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−.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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−
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−================
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− IPA in gadict.
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−================
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−.. contents::
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−   :local:
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−
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−Pronunciation rules for English.
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−================================
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−
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−In English written symbol represent different sounds::
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−
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−  rough [XXX]
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−  through [XXX]
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−  bough [XXX]
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−  though [XXX]
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−  cough [XXX]
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−
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−Many linguists argue that English require spelling reform.
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−
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−
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−Pronunciation keys for EN gadict.
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−=================================
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−
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−Phonetic transcriptions usually enclosed in square brackets ``[əbaʊt]`` or
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−slashes ``/əbaʊt/``.
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−
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−``gadict`` project try to follow OED 2ed (Oxford English Dictionary)
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−pronunciation for dialect known as RP (Received Pronunciation) and uses IPA for
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−representation of pronunciation like in Wikipedia project:
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−
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−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English
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−                Wikipedia IPA for English.
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−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English
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−                This concise chart shows the most common applications of the
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−                International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English
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−                language pronunciations.
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−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation
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−                Wiki about RP.
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−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oed
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−                Oxford English Dictionary.
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−
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−Compare:
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−
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− * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects
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− * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_conventions_for_English
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−
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−Consonants.
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−-----------
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−
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−``[b]``::
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−
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−  bed [bed], bird [bɜːrd], baby [beɪbi]
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−
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−``[p]``::
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−
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−  pen [pen], people [piːpəl], hope [həʊp], pop [pɒp]
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−
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−``[d]``::
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−
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−  dead [ded], dust [dʌst], odd [ɒd], did [dɪd]
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−
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−``[t]``::
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−
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−  tree [triː], get [ɡet], button [bʌtn], tight [taɪt]
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−
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−``[ʧ]``::
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−
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−  chalk [ʧɔːk], teacher [tiːʧər], match [mæʧ], church [ʧɜːrʧ]
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−
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−``[f]``::
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−
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−  fat [fæt], flow [fləʊ], fine [faɪn], coffee [kɒfɪ], fluff [flʌf]
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−
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−``[v]``::
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−
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−  very [ˈveri], heavy [ˈhevi], move [muːv], verve [vɜːrv]
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−
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−``[ɡ]``::
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−
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−  glove [ɡlʌv], give [ɡɪv], bag [bæɡ], gig [ɡɪɡ]
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−
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−``[h]``::
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−
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−  hot [hɒt], high [haɪ], hear [hɪə], hello [ˈheləʊ], how [hau]
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−
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−``[j]``::
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−
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−  yet [jet], useful [juːsfəl], yellow [jeləʊ], cute [kjuːt]
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−
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−``[k]``::
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−
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−  cat [kæt], came [keɪm], lucky [lʌki], sick [sɪk]
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−
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−``[l]``::
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−
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−  lamp [læmp], bell [bel], level [levəl]
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−
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−``[m]``::
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−
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−  milk [mɪlk], sum [sʌm]
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−
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−``[n]``::
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−
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−  note [nəʊt], funny [fʌni], son [sʌn], none [nʌn]
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−
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−``[r]``::
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−
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−  right [raɪt], road [rəʊd], sorry [ˈsɒrɪ]
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−
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−``[s]``::
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−
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−  sofa [səʊfə], hiss [hɪs], cease [siːs]
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−
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−``[ð]``::
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−
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−  then [ðen], this [ðɪs], that [ðæt], other [ʌðər], both [bəʊð]
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−
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−``[θ]``::
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−
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−  think [θɪnk], throw [θrəʊ], author [ɔːθər], path [pæθ]
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−
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−``[ʃ]``::
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−
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−  shoe [ʃuː], nation [neɪʃən], fish [fɪʃ], shush [ʃʊʃ]
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−
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−``[ʒ]``::
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−
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−  pleasure [pleʒə], vision [ˈvɪʒən], beige [beɪʒ]
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−
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−``[dʒ]``::
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−
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−  joke [dʒəʊk], lodger [lɒdʒər], bridge [brɪdʒ], judge [dʒʌdʒ]
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−
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−``[w]``::
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−
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−  wet [wet], one [wʌn], when [wen], quick [kwɪk]
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−
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−``[z]``::
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−
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−  zinc [zɪŋk], buzz [bʌz], roses [rəʊzəz]
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−
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−Vowels.
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−-------
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−
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−``[ʌ]``::
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−
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−  son [sʌn], ɡun [ɡʌn]
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−
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−``[ɑː]``::
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−
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−  car [kɑːr], father [fɑðər], start [stɑːrt], hard [hɑːrd]
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−
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−``[ɒ]``::
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−
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−  lot [lɒt], hot [hɒt], odd [ɒd], love [lʌv], blood [blʌd]
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−
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−``[ɔː]``::
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−
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−  fork [fɔːk], or [ɔː], fall [fɔːl]
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−
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−``[ʊ]``::
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−
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−  good [ɡʊd], foot [fʊt], put [pʊt]
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−
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−``[uː]``::
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−
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−  blue [blu:], group [ɡruːp]
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−
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−``[ɛ]``::
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−
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−  pen [pɛn], text [tɛxt], pet [pɛt], dress [drɛs], bed [bɛd]
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−
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−``[ɪ]``::
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−
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−  pin [pɪn], milk [mɪlk], minit [mɪnɪt], bid [bɪd]
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−
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−``[iː]``::
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−
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−  tree [triː], see [siː], me [miː], tea [tiː]
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−
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−``[ɪə]``::
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−
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−  ear [ɪə], dear [dɪə]
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−
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−``[ɜr]``::
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−
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−  girl [gɜrl], first [fɜrst], work [wɜrk], learn [lɛrn]
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−
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−``[æ]``::
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−
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−  fat [fæt], happy [hæppɪ], trap [træp]
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−
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−``[aɪ]``::
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−
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−  high [haɪ], price [praɪs], try [traɪ]
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−
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−``[eə]``::
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−
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−  where [weə], fair [feə], pair [peə]
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−
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−``[eɪ]``::
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−
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−  face [feɪs], break [breɪk], day [deɪ]
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−
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−``[ɔɪ]``::
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−
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−  choice [ʧɔɪs], noise [nɔɪz], boy [bɔɪ]
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−
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−``[əʊ]``::
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−
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−  open [əʊpən], colon [kəʊlən], show [ʃəʊ]
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−
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−``[ɪə]``::
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−
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−  near [nɪə], hear [hɪə]
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−
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−``[ʊə]``::
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−
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−  tour [tʊə], pure [pjʊə], cure [kjʊə]
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−
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−List of IPA symbols for English
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−===============================
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−::
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−
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−  θ ð ʃ ŋ ʧ ʒ ı ɡ ː ˌ ˈ ˑ ˏ ˊ ˋ
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−  æ ɑ ɒ ʌ ʊ ɒ ɛ ə ɜ ɔ ɪ є ɚ
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−
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−You can copy/paste they in phonetic string.
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−
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−TODO
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−====
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−::
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−
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−            Front       Central     Back
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−         long  short long  short long  short
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−  Close   iː    ɪ                 uː    ʊ
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−  Mid           ɛ     ɜː    ə     ɔː
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−  Open          æ           ʌ     ɑː    ɒ
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−
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−      Diphthong          Triphthong
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−  Closing    Centring
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−   /eɪ/       /ɪə/        /aɪə/
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−   /aɪ/       /eə/        /ɑʊə/
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−   /ɔɪ/       /ʊə/
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−   /əʊ/
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−   /aʊ/
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−
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−Old vs. new transcription.
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−==========================
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−
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−From "Better English pronunciation."::
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−
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−  Old  iː i e ɔː u uː ei ou ai au ɔi æ ɔ ʌ əː ɑː iə ɛə uə ə
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−  New  iː ɪ e ɔː ʊ uː eɪ əʊ aɪ aʊ ɔɪ æ ɒ ʌ ɜː ɑː ɪə eə ʊə ə
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−
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−Also from Wikipedia::
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−
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−  Old  æ e əː ʌɪ ɑʊ ɛə
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−  New  a ɛ ɜː aɪ aʊ eə
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−