.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

=======================
 English pronunciation
=======================
.. contents::
   :local:

About
=====

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English

Деление на слоги (syllable)
===========================

В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::

  ba-by, pis-ton

Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
слогу::

  e-ven, o-pen, i-tem

Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
согласная относится к первому слогу::

  hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom

Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
конечное нечитаемое ``e``::

  ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre

Типы слогов
===========

Открытый слог (open syllable)
-----------------------------

Заканчивается на гласную::

  ba-by

Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::

  cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]

Закрытый слог (closed syllable)
-------------------------------

Заканчивается на согласную, кроме ``r``::

  sys-tem

Ударный слог (stressed syllable)
--------------------------------

Обычно первый слог::

  pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]

В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::

  nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
  mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
  press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]

Неударный слог (unstressed syllable)
------------------------------------

Чтение гласных
==============

Чтение ``a``
------------

``a`` в открытом ударном слоге  - ``[eɪ]``::

 na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtər]
 !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]

``a`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[æ]``::

  cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætər], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]

``a`` в сочетании ``ange`` - ``[eɪdʒ]``::

  range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]

``ai`` в ударном положении - ``[eɪ]``::

  main [meɪn], rain [reɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
  !!! said [sed]

``ay`` в ударном положении - ``[eɪ]``::

  may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]

``ar`` - ``[ɑːr]``::

  car [cɑːr], arm [ɑːrm], park [pɑːrk]

``a`` в сочетании ``ass`` - ``[ɑːs]``::

  glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
  !!! mass [mæs]

``a`` в сочетании ``ast`` - ``[ɑːst]``::

  fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
  !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]

``a`` в сочетании ``ant`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]

``a`` в сочетании ``anch`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  branch [brɑːnʧ]

``a`` в сочетании ``alf`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]

``a`` в сочетании ``ask`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]

``a`` в сочетании ``ath`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
  !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]

``a`` в сочетании ``ance`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]

``a`` в сочетании ``aft`` - ``[ɑː]``::

  shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]

``air`` - ``[er]``::

  stair [ster], hair [her], fair [fer], affair [əˈfer], pair [per]

``are`` - ``[er]``::

  care [ker], fare [fer], scare [sker]

``a`` в ``all`` или ``l``+согласная - ``[ɔː]``::

  all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
  chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]

``au`` - ``[ɔː]``::

  launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
  !!! aunt [ɑːnt]

``aw`` - ``[ɔː]``::

  saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː], law [lɔː]

``aught`` - ``[ɔːt]``::

  naught [nɔːt]

``auth`` - ``[ɔːθ]``::

  author [ˈɔːθə]

``ar`` после ``w`` или ``qu`` - ``[ɔː]``::

  war [wɔːr], warm [wɔːrm], quartz [kwɔːrts]

``wa`` и ``wha`` в закрытом слоге - ``[wɔ]``::

  want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]

``a`` в неударном положении - ``[ə]``::

  data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]

``ai``, ``ay`` в неударном положении - ``[ɪ]``::

  captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]

``age`` в неударном положении - ``[ɪdʒ]``::

  marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]

Чтение ``e``
------------

``e`` в конце слова не читается::

  life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]

``e`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[iː]``::

  he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]

``e`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[e]``::

  bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]

``e`` в открытом неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]

``e`` в закрытом неударном слоге - ``[ə]``::

  sentence - [ˈsentəns]

``ee`` - ``[iː]``::

  keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː], tree [triː], street [striːt]

``ea`` - ``[iː]``::

  mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk], please [pliːz]
  !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed], breakfast [ˈbrekfəst]

``ea`` перед ``d``, ``n``, ``th``, ``sure`` - ``[e]``::

  bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]

``er`` в ударном слоге - ``[ɜːr]``::

  her [hɜːr], term [tɜːrm], serve [sɜːrv], permanent [ˈpɜːrmənənt]

``ear`` + согласная - ``[ɜːr]``::

  heard [hɜːrd], learn [lɜːrn], earth [ɜːrθ]

``ear`` - ``[ɪə]``::

  ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə], dear [dɪə]

``eer`` - ``[ɪə]``::

  cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]

``ere`` - ``[ɪə]``::

  mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
  !!! there [θer], where [wer], were [wɜːr]

``er`` в неударном положении - ``[ə]``::

  member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]

``er`` в открытом неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]

``et`` в конце слова - ``[ɪt]``::

  market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]

``ei`` в ударном слоге - ``[eɪ]``::

  vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]

``ei`` в неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]

``ey`` в ударном слоге - ``[eɪ]``::

  grey [ɡreɪ], they [θeɪ]

``ey`` в неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]

``ew`` - ``[juː]``::

  new [njuː], few [fjuː]

``ew`` после звуков ``[r, l, dʒ] - [uː]``::

  crew [kruː], grew [gruː]

``eu`` - ``[juː]``::

  deuce [djuːs]

Чтение ``i``
------------

``i`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[aɪ]``::

  fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə],  pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
  !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]

``i`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]

``i`` в неударном положении - ``[ɪ]``::

  immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]

``i`` перед ``nd`` - ``[aɪ]``::

  kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
  !!! wind [wɪnd]

Сочетание ``ild`` - ``[aɪld]``::

  child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]

Сочетание ``ind`` - ``[aɪnd]``::

  bind [baɪnd], mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]

Сочетание ``ign`` - ``[aɪn]``::

  sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]

Сочетание ``igh`` - ``[aɪ]``::

  high [haɪ], fight [faɪt], light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]

``ie`` на конце односложных слов - ``[aɪ]``::

  die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]

``ir`` в ударном положении - ``[ɜːr]``::

  first [fɜːrst], girl [ɡɜːrl], third [θɜːrd]

``ire`` - ``[aɪə]``::

  fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]

``ia`` - ``[aɪə]``::

  diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]

``io`` - ``[aɪə]``::

  prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]

``ie`` в середине корневых слов - ``[iː]``::

  piece [piːs], field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
  !!! friend [frend]

Чтение ``o``
------------

``o`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[əʊ]``::

  no [nəʊ], ro-se [rəʊz], so-fa [ˈsəʊfə]
  !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], ɡlove [ɡlʌv], love [lʌv], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]

``old`` - ``[əʊld]``::

  old [əʊld], cold [cəʊld], hold [həʊld]

``oa`` - ``[əʊ]``::

  road [rəʊd], boat [bəʊt], load [ləʊd], loan [ləʊn], oak [əʊk]

``ow`` в конце слов - ``[əʊ]``::

  know [nəʊ], show [ʃəʊ], snow [snəʊ], window [ˈwindəʊ], low [ləʊ], bowl [bəʊl]
  !!! now [naʊ], how [haʊ], cow [kaʊ]

``ow`` в середине слов - ``[aʊ]``::

  brown [braʊn], down [daʊn], flower [ˈflaʊə]

``o`` перед ``st`` - ``[əʊ]``::

  post [pəʊst], most [məʊst]
  !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]

``o`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ɔ]``::

  on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
  !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
  !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]

``ou`` в середине слова - ``[aʊ]``::

  out [aʊt], town [taʊn], brown [braʊn], found [faʊnd], pound [paʊd]
  sound [saʊnd], trousers [ˈtraʊzəz], mouth [maʊθ]
  !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
  !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː], cousin [ˈkʌzən]

``or`` в ударном положении - ``[ɔːr]``::

  fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]

``or`` в неударном положении - ``[ər]``::

  visitor [ˈvɪzɪtər], doctor [ˈdɔktər], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtər]

``oor`` - ``[ɔː]``::

  floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]

``ore`` - ``[ɔː]``::

  more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]

``oar`` - ``[ɔː]``::

  board [bɔːd]

``our`` в середине слова - ``[ɔː]``::

  mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
  !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]

``our`` под ударением - ``[auə]``::

  our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]

``our`` на конце слов - ``[ə]``::

  labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]

``oi`` - ``[ɔɪ]``::

  voice [vɔɪs], coil [kɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]

``oy`` - ``[ɔɪ]``::

  alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]

``oo`` - ``[uː]``::

  food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
  !!! good [ɡʊd], wood [wʊd], wool [wʊl], foot [fʊt], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]

``oo`` в сочетании ``ook`` - ``[ʊk]``::

  book [bʊk], look [lʊk], took [tʊk], hook [hʊk]

``ous`` на конце слов - ``[əs]``::

  various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]

``oth`` под ударением - ``[ʌθ]``::

  mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
  !!! both [bəʊθ]

``on`` под ударением - ``[ʌn]``::

  month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
  !!! on [ɔn]

``om`` под ударением - ``[ʌm]``::

  come [kʌm], some [sʌm]

``ov`` под ударением - ``[ʌv]``::

  cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]

Чтение ``u``
------------

``u`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[juː]``::

  pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]

``u`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ʌ]``::

  num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
  !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]

``ue`` после ``l``, ``r``, ``j`` - ``[uː]``::

  blue [bluː], true [truː]

``ui`` после ``l``, ``r``, ``j`` - ``[uː]``::

  cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
  !!! suit [sjuːt]

``u`` в неударном положении - ``[ə]``::

  upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
  !!! mercury [ˈmɜːrkjuːrɪ]

``ur`` в ударном слоге - ``[ɜːr]``::

  curtain [kɜːrtn], turn [tɜːrn], curve [cɜːrv], surface [ˈsɜːrfɪs]

``u`` перед ``r`` + гласная - ``[juə]``::

  pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
  !!! sure [ʃuə]

Чтение ``y``
------------

``y`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[aɪ]``::

  my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]

``y`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]

``y`` в открытом неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::

  sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]

``y`` в начале слов перед гласными - ``[j]``::

  yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jɜːr]

``yr`` + гласная - ``[aɪə]``::

  tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]

``yr`` + согласная - ``[ɜːr]``::

  myrtle [mɜːrtl]

Чтение согласных и сочетаний
============================

``alk`` - ``[ɔːk]``::

  chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]

``aught`` - ``[ɔːt]``::

  daughter [ˈdɔːtər], caught [kɔːt], taught [tɔːt]

``bt`` - ``[t]``::

  debt [det], doubt [daut]

``c`` обычно - ``[k]``::

  cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]

``c`` перед буквами ``e``, ``i``, ``y`` - ``[s]``::

  cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]

``ch`` - ``[ʧ]``::

  child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]

Rearly ``ch`` is ``[ʃ]``::

  chef [ʃef], mustache [ˈmʌstæʃ], machine [məˈʃiːn]

Rearly ``ch`` is ``[k]``::

  chorus [ˈkɔːrəs]

``cial`` - ``[ʃ(ə)l]``::

  special [ˈspeʃəl], commercial [kəˈmɜːrʃəl], official [əˈfɪʃəl], artificial [ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəl]

``cient`` - ``[ʃ(ə)nt]``::

  efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]

``ck`` - ``[k]``::

  black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].

``g`` обычно - ``[g]``::

  game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]

``g`` перед буквами ``e``, ``i``, ``y`` - ``[dʒ]``::

  gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]

``gn`` - ``[n]``::

  sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]

``gm`` - ``[m]``::

  paradigm ['pærədaɪm]

``gh`` не читается::

  though [ðəʊ], through [θruː]
  !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]

``ght`` - ``[t]``::

  might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]

``imb`` - ``[aɪm]``::

  climb - [klaɪm]

``ince`` - ``[aɪns]``::

  XXX

``ing`` - ``[iŋ]``::

  signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]

``ink`` - ``[iŋk]``::

  think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]

``itious`` - ``[ɪʃəs]``::

  ambitious [æmˈbɪʃəs], fictitious [fɪktɪʃəz], nutritious [njuːtˈrɪʃəs], repetitious [ˌrepɪˈtɪʃə]

``j`` - ``[dʒ]``::

  jump [dʒʌmp]

``kn`` в начале слова - ``[n]``::

  know [kəu], knot [nɔt]

``lf`` - ``[f]``::

  calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
  !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]

``lm`` - ``[m]``::

  balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]

``mb`` - ``[m]``::

  climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [kəʊm]

``mn`` на конце слова - ``[m]``::

  autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]

``ness`` в неударном положении - ``[nɪs]``::

  emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]

``ng`` - ``[ŋ]``::

  long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]

``ng`` и ``g`` относится к разным слогам - ``[ŋɡ]``::

  angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]

``nk`` - ``[ŋk]``::

  ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]

``ough`` без последующего ``t`` - ``[uː]``::

  XXX

``ought`` - ``[ɔːt]``::

  brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]

``ould`` - ``[ud]``::

  could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]

``ph`` - ``[f]``::

  photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]

``pn`` - ``[n]``::

  pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]

``pt`` - ``[t]``::

  receipt [rɪˈsiːt]

``qu`` - ``[kw]``::

  quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]

``ft`` - ``[f]``::

  often [ɔfn]

``r`` в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - ``[r]``::

  our own room [auər əʊn rum]

``s`` в начале слов - ``[s]``::

  send [send], spend [spend]

``s`` перед и после глухой согласной - ``[s]``::

  test [test], cups [kʌps]

``s`` после гласных - ``[z]``::

  as [az], days [deɪz]

``s`` между гласными - ``[z]``::

  nose [nəʊz]

``s`` на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - ``[z]``::

  pens [penz], bells [belz]

``sh`` - ``[ʃ]``::

  she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp], shut [ʃʌt], wish [wɪʃ], finish [ˈfɪnɪʃ]

``sion`` after vowel and ``r`` - ``[ʒən]``::

  incision [ɪnˈsɪʒən], version [ˈvɜːrʒən], decision [dɪˈsɪʒən], persuasion [pərˈsweɪʒən]

``sion`` after consonant, accept ``r`` - ``[ʃən]``::

  commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], passion [ˈpæʃən], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
  tension [ˈtenʃən], apprehension [əprɪˈhenʃən]

``sl`` - ``[l]``::

  aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]

``ss`` - ``[s]``::

  chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]

``st`` - ``[s]``::

  castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]

``ssure`` - ``[ʃə]``::

  XXX

``stion`` - ``[sʧən]``::

  question [qwesʧən]

``sure`` -``[ʒə]`` (except ``ssure``)::

  measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]

``tch`` - ``[ʧ]``::

  watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]

``tial`` - ``[ʃ(ə)l]`` (see ``cial``)::

  essential [ɪˈsenʃəl], partial [ˈpɑːrʃəl], initial [ɪˈnɪʃəl]

``tion`` - ``[ʃən]``::

  communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən], station [steɪʃən], nation [neɪʃən], motion [ˈməʊʃən]
  intuition [ˌɪntjuˈɪʃən]

``th`` в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - ``[θ]``::

  thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]

``th`` в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - ``[ð]``::

  the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðəʊ], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]

``th`` между двумя гласными - ``[ð]``::

  bathe [beið], clothe [kləʊð]

``ture`` - ``[ʧə]``::

  picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]

``x`` - ``[ks]``::

  six [sɪks]

``wh`` перед гласными кроме ``o`` - ``[w]``::

  while [waɪl], whack [wæk]

``wh`` перед ``o`` - ``[h]``::

  who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]

``wha`` - ``[wɔ]``::

  what [wɔt]

``wor`` в ударном положении - ``[wɜːr]``::

  worse [wɜːrs], world [wɜːrld], work [wɜːrk], worm [wɜːrm]
  !!! worn [wɔːn]

``wr`` - ``[r]``::

  write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]

``xh`` - ``[ks]``::

  exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]