} not moving ("The man was standing still."); until the present or a + stated time ("Was he still there?"); even so; although ("The job was + difficult, but she still wanted to do it.")} +\worddef{stone}{\textit{n.} a small piece of rock} +\worddef{stop}{\textit{v.} to prevent any more movement or action; to come or bring to an end} +\worddef{store}{\textit{v.} to keep or put away for future use; n. a place where people buy + things} +\worddef{storm}{\textit{n.} violent weather, including strong winds and rain or snow} +\worddef{story}{\textit{n.} the telling or writing of an event, either real or imagined} +\worddef{stove}{\textit{n.} a heating device used for cooking} +\worddef{straight}{\textit{ad.} continuing in one direction without turns} +\worddef{strange}{\textit{ad.} unusual; not normal; not known} +\worddef{street}{\textit{n.} a road in a city, town or village} +\worddef{stretch}{\textit{v.} to extend for a distance; to pull on to make longer or wider} +\worddef{strike}{\textit{v.} to hit with force; to stop work as a way to seek better conditions, + more pay or to make other demands} +\worddef{strong}{\textit{ad.} having much power; not easily broken, damaged or destroyed} +\worddef{structure}{\textit{n.} the way something is built, made or organized; a system that is + formed or organized in a special way; a building} +\worddef{struggle}{\textit{v.} to try with much effort; to fight with; n. a great effort; a fight} +\worddef{study}{\textit{v.} to make an effort to gain knowledge by using the mind; to examine + carefully} +\worddef{stupid}{\textit{ad.} not able to learn much; not intelligent} +\worddef{subject}{\textit{n.} the person or thing being discussed, studied or written about} +\worddef{submarine}{\textit{n.} an underwater ship} +\worddef{substance}{\textit{n.} the material of which something is made (a solid, liquid or gas)} +\worddef{substitute}{\textit{v.} to put or use in place of another; n. a person or thing put or used + in place of another} +\worddef{subversion}{\textit{n.} an attempt to weaken or destroy a political system or government, + usually secretly} +\worddef{succeed}{\textit{v.} to reach a goal or thing desired; to produce a planned result} +\worddef{such}{\textit{ad.} of this or that kind; of the same kind as; similar to} +\worddef{sudden}{\textit{ad.} not expected; without warning; done or carried out quickly or + without preparation} +\worddef{suffer}{\textit{v.} to feel pain in the body or mind; to receive or experience hurt or + sadness} +\worddef{sugar}{\textit{n.} a sweet substance made from liquids taken from plants} +\worddef{suggest}{\textit{v.} to offer or propose something to think about or consider} +\worddef{suicide}{\textit{n.} the act of killing oneself} +\worddef{summer}{\textit{n.} the warmest time of the year, between spring and autumn} +\worddef{sun}{\textit{n.} the huge star in the sky that provides heat and light to earth} +\worddef{supervise}{\textit{v.} to direct and observe the work of others} +\worddef{supply}{\textit{v.} to give; to provide; n. the amount of something that can be given + or sold to others} +\worddef{support}{\textit{v.} to carry the weight of; to hold up or in position; to agree with + others and help them reach a goal; to approve} +\worddef{suppose}{\textit{v.} to believe, think or imagine ("I suppose you are right."); to + expect ("It is supposed to rain tonight.")} +\worddef{suppress}{\textit{v.} to put down or to keep down by force; to prevent information from + being known publicly} +\worddef{sure}{\textit{ad.} very probable; with good reason to believe; true without question} +\worddef{surface}{\textit{n.} the outer side or top of something ("The rocket landed on the + surface of the moon.")} +\worddef{surplus}{\textit{n.} an amount that is more than is needed; extra; ("That country has a + trade surplus. It exports more than it imports.")} +\worddef{surprise}{\textit{v.} to cause a feeling of wonder because something is not expected; n. + something not expected; the feeling caused by something not expected} +\worddef{surrender}{\textit{v.} to give control of oneself or one's property to another or others; + to stop fighting and admit defeat} +\worddef{surround}{\textit{v.} to form a circle around; to be in positions all around someone or + something} +\worddef{survive}{\textit{v.} to remain alive during or after a dangerous situation} +\worddef{suspect}{\textit{v.} to imagine or believe that a person is guilty of something bad or + illegal; n. a person believed to be guilty} +\worddef{suspend}{\textit{v.} to cause to stop for a period of time} +\worddef{swallow}{\textit{v.} to take into the stomach through the mouth} +\worddef{swear in}{\textit{v.} to put an official into office by having him or her promise to + carry out the duties of that office ("The chief justice will swear in + the president.")} +\worddef{sweet}{\textit{ad.} tasting pleasant, like sugar} +\worddef{swim}{\textit{v.} to move through water by making motions with the arms and legs} +\worddef{sympathy}{\textit{n.} a sharing of feelings or emotions with another person, usually + feelings of sadness} +\worddef{system}{\textit{n.} a method of organizing or doing something by following rules or a + plan; a group of connected things or parts working together for a + common purpose or goal} +\worddef{take}{\textit{v.} to put a hand or hands around something and hold it, often to move + it to another place; to carry something ; to seize; to capture; to + begin to be in control ("The president takes office tomorrow.")} +\worddef{talk}{\textit{v.} to express thoughts in spoken words; n. a meeting for discussion} +\worddef{tall}{\textit{ad.} higher than others; opposite short} +\worddef{tank}{\textit{n.} a large container for holding liquids; a heavy military vehicle + with guns} +\worddef{target}{\textit{n.} any person or object aimed at or fired at} +\worddef{taste}{\textit{v.} to sense through the mouth ("The fruit tastes sweet.")} +\worddef{tax}{\textit{n.} the money a person or business must pay to the government so the + government can provide services} +\worddef{tea}{\textit{n.} a drink made from the plant of the same name} +\worddef{teach}{\textit{v.} to show how to do something; to provide knowledge; to cause to + understand} +\worddef{team}{\textit{n.} a group organized for some purpose, often for sports} +\worddef{tear}{\textit{v.} to pull apart, often by force} +\worddef{technical}{\textit{ad.} involving machines, processes and materials in industry, + transportation and communications; of or about a very special kind of + subject or thing ("You need technical knowledge to understand how this + system works.")} +\worddef{technology}{\textit{n.} the use of scientific knowledge and methods to produce goods and + services} +\worddef{telephone}{\textit{n.} a device or system for sending sounds, especially the voice, over + distances} +\worddef{telescope}{\textit{n.} a device for making objects that are far away appear closer and + larger} +\worddef{television}{\textit{n.} a device that receives electronic signals and makes them into + pictures and sounds; the system of sending pictures and sounds by + electronic signals over a distance so others can see and hear them on + a receiver} +\worddef{tell}{\textit{v.} to give information; to make known by speaking; to order; to + command} +\worddef{temperature}{\textit{n.} the measurement of heat and cold} +\worddef{temporary}{\textit{ad.} lasting only a short time} +\worddef{tense}{\textit{ad.} having fear or concern; dangerous; opposite calm} +\worddef{term}{\textit{n.} a limited period of time during which someone does a job or carries + out a responsibility ("He served two terms in Congress."); the + conditions of an agreement that have been accepted by those involved + in it} +\worddef{terrible}{\textit{ad.} very bad; causing terror or fear} +\worddef{territory}{\textit{n.} a large area of land} +\worddef{terror}{\textit{n.} extreme fear; that which causes great fear} +\worddef{terrorist}{\textit{n.} a person who carries out acts of extreme violence as a protest or a + way to influence a government} +\worddef{test}{\textit{v.} to attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how it will + act by studying or doing ("The scientists will test the new engine + soon."); n. an attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how + it will act by studying or doing ("The test of the new engine takes + place today."); a group of questions or problems used to find out a + person's knowledge ("The students did well on the language test.")} +\worddef{than}{\textit{conj.} connecting word used to link things that may be similar, but are + not equal ("My sister is taller than I am.")} +\worddef{thank}{\textit{v.} to say that one has a good feeling toward another because that + person did something kind ("I want to thank you for helping me.")} +\worddef{that}{\textit{ad.} showing the person, place or thing being spoken about ("That man + is a soldier."); pro. the person, place or thing being spoken about + ("The building that I saw was very large.")} +\worddef{the}{\textit{pro.} used in front of a name word to show that it is a person or thing + that is known about or is being spoken about} +\worddef{theater}{\textit{n.} a place where movies are shown or plays are performed} +\worddef{them}{\textit{pro.} other people being spoken about} +\worddef{then}{\textit{ad.} at that time; existing; and so} +\worddef{theory}{\textit{n.} a possible explanation of why something exists or how something + happens using experiments or ideas, but which is not yet proven + ("Other scientists are debating his theory about the disappearance of + dinosaurs.")} +\worddef{there}{\textit{ad.} in that place or position; to or toward that place} +\worddef{these}{\textit{pro.} of or about the people, places or things nearby that have been + spoken about already} +\worddef{they}{\textit{pro.} those ones being spoken about} +\worddef{thick}{\textit{ad.} having a large distance between two opposite surfaces ("The wall + is two meters thick."); having many parts close together ("The forest + is very thick."); almost solid, such as a liquid that does not flow + easily; opposite thin} +\worddef{thin}{\textit{ad.} having a small distance between two opposite surfaces; not fat; + not wide; opposite thick} +\worddef{thing}{\textit{n.} any object} +\worddef{think}{\textit{v.} to produce thoughts; to form ideas in the mind; to consider; to + believe} +\worddef{third}{\textit{ad.} coming after two others} +\worddef{this}{\textit{pro.} of or about the person, place or thing nearby that has been + spoken about already} +\worddef{threaten}{\textit{v.} to warn that one will do harm or cause damage} +\worddef{through}{\textit{prep.} in at one end and out at the other; from front to back; from top + to bottom; with the help of; by} +\worddef{throw}{\textit{v.} to cause to go through the air by a movement of the arm} +\worddef{tie}{\textit{v.} to join or hold together with some material; n. anything that joins + or unites; links or connections ("The two nations have strong trade + ties.")} +\worddef{time}{\textit{n.} that which is measured in minutes, hours, days and years; a period + that can be identified in hours and minutes and is shown on a clock; a + period when an event should or will take place} +\worddef{tired}{\textit{ad.} having less strength because of work or exercise; needing sleep or + rest} +\worddef{to}{\textit{prep.} showing the direction of an action; showing the person or place + toward which an action is directed; showing a goal or purpose} +\worddef{today}{\textit{n.} this day} +\worddef{together}{\textit{ad.} in one group; at the same time or place; in cooperation} +\worddef{tomorrow}{\textit{n.} the day after today} +\worddef{tonight}{\textit{n.} this night} +\worddef{too}{\textit{ad.} also; as well as; more than is necessary} +\worddef{tool}{\textit{n.} any instrument or device designed to help one do work} +\worddef{top}{\textit{n.} the upper edge or surface; the highest part; the cover of something} +\worddef{torture}{\textit{v.} to cause severe pain; n. the act of causing severe pain in order to + harm, to punish or to get information from} +\worddef{total}{\textit{n.} the complete amount} +\worddef{touch}{\textit{v.} to put the hand or fingers on} +\worddef{toward}{\textit{prep.} in the direction of; leading to} +\worddef{town}{\textit{n.} a center where people live, larger than a village but not as large + as a city} +\worddef{trade}{\textit{v.} to buy and sell or exchange products or services; n. the activity + of buying, selling or exchanging products or services} +\worddef{tradition}{\textit{n.} a ceremony, activity or belief that has existed for a long time} +\worddef{traffic}{\textit{n.} the movement of people, vehicles or ships along a street, road or + waterway} +\worddef{tragic}{\textit{ad.} extremely sad; terrible} +\worddef{train}{\textit{v.} to teach or learn how to do something; to prepare for an activity; + n. an engine and the cars connected to it that move along a railroad} +\worddef{transport}{\textit{v.} to move goods or people from one place to another} +\worddef{transportation}{\textit{n.} the act or business of moving goods or people} +\worddef{trap}{\textit{v.} to catch or be caught by being tricked; to be unable to move or + escape; n. a device used to catch animals} +\worddef{travel}{\textit{v.} to go from one place to another, usually for a long distance} +\worddef{treason}{\textit{n.} the act of fighting against one's own country or of helping its + enemies} +\worddef{treasure}{\textit{n.} a large collection of money, jewels or other things of great value} +\worddef{treat}{\textit{v.} to deal with; to act toward in a special way; to try to cure} +\worddef{treatment}{\textit{n.} the act of treating; the use of medicine to try to cure or make + better} +\worddef{treaty}{\textit{n.} a written agreement between two or more nations} +\worddef{tree}{\textit{n.} a very tall plant that is mostly wood, except for its leaves} +\worddef{trial}{\textit{n.} an examination in a court of a question or dispute to decide if a + charge is true} +\worddef{tribe}{\textit{n.} a group of families ruled by a common chief or leader} +\worddef{trick}{\textit{v.} to cheat; to fool a person so as to get something or make him or + her do something} +\worddef{trip}{\textit{n.} a movement from one place to another, usually a long distance} +\worddef{troops}{\textit{n.} a number of soldiers in a large controlled group} +\worddef{trouble}{\textit{n.} that which causes concern, fear, difficulty or problems} +\worddef{truce}{\textit{n.} a temporary halt in fighting agreed to by all sides involved} +\worddef{truck}{\textit{n.} a heavy vehicle used to carry goods} +\worddef{true}{\textit{ad.} correct; not false} +\worddef{trust}{\textit{v.} to believe that someone is honest and will not cause harm} +\worddef{try}{\textit{v.} to make an effort; to take court action against a person to decide + if he or she is guilty or innocent of a crime} +\worddef{tube}{\textit{n.} a long, round structure through which liquids or gases can flow; a + long, thin container in which they can be kept} +\worddef{turn}{\textit{v.} to change direction; to move into a different position; to change + color, form or shape} +\worddef{under}{\textit{prep.} below; below the surface of; less than; as called for by a law, + agreement or system ("The river flows under the bridge." "Such action + is not permitted under the law.")} +\worddef{understand}{\textit{v.} to know what is meant; to have knowledge of} +\worddef{unite}{\textit{v.} to join together} +\worddef{universe}{\textit{n.} all of space, including planets and stars} +\worddef{university}{\textit{n.} a place of education that usually includes several colleges and + research organizations} +\worddef{unless}{\textit{conj.} except if it happens; on condition that ("I will not go, unless + the rain stops.")} +\worddef{until}{\textit{conj.} up to a time; before} +\worddef{up}{\textit{ad.} to, in or at a higher position or value} +\worddef{urge}{\textit{v.} to advise strongly; to make a great effort to get someone to do + something} +\worddef{urgent}{\textit{ad.} needing an immediate decision or action} +\worddef{us}{\textit{pro.} the form of the word "we" used after a preposition ("He said he + would write to us.") or used as an object of a verb ("They saw us + yesterday.")} +\worddef{use}{\textit{v.} to employ for a purpose; to put into action} +\worddef{usual}{\textit{ad.} as is normal or common; as is most often done, seen or heard} +\worddef{vacation}{\textit{n.} a holiday; a period of time for travel, pleasure or rest, + especially one with pay given to an employee} +\worddef{vaccine}{\textit{n.} a substance containing killed or weakened organisms given to a + person or animal to produce protection against a disease} +\worddef{valley}{\textit{n.} a long area of land between higher areas of land} +\worddef{value}{\textit{n.} the quality of being useful, important or desired; the amount of + money that could be received if something is sold} +\worddef{vegetable}{\textit{n.} a plant grown for food} +\worddef{vehicle}{\textit{n.} anything on or in which a person or thing can travel or be + transported, especially anything on wheels; a car or truck} +\worddef{version}{\textit{n.} the form of something with different details than earlier or later + forms} +\worddef{very}{\textit{ad.} extremely ("He was very late.")} +\worddef{veto}{\textit{v.} to reject or refuse to approve} +\worddef{victim}{\textit{n.} someone or something that is injured, killed or made to suffer; + someone who is tricked} +\worddef{victory}{\textit{n.} a success in a fight or competition} +\worddef{video}{\textit{n.} a method of recording images and sound without a traditional film + camera to be shown on a television, computer or other device} +\worddef{village}{\textit{n.} a very small town} +\worddef{violate}{\textit{v.} to fail to obey or honor; to break (an agreement)} +\worddef{violence}{\textit{n.} the use of force to cause injury, death or damage} +\worddef{visa}{\textit{n.} the official permission given to a person to enter a country where + he or she is not a citizen} +\worddef{visit}{\textit{v.} to go to or come to a place for a short time for friendly or + business reasons} +\worddef{voice}{\textit{n.} the sound made by creatures, especially humans, for speaking} +\worddef{volcano}{\textit{n.} a hill or mountain around a hole in the earth's surface that can + explode, sending hot, melted rock and ash into the air} +\worddef{volunteer}{\textit{n.} a person who chooses to do something without being asked, usually + without being paid} +\worddef{vote}{\textit{v.} to choose a candidate in an election; n. a choice or decision + expressed by the voice, by hand or by writing} +\worddef{wages}{\textit{n.} money received for work done} +\worddef{wait}{\textit{v.} to delay acting; to postpone} +\worddef{walk}{\textit{v.} to move by putting one foot in front of the other} +\worddef{wall}{\textit{n.} the side of a room or building formed by wood, stone or other + material; a structure sometimes used to separate areas of land} +\worddef{want}{\textit{v.} to desire; to wish for; to need} +\worddef{war}{\textit{n.} fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using weapons} +\worddef{warm}{\textit{ad.} almost hot; having or feeling some heat} +\worddef{warn}{\textit{v.} to tell of possible danger; to advise or inform about something bad + that may happen} +\worddef{wash}{\textit{v.} to make clean, usually with water} +\worddef{waste}{\textit{v.} to spend or use without need or care; to make bad use of; n. a + spending of money, time or effort with no value gained or returned; + something thrown away as having no value; the liquid and solid + substances that result from body processes and are passed out of the + body} +\worddef{watch}{\textit{v.} to look at; to observe closely; to look and wait for} +\worddef{water}{\textit{n.} the liquid that falls from the sky as rain or is found in lakes, + rivers and oceans} +\worddef{wave}{\textit{v.} to move or cause to move one way and the other, as a flag in the + wind; to signal by moving the hand one way and the other; n. a large + mass of water that forms and moves on the surface of a lake or ocean} +\worddef{way}{\textit{n.} a path on land or sea or in the air; how something is done; method} +\worddef{we}{\textit{pro.} two or more people, including the speaker or writer ("He and I + will go together, and we will return together.")} +\worddef{weak}{\textit{ad.} having little power; easily broken, damaged or destroyed; opposite + strong} +\worddef{wealth}{\textit{n.} a large amount of possessions, money or other things of value} +\worddef{weapon}{\textit{n.} anything used to cause injury or to kill during an attack, fight or + war} +\worddef{wear}{\textit{v.} to have on the body, as clothes} +\worddef{weather}{\textit{n.} the condition of the atmosphere resulting from sun, wind, rain, + heat or cold} +\worddef{Web site}{\textit{n.} a collection of information prepared by a person or organization on + the World Wide Web of the Internet} +\worddef{week}{\textit{n.} a period of time equal to seven days} +\worddef{weigh}{\textit{v.} to measure how heavy someone or something is} +\worddef{welcome}{\textit{v.} to express happiness or pleasure when someone arrives or something + develops} +\worddef{well}{\textit{ad.} in a way that is good or pleasing; in good health; n. a hole in + the ground where water, gas or oil can be found} +\worddef{west}{\textit{n.} the direction in which the sun goes down} +\worddef{wet}{\textit{ad.} covered with water or other liquid; not dry} +\worddef{what}{\textit{pro.} used to ask about something or to ask for information about + something ("What is this?"); ad. which or which kind ("He wants to + know what you would like to drink.")} +\worddef{wheat}{\textit{n.} a grain used to make bread; the plant that produces the grain} +\worddef{wheel}{\textit{n.} a round structure that turns around a center} +\worddef{when}{\textit{ad.} at what time; at any time ("When will she come home?"); conj. + during or at the time ("I studied hard when I was in school.")} +\worddef{where}{\textit{ad.}, conj. at, to or in what place ("Where is his house?" "The house + where he lives is in the old part of the city.")} +\worddef{whether}{\textit{conj.} if it be the case or fact that (“He did not know whether he was + right or wrong.”)} +\worddef{which}{\textit{pro.} used to ask about what one or what ones of a group of things or + people ("Which program do you like best?" "Which students will take + the test?")} +\worddef{while}{\textit{n.} a space of time ("Please come to my house for a while."); conj. at + or during the same time ("It may not be a good idea to eat while you + are running.")} +\worddef{white}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of milk or snow} +\worddef{who}{\textit{pro.} what or which person or persons that ("Who wants to go?"); the + person or persons ("They are the ones who want to go.")} +\worddef{whole}{\textit{ad.} the complete amount; all together; not divided; not cut into + pieces} +\worddef{why}{\textit{ad.} for what cause or reason ("Why did she do it?"); conj. the reason + for which ("I do not know why she did it.")} +\worddef{wide}{\textit{ad.} having a great distance from one side to the other; not limited} +\worddef{wife}{\textit{n.} a woman who is married} +\worddef{wild}{\textit{ad.} living and growing in natural conditions and not organized or + supervised by humans; angry; uncontrolled} +\worddef{will}{\textit{v.} a word used with action words to show future action ("They will + hold talks tomorrow.")} +\worddef{willing}{\textit{ad.} being ready or having a desire to ("They are willing to talk about + the problem.")} +\worddef{win}{\textit{v.} to gain a victory; to defeat another or others in a competition, + election or battle} +\worddef{wind}{\textit{n.} a strong movement of air} +\worddef{window}{\textit{n.} an opening in a wall to let in light and air, usually filled with + glass} +\worddef{winter}{\textit{n.} the coldest time of year, between autumn and spring} +\worddef{wire}{\textit{n.} a long, thin piece of metal used to hang objects or to carry + electricity or electronic communications from one place to another} +\worddef{wise}{\textit{ad.} having much knowledge and understanding; able to use knowledge and + understanding to make good or correct decisions} +\worddef{wish}{\textit{v.} to want; to express a desire for} +\worddef{with}{\textit{prep.} along or by the side of; together; using ("He fixed it with a + tool."); having ("the house with the red door")} +\worddef{withdraw}{\textit{v.} to take or move out, away or back; to remove} +\worddef{without}{\textit{prep.} with no; not having or using; free from; not doing} +\worddef{witness}{\textit{n.} a person who saw and can tell about an action or event, sometimes + in a court of law} +\worddef{woman}{\textit{n.} an adult female human} +\worddef{wonder}{\textit{v.} to ask oneself; to question ("She wonders if it is true."); n. a + feeling of surprise} +\worddef{wonderful}{\textit{ad.} causing wonder; especially good} +\worddef{wood}{\textit{n.} the solid material of which trees are made} +\worddef{word}{\textit{n.} one or more connected sounds that form a single part of a language} +\worddef{work}{\textit{v.} to use physical or mental effort to make or do something; n. the + effort used to make or to do something; that which needs effort; the + job one does to earn money} +\worddef{world}{\textit{n.} the earth; the people who live on the earth} +\worddef{worry}{\textit{v.} to be concerned; to continue thinking that something, possibly bad, + can happen} +\worddef{worse}{\textit{ad.} more bad than} +\worddef{worth}{\textit{n.} value measured in money} +\worddef{wound}{\textit{v.} to injure; to hurt; to cause physical damage to a person or animal; + n. an injury to the body of a human or animal in which the skin is + usually cut or broken} +\worddef{wreck}{\textit{v.} to damage greatly; to destroy; n. anything that has been badly + damaged or broken} +\worddef{wreckage}{\textit{n.} what remains of something severely damaged or destroyed} +\worddef{write}{\textit{v.} to use an instrument to make words appear on a surface, such as + paper} +\worddef{wrong}{\textit{ad.} not correct; bad; not legal; opposite right} +\worddef{year}{\textit{n.} a period of time equal to twelve months} +\worddef{yellow}{\textit{ad.} having the color like that of gold or the sun} +\worddef{yes}{\textit{ad.} used to express agreement or to permit} +\worddef{yesterday}{\textit{n.} the day before today} +\worddef{yet}{\textit{ad.} at some time before now ("Have they arrived yet?"); now; at this + time ("I cannot tell you about it yet."); conj. however ("The sun was + shining, yet it was cold.")} +\worddef{you}{\textit{pro.} the person or persons being spoken to} +\worddef{young}{\textit{ad.} in the early years of life; not old} +\worddef{zero}{\textit{n.} the number meaning none or nothing} +\worddef{zoo}{\textit{n.} a place where animals are kept for the public to look at and study} + +\subsection*{COMMON PREFIXES} + +\worddef{dis-}{not (dishonest, disobey)} +\worddef{pro-}{for, supporting (pro-labor, pro-government)} +\worddef{re-}{to do again (reorganize, reunite)} +\worddef{self-}{used to show that the person or group acting is the one affected by + the action, or to show that the action is done only by its own effort + or power (self-declared, self-appointed)} +\worddef{un-}{not (unusual, unhappy)} + +\subsection*{COMMON EXPRESSIONS} + +\worddef{carry out}{to do; to put into effect ("Please carry out the plan.")} +\worddef{pass a bill}{approve ("Congress is expected to pass a bill to cut taxes.")} +\worddef{take steps}{to start to do something ("The government will take steps to halt + inflation.")} + +\subsection*{WORDS USED IN VOA SPECIAL ENGLISH SCIENCE PROGRAMS} + +\worddef{atom}{a very small part of all things; the smallest part of an element that + can join with parts of other elements} +\worddef{bacteria}{living things that are one cell and can be seen only through a + microscope; some cause disease} +\worddef{cell}{a small mass of living material that is part of all plants and animals} +\worddef{chromosome}{a line of genes; most human cells contain 46 chromosomes} +\worddef{compound}{a substance containing two or more elements} +\worddef{dense}{close together; thick} +\worddef{electron}{a small part of an atom that has an electrical force} +\worddef{element}{one of more than 100 substances known to science that cannot be + separated into other substances} +\worddef{enzyme}{a special kind of protein; it produces changes in other substances + without being changed itself} +\worddef{fetus}{unborn young} +\worddef{fission}{a splitting; in atomic fission, the nucleus of an atom is split to + produce nuclear energy} +\worddef{fusion}{a joining together; in atomic fusion, atomic particles are joined + together to produce nuclear energy} +\worddef{genes}{parts of cells that control the growth and development of living + things; genes from the mother and father are passed to the child; + genes contain nucleic acid} +\worddef{genetic engineering}{the science of changing the genes of a living organism} +\worddef{gravity}{the force that pulls things toward the center of the earth} +\worddef{image}{a reproduction of the appearance of a person or thing} +\worddef{laser}{an instrument that makes a thin, powerful light} +\worddef{magnet}{a piece of iron or other material that has a pulling force; this + pulling force is called magnetism} +\worddef{molecule}{the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist} +\worddef{nerve}{a thin piece of tissue that sends information through the body to and + from the brain} +\worddef{nucleus}{the center part of an atom or cell} +\worddef{nucleic acid}{a molecule that holds the genetic information necessary for life; + there are two kinds of nucleic acid: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and + RNA (ribonucleic acid)} +\worddef{nutrient}{a food or substance that makes plants, humans or animals grow} +\worddef{organ}{a part of the body that has a special purpose, such as the heart or + brain} +\worddef{organism}{a living thing, often so small it can be seen only through a + microscope} +\worddef{particle}{a very small piece of matter} +\worddef{proteins}{substances responsible for the growth of tissue and for fixing damaged + tissue} +\worddef{robot}{a machine that moves and performs tasks} +\worddef{tissue}{living material; a group of cells that are similar in appearance and + do the same thing} +\worddef{virus}{a kind of organism that causes disease} +\worddef{x-rays}{a kind of radiation that can pass through most solid materials, often + used in medicine} + +\subsection*{ORGANS OF THE BODY} + +\worddef{heart}{pumps blood through the body} +\worddef{intestines}{tubes through which food passes after it is broken down in the + stomach; part of the intestines also remove solid wastes from the body} +\worddef{kidney}{cleans liquid wastes from the body} +\worddef{liver}{makes some proteins and enzymes; removes poisons from the blood} +\worddef{lung}{takes in and expels air from the body} +\worddef{prostate}{a part of the male reproductive system} +\worddef{stomach}{breaks down food for the body to use} + +\end{multicols} +\end{document}