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1 .. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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2 |
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3 ======================== |
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4 English pronunciation. |
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5 ======================== |
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6 .. contents:: |
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7 :local: |
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8 |
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9 About. |
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10 ====== |
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11 |
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12 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology |
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13 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English |
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14 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography |
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15 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences |
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16 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects |
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17 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English |
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18 |
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19 Деление на слоги (syllable). |
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20 ============================ |
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21 |
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22 В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков:: |
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23 |
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24 ba-by, pis-ton |
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25 |
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26 Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму |
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27 слогу:: |
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28 |
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29 e-ven, o-pen, i-tem |
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30 |
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31 Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая |
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32 согласная относится к первому слогу:: |
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33 |
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34 hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom |
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35 |
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36 Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует |
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37 конечное нечитаемое "e":: |
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38 |
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39 ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre |
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40 |
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41 Типы слогов. |
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42 ============ |
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43 |
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44 Открытый слог (open syllable). |
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45 ------------------------------ |
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46 |
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47 Заканчивается на гласную:: |
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48 |
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49 ba-by |
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50 |
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51 Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым:: |
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52 |
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53 cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld] |
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54 |
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55 Закрытый слог (closed syllable). |
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56 -------------------------------- |
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57 |
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58 Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r":: |
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59 |
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60 sys-tem |
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61 |
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62 Ударный слог (stressed syllable). |
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63 --------------------------------- |
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64 |
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65 Обычно первый слог:: |
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66 |
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67 pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] |
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68 |
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69 В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит:: |
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70 |
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71 nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl] |
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72 mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk] |
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73 press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] |
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74 |
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75 Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). |
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76 ------------------------------------- |
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77 |
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78 Чтение согласных. |
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79 ================= |
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80 |
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81 Чтение гласных. |
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82 =============== |
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83 |
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84 Буква "e" в конце слова не читается:: |
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85 |
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86 life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] |
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87 |
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88 "a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: |
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89 |
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90 na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] |
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91 !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ] |
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92 |
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93 "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]:: |
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94 |
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95 range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] |
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96 |
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97 "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: |
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98 |
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99 main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt] |
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100 !!! said [sed] |
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101 |
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102 "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: |
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103 |
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104 may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ] |
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105 |
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106 "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]:: |
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107 |
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108 cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] |
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109 |
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110 "ar" - [ɑː]:: |
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111 |
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112 car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] |
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113 |
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114 "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]:: |
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115 |
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116 glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] |
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117 !!! mass [mæs] |
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118 |
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119 "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]:: |
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120 |
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121 fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst] |
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122 !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ] |
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123 |
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124 "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]:: |
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125 |
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126 grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] |
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127 |
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128 "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]:: |
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129 |
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130 branch [brɑːnʧ] |
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131 |
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132 "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]:: |
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133 |
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134 half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] |
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135 |
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136 "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]:: |
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137 |
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138 ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] |
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139 |
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140 "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]:: |
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141 |
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142 father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] |
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143 !!! gather [ˈɡæðə] |
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144 |
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145 "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]:: |
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146 |
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147 chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] |
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148 |
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149 "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]:: |
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150 |
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151 shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] |
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152 |
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153 "air" - [ɛə]:: |
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154 |
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155 stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] |
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156 |
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157 "are" - [ɛə]:: |
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158 |
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159 care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] |
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160 |
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161 "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]:: |
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162 |
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163 all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl] |
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164 chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] |
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165 |
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166 "au" - [ɔː]:: |
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167 |
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168 launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm] |
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169 !!! aunt [ɑːnt] |
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170 |
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171 "aw" - [ɔː]:: |
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172 |
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173 saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː] |
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174 |
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175 "aught" - [ɔːt]:: |
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176 |
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177 naught [nɔːt] |
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178 |
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179 "auth" - [ɔːθ]:: |
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180 |
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181 author [ˈɔːθə] |
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182 |
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183 "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]:: |
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184 |
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185 war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] |
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186 |
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187 "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]:: |
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188 |
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189 want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ] |
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190 |
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191 "a" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
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192 |
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193 data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] |
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194 |
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195 "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]:: |
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196 |
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197 captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] |
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198 |
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199 "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]:: |
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200 |
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201 marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] |
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202 |
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203 |
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204 "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]:: |
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205 |
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206 he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] |
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207 |
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208 "ea" - [iː]:: |
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209 |
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210 mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] |
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211 !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed] |
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212 |
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213 "ee" - [iː]:: |
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214 |
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215 keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː] |
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216 |
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217 "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]:: |
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218 |
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219 bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest] |
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220 |
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221 "ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]:: |
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222 |
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223 bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment] |
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224 |
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225 "er" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: |
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226 |
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227 her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt] |
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228 |
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229 "ear" + согласная - [əː]:: |
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230 |
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231 heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ] |
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232 |
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233 "ear" - [ɪə]:: |
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234 |
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235 ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə] |
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236 |
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237 "eer" - [ɪə]:: |
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238 |
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239 cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə] |
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240 |
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241 "ere" - [ɪə]:: |
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242 |
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243 mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] |
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244 !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː] |
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245 |
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246 "e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]:: |
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247 |
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248 sentence - [ˈsentəns] |
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249 |
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250 "er" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
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251 |
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252 member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps] |
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253 |
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254 "e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
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255 |
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256 event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt] |
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257 |
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258 "er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
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259 |
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260 regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn] |
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261 |
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262 "et" в конце слова - [ɪt]:: |
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263 |
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264 market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd] |
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265 |
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266 "ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
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267 |
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268 foreign [ˈfɔrɪn] |
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269 |
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270 "ey" - [ɪ]:: |
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271 |
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272 hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ] |
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273 |
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274 "ew" - [juː]:: |
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275 |
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276 new [njuː], few [fjuː] |
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277 |
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278 "ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]:: |
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279 |
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280 crew [kruː], grew [gruː] |
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281 |
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282 "eu" - [juː]:: |
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283 |
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284 deuce [djuːs] |
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285 |
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286 "ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: |
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287 |
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288 vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt] |
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289 |
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290 "ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: |
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291 |
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292 they [θeɪ] |
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293 |
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294 |
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295 "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: |
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296 |
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297 fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] |
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298 !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv] |
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299 |
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300 "i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]:: |
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301 |
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302 kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. |
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303 !!! wind [wɪnd] |
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304 |
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305 "i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]:: |
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306 |
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307 wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld] |
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308 |
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309 "i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]:: |
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310 |
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311 sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn] |
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312 |
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313 "i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]:: |
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314 |
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315 light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt] |
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316 |
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317 "ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]:: |
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318 |
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319 die [daɪ], lie [laɪ] |
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320 |
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321 "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]:: |
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322 |
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323 pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns] |
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324 |
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325 "i" в неударном положении - [i]:: |
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326 |
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327 immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] |
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328 |
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329 "ir" в ударном положении - [əː]:: |
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330 |
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331 first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] |
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332 |
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333 "ire" - [aɪə]:: |
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334 |
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335 fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə] |
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336 |
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337 "ia" - [aɪə]:: |
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338 |
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339 diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ] |
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340 |
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341 "io" - [aɪə]:: |
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342 |
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343 prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt] |
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344 |
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345 "ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]:: |
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346 |
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347 field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] |
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348 !!! friend [frend], piece [piːs] |
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349 |
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350 "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [əʊ]:: |
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351 |
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352 no [nəʊ], ro-se [rəʊz], so-fa [ˈsəʊfə] |
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353 !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː] |
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354 |
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355 "old" - [əʊl]:: |
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356 |
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357 old [ɔuld], cold [cəʊld], hold [həʊld] |
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358 |
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359 "ol" - [əʊl]:: |
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360 |
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361 control [kəntrəʊl] |
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362 |
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363 "oll" - [əʊl]:: |
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364 |
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365 roll [rəʊl] |
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366 |
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367 "oa" - [əʊ]:: |
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368 |
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369 road [rəʊd], boat [bəʊt], load [ləʊd], loan [ləʊn], oak [əʊk] |
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370 |
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371 "ow" в конце слов - [əʊ]:: |
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372 |
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373 know [nəʊ], show [ʃəʊ], snow [snəʊ], window [ˈwindəʊ], low [ləʊ], bowl [bəʊl] |
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374 !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau] |
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375 |
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376 "ow" в середине слов - [au]:: |
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377 |
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378 brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə] |
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379 |
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380 "o" перед "st" - [əʊ]:: |
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381 |
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382 post [pəʊst], most [məʊst] |
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383 !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst] |
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384 |
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385 "o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]:: |
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386 |
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387 on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt] |
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388 !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə] |
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389 !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə] |
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390 |
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391 "ou" в середине слова - [au]:: |
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392 |
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393 out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud] |
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394 sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz] |
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395 !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ] |
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396 !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː] |
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397 |
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398 "or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]:: |
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399 |
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400 fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt] |
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401 |
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402 "oor" - [ɔː]:: |
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403 |
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404 floor [flɔː], door [dɔː] |
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405 !!! pore [puə] |
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406 |
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407 "ore" - [ɔː]:: |
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408 |
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409 more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː] |
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410 |
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411 "oar" - [ɔː]:: |
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412 |
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413 board [bɔːd] |
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414 |
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415 "our" в середине слова - [ɔː]:: |
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416 |
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417 mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs] |
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418 !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ] |
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419 |
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420 "our" под ударением - [auə]:: |
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421 |
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422 our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə] |
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423 |
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424 "or" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
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425 |
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426 visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə] |
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427 |
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428 "our" на конце слов - [ə]:: |
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429 |
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430 labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə] |
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431 |
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432 "oi" - [ɔɪ]:: |
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433 |
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434 voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz] |
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435 |
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436 "oy" - [ɔɪ]:: |
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437 |
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438 alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ] |
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439 |
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440 "oo" - [uː]:: |
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441 |
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442 food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm] |
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443 !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd] |
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444 |
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445 "oo" перед "k" - [u]:: |
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446 |
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447 book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk] |
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448 |
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449 "ous" на конце слов - [əs]:: |
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450 |
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451 various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] |
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452 |
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453 "oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]:: |
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454 |
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455 mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə] |
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456 !!! both [bəʊθ] |
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457 |
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458 "on" под ударением - [ʌn]:: |
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459 |
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460 month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən] |
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461 !!! on [ɔn] |
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462 |
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463 "om" под ударением - [ʌm]:: |
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464 |
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465 come [kʌm], some [sʌm] |
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466 |
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467 "ov" под ударением - [ʌv]:: |
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468 |
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469 cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn] |
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470 |
|
471 |
|
472 "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]:: |
|
473 |
|
474 pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz] |
|
475 |
|
476 "u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]:: |
|
477 |
|
478 num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs] |
|
479 !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ] |
|
480 |
|
481 "ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: |
|
482 |
|
483 blue [bluː], true [truː] |
|
484 |
|
485 "ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: |
|
486 |
|
487 cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt] |
|
488 !!! suit [sjuːt] |
|
489 |
|
490 "u" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
|
491 |
|
492 upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt] |
|
493 !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ] |
|
494 |
|
495 "ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: |
|
496 |
|
497 curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs] |
|
498 |
|
499 "u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]:: |
|
500 |
|
501 pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs] |
|
502 !!! sure [ʃuə] |
|
503 |
|
504 |
|
505 "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: |
|
506 |
|
507 my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl] |
|
508 |
|
509 "y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
|
510 |
|
511 sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] |
|
512 |
|
513 "y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
|
514 |
|
515 sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ] |
|
516 |
|
517 "y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]:: |
|
518 |
|
519 yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː] |
|
520 |
|
521 "yr" + гласная - [aɪə]:: |
|
522 |
|
523 tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn] |
|
524 |
|
525 "yr" + согласная - [əː]:: |
|
526 |
|
527 myrtle [məːtl] |
|
528 |
|
529 |
|
530 "alk" - [ɔːk]:: |
|
531 |
|
532 chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk] |
|
533 |
|
534 "aught" - [ɔːt]:: |
|
535 |
|
536 XXX |
|
537 |
|
538 "bt" - [t]:: |
|
539 |
|
540 debt [det], doubt [daut] |
|
541 |
|
542 "c" обычно - [k]:: |
|
543 |
|
544 cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] |
|
545 |
|
546 "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]:: |
|
547 |
|
548 cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] |
|
549 |
|
550 "ch" - [ʧ]:: |
|
551 |
|
552 child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] |
|
553 |
|
554 "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]:: |
|
555 |
|
556 special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] |
|
557 |
|
558 "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]:: |
|
559 |
|
560 efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] |
|
561 |
|
562 "ck" - [k]:: |
|
563 |
|
564 black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. |
|
565 |
|
566 "g" обычно - [g]:: |
|
567 |
|
568 game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] |
|
569 |
|
570 "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]:: |
|
571 |
|
572 gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] |
|
573 |
|
574 "gn" - [n]:: |
|
575 |
|
576 sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] |
|
577 |
|
578 "gm" - [m]:: |
|
579 |
|
580 paradigm ['pærədaɪm] |
|
581 |
|
582 "gh" не читается:: |
|
583 |
|
584 though [ðəʊ], through [θruː] |
|
585 !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf] |
|
586 |
|
587 "ght" - [t]:: |
|
588 |
|
589 might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] |
|
590 |
|
591 "igh" - [aɪ]:: |
|
592 |
|
593 high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] |
|
594 |
|
595 "ild" - [aɪld]:: |
|
596 |
|
597 child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] |
|
598 |
|
599 "imb" - [aɪm]:: |
|
600 |
|
601 climb - [klaɪm] |
|
602 |
|
603 "ince" - [aɪns]:: |
|
604 |
|
605 XXX |
|
606 |
|
607 "ind" - [aɪnd]:: |
|
608 |
|
609 mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd] |
|
610 |
|
611 "ing" - [iŋ]:: |
|
612 |
|
613 signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] |
|
614 |
|
615 "ink" - [iŋk]:: |
|
616 |
|
617 think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] |
|
618 |
|
619 "j" - [dʒ]:: |
|
620 |
|
621 jump [dʒʌmp] |
|
622 |
|
623 "kn" в начале слова - [n]:: |
|
624 |
|
625 know [kəu], knot [nɔt] |
|
626 |
|
627 "lf" - [f]:: |
|
628 |
|
629 calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf] |
|
630 !!! gulf [ɡʌlf] |
|
631 |
|
632 "lm" - [m]:: |
|
633 |
|
634 balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm] |
|
635 |
|
636 "mb" - [m]:: |
|
637 |
|
638 climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [kəʊm] |
|
639 |
|
640 "mn" на конце слова - [m]:: |
|
641 |
|
642 autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm] |
|
643 |
|
644 "ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]:: |
|
645 |
|
646 emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs] |
|
647 |
|
648 "ng" - [ŋ]:: |
|
649 |
|
650 long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] |
|
651 |
|
652 "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]:: |
|
653 |
|
654 angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] |
|
655 |
|
656 "nk" - [ŋk]:: |
|
657 |
|
658 ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] |
|
659 |
|
660 "ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]:: |
|
661 |
|
662 XXX |
|
663 |
|
664 "ought" - [ɔːt]:: |
|
665 |
|
666 brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt] |
|
667 |
|
668 "ould" - [ud]:: |
|
669 |
|
670 could [kud], should [shud], would [wud] |
|
671 |
|
672 "ph" - [f]:: |
|
673 |
|
674 photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] |
|
675 |
|
676 "pn" - [n]:: |
|
677 |
|
678 pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə] |
|
679 |
|
680 "pt" - [t]:: |
|
681 |
|
682 receipt [rɪˈsiːt] |
|
683 |
|
684 "qu" - [kw]:: |
|
685 |
|
686 quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] |
|
687 |
|
688 "ft" - [f]:: |
|
689 |
|
690 often [ɔfn] |
|
691 |
|
692 "r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]:: |
|
693 |
|
694 our own room [auər əʊn rum] |
|
695 |
|
696 "s" в начале слов - [s]:: |
|
697 |
|
698 send [send], spend [spend] |
|
699 |
|
700 "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]:: |
|
701 |
|
702 test [test], cups [kʌps] |
|
703 |
|
704 "s" после гласных - [z]:: |
|
705 |
|
706 as [az], days [deɪz] |
|
707 |
|
708 "s" между гласными - [z]:: |
|
709 |
|
710 nose [nəʊz] |
|
711 |
|
712 "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]:: |
|
713 |
|
714 pens [penz], bells [belz] |
|
715 |
|
716 "sh" - [ʃ]:: |
|
717 |
|
718 she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] |
|
719 |
|
720 "sion" после гласной - [ʒn]:: |
|
721 |
|
722 incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] |
|
723 |
|
724 "sion" после согласной - [ʃn]:: |
|
725 |
|
726 pension [penʃn] |
|
727 |
|
728 "sl" - [l]:: |
|
729 |
|
730 aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd] |
|
731 |
|
732 "ss" - [s]:: |
|
733 |
|
734 chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] |
|
735 |
|
736 "st" - [s]:: |
|
737 |
|
738 castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl] |
|
739 |
|
740 "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: |
|
741 |
|
742 commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] |
|
743 |
|
744 "ssure" - [ʃə]:: |
|
745 |
|
746 XXX |
|
747 |
|
748 "stion" - [sʧn]:: |
|
749 |
|
750 question [qwesʧn] |
|
751 |
|
752 "sure" -[ʒə]:: |
|
753 |
|
754 measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] |
|
755 |
|
756 "tch" - [ʧ]:: |
|
757 |
|
758 watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] |
|
759 |
|
760 "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: |
|
761 |
|
762 communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] |
|
763 |
|
764 "th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]:: |
|
765 |
|
766 thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] |
|
767 |
|
768 "th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]:: |
|
769 |
|
770 the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðəʊ], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] |
|
771 |
|
772 "th" между двумя гласными - [ð]:: |
|
773 |
|
774 bathe [beið], clothe [kləʊð] |
|
775 |
|
776 "ture" - [ʧə]:: |
|
777 |
|
778 picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] |
|
779 |
|
780 "x" - [ks]:: |
|
781 |
|
782 six [sɪks] |
|
783 |
|
784 "wa" - [wɔ]:: |
|
785 |
|
786 want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] |
|
787 |
|
788 "wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]:: |
|
789 |
|
790 while [waɪl], whack [wæk] |
|
791 |
|
792 "wh" перед "o" - [h]:: |
|
793 |
|
794 who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] |
|
795 |
|
796 "wha" - [wɔ]:: |
|
797 |
|
798 what [wɔt] |
|
799 |
|
800 "wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]:: |
|
801 |
|
802 worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm] |
|
803 !!! worn [wɔːn] |
|
804 |
|
805 "wr" - [r]:: |
|
806 |
|
807 write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] |
|
808 |
|
809 "xh" - [ks]:: |
|
810 |
|
811 exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] |