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+++ b/www/en-affixes.rst	Sat Nov 05 23:25:03 2016 +0200
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+
+==================
+ English suffices
+==================
+.. contents::
+   :local:
+
+Suffix -s
+=========
+
+Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create:
+
+* plural form of nouns
+* verbs in the third person
+
+After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added.
+
+After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added::
+
+  cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes
+
+but there are few exceptions::
+
+  memos, photos, pianos, videos
+
+Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is
+appended::
+
+  apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries
+
+General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix::
+
+  bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks
+
+``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds::
+
+  [f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs
+  [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks
+  [p] cups, helps, ships, stops
+  [t] hits, pets, writes
+  [θ] maths, months, moths, myths
+
+``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds::
+
+  [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs
+  [b] crabs, grabs, robs
+  [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes
+  [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words
+  [l] calls, falls, fails, hills
+  [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams
+  [n] earns, burns, pens, runs
+  [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs
+  [r] wears, cures
+  [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves
+  -y: plays, boys, says
+
+``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds::
+
+  [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages
+  [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races
+  [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes
+  [ʧ] churches, matches, watches
+  [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes
+
+Suffix -ed
+==========
+
+Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``::
+
+  agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived,  love ⇒ loved
+
+Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``::
+
+  apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried
+
+Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::
+
+  frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked
+  picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked
+
+The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb::
+
+  clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed
+
+``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``::
+
+  [d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed
+  [t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited
+
+``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel::
+
+  [ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged
+  [b]: grabbed, robbed
+  [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed
+  [d] ended, lidded
+  [dʒ]: changed, judged, raged
+  [l]: called, failed, piled
+  [m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed
+  [n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained
+  [ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged
+  [r]: cured, occurred
+  [v]: craved, loved, saved
+  [z]: amazed, buzzed, seized
+  employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed
+
+``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant::
+
+  [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished
+  [f]: coughed, laughed, puffed
+  [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished
+  [k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed
+  [p]: jumped, stopped, trapped
+  [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed
+  [θ]: frothed
+
+Suffix -ing
+===========
+
+Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create:
+
+* gerunds
+* verbs form for continuous tenses
+
+Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``:
+
+  agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing
+
+Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before
+``-ing``:
+
+  die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying
+
+Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``::
+
+  give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing
+  argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing
+
+Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::
+
+  frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking
+  picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking
+
+The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb::
+
+  accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing
+
+Suffix -er
+==========
+
+Syffix -ly
+==========
+
+Doubling consonants
+===================
+
+When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``,
+``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before
+prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``::
+
+  hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted
+  admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming
+  travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter
+  thin ⇒ thinner
+  red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence
+