Added new words.
.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
=======================
English pronunciation
=======================
.. contents::
:local:
About
=====
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
Деление на слоги (syllable)
===========================
В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::
ba-by, pis-ton
Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
слогу::
e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
согласная относится к первому слогу::
hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
конечное нечитаемое ``e``::
ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
Типы слогов
===========
Открытый слог (open syllable)
-----------------------------
Заканчивается на гласную::
ba-by
Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::
cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]
Закрытый слог (closed syllable)
-------------------------------
Заканчивается на согласную, кроме ``r``::
sys-tem
Ударный слог (stressed syllable)
--------------------------------
Обычно первый слог::
pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::
nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
Неударный слог (unstressed syllable)
------------------------------------
Чтение гласных
==============
Чтение ``a``
------------
``a`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[eɪ]``::
na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtər]
!!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
``a`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[æ]``::
cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætər], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
``a`` в сочетании ``ange`` - ``[eɪdʒ]``::
range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
``ai`` в ударном положении - ``[eɪ]``::
main [meɪn], rain [reɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
!!! said [sed]
``ay`` в ударном положении - ``[eɪ]``::
may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]
``ar`` - ``[ɑːr]``::
car [cɑːr], arm [ɑːrm], park [pɑːrk]
``a`` в сочетании ``ass`` - ``[ɑːs]``::
glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
!!! mass [mæs]
``a`` в сочетании ``ast`` - ``[ɑːst]``::
fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
!!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
``a`` в сочетании ``ant`` - ``[ɑː]``::
grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
``a`` в сочетании ``anch`` - ``[ɑː]``::
branch [brɑːnʧ]
``a`` в сочетании ``alf`` - ``[ɑː]``::
half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
``a`` в сочетании ``ask`` - ``[ɑː]``::
ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
``a`` в сочетании ``ath`` - ``[ɑː]``::
father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
!!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
``a`` в сочетании ``ance`` - ``[ɑː]``::
chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
``a`` в сочетании ``aft`` - ``[ɑː]``::
shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
``air`` - ``[er]``::
stair [ster], hair [her], fair [fer], affair [əˈfer], pair [per]
``are`` - ``[er]``::
care [ker], fare [fer], scare [sker]
``a`` в ``all`` или ``l``+согласная - ``[ɔː]``::
all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
``au`` - ``[ɔː]``::
launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
!!! aunt [ɑːnt]
``aw`` - ``[ɔː]``::
saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː], law [lɔː]
``aught`` - ``[ɔːt]``::
naught [nɔːt]
``auth`` - ``[ɔːθ]``::
author [ˈɔːθə]
``ar`` после ``w`` или ``qu`` - ``[ɔː]``::
war [wɔːr], warm [wɔːrm], quartz [kwɔːrts]
``wa`` и ``wha`` в закрытом слоге - ``[wɔ]``::
want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]
``a`` в неударном положении - ``[ə]``::
data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
``ai``, ``ay`` в неударном положении - ``[ɪ]``::
captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
``age`` в неударном положении - ``[ɪdʒ]``::
marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
Чтение ``e``
------------
``e`` в конце слова не читается::
life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
``e`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[iː]``::
he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
``e`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[e]``::
bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
``e`` в открытом неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
``e`` в закрытом неударном слоге - ``[ə]``::
sentence - [ˈsentəns]
``ee`` - ``[iː]``::
keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː], tree [triː], street [striːt]
``ea`` - ``[iː]``::
mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk], please [pliːz]
!!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed], breakfast [ˈbrekfəst]
``ea`` перед ``d``, ``n``, ``th``, ``sure`` - ``[e]``::
bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
``er`` в ударном слоге - ``[ɜːr]``::
her [hɜːr], term [tɜːrm], serve [sɜːrv], permanent [ˈpɜːrmənənt]
``ear`` + согласная - ``[ɜːr]``::
heard [hɜːrd], learn [lɜːrn], earth [ɜːrθ]
``ear`` - ``[ɪə]``::
ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə], dear [dɪə]
``eer`` - ``[ɪə]``::
cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]
``ere`` - ``[ɪə]``::
mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
!!! there [θer], where [wer], were [wɜːr]
``er`` в неударном положении - ``[ə]``::
member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
``er`` в открытом неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
``et`` в конце слова - ``[ɪt]``::
market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
``ei`` в ударном слоге - ``[eɪ]``::
vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
``ei`` в неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
``ey`` в ударном слоге - ``[eɪ]``::
grey [ɡreɪ], they [θeɪ]
``ey`` в неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
``ew`` - ``[juː]``::
new [njuː], few [fjuː]
``ew`` после звуков ``[r, l, dʒ] - [uː]``::
crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
``eu`` - ``[juː]``::
deuce [djuːs]
Чтение ``i``
------------
``i`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[aɪ]``::
fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
!!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
``i`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
``i`` в неударном положении - ``[ɪ]``::
immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
``i`` перед ``nd`` - ``[aɪ]``::
kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
!!! wind [wɪnd]
Сочетание ``ild`` - ``[aɪld]``::
child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
Сочетание ``ind`` - ``[aɪnd]``::
bind [baɪnd], mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
Сочетание ``ign`` - ``[aɪn]``::
sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
Сочетание ``igh`` - ``[aɪ]``::
high [haɪ], fight [faɪt], light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]
``ie`` на конце односложных слов - ``[aɪ]``::
die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
``ir`` в ударном положении - ``[ɜːr]``::
first [fɜːrst], girl [ɡɜːrl], third [θɜːrd]
``ire`` - ``[aɪə]``::
fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
``ia`` - ``[aɪə]``::
diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
``io`` - ``[aɪə]``::
prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
``ie`` в середине корневых слов - ``[iː]``::
piece [piːs], field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
!!! friend [frend]
Чтение ``o``
------------
``o`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[əʊ]``::
no [nəʊ], ro-se [rəʊz], so-fa [ˈsəʊfə]
!!! do [duː], does [dʌz], ɡlove [ɡlʌv], love [lʌv], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]
``old`` - ``[əʊld]``::
old [əʊld], cold [cəʊld], hold [həʊld]
``oa`` - ``[əʊ]``::
road [rəʊd], boat [bəʊt], load [ləʊd], loan [ləʊn], oak [əʊk]
``ow`` в конце слов - ``[əʊ]``::
know [nəʊ], show [ʃəʊ], snow [snəʊ], window [ˈwindəʊ], low [ləʊ], bowl [bəʊl]
!!! now [naʊ], how [haʊ], cow [kaʊ]
``ow`` в середине слов - ``[aʊ]``::
brown [braʊn], down [daʊn], flower [ˈflaʊə]
``o`` перед ``st`` - ``[əʊ]``::
post [pəʊst], most [məʊst]
!!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
``o`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ɔ]``::
on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
!!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
!!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]
``ou`` в середине слова - ``[aʊ]``::
out [aʊt], town [taʊn], brown [braʊn], found [faʊnd], pound [paʊd]
sound [saʊnd], trousers [ˈtraʊzəz], mouth [maʊθ]
!!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
!!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː], cousin [ˈkʌzən]
``or`` в ударном положении - ``[ɔːr]``::
fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
``or`` в неударном положении - ``[ər]``::
visitor [ˈvɪzɪtər], doctor [ˈdɔktər], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtər]
``oor`` - ``[ɔː]``::
floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
``ore`` - ``[ɔː]``::
more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
``oar`` - ``[ɔː]``::
board [bɔːd]
``our`` в середине слова - ``[ɔː]``::
mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
!!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
``our`` под ударением - ``[auə]``::
our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
``our`` на конце слов - ``[ə]``::
labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
``oi`` - ``[ɔɪ]``::
voice [vɔɪs], coil [kɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
``oy`` - ``[ɔɪ]``::
alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
``oo`` - ``[uː]``::
food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
!!! good [ɡʊd], wood [wʊd], wool [wʊl], foot [fʊt], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
``oo`` в сочетании ``ook`` - ``[ʊk]``::
book [bʊk], look [lʊk], took [tʊk], hook [hʊk]
``ous`` на конце слов - ``[əs]``::
various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
``oth`` под ударением - ``[ʌθ]``::
mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
!!! both [bəʊθ]
``on`` под ударением - ``[ʌn]``::
month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
!!! on [ɔn]
``om`` под ударением - ``[ʌm]``::
come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
``ov`` под ударением - ``[ʌv]``::
cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
Чтение ``u``
------------
``u`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[juː]``::
pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
``u`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ʌ]``::
num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
!!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
``ue`` после ``l``, ``r``, ``j`` - ``[uː]``::
blue [bluː], true [truː]
``ui`` после ``l``, ``r``, ``j`` - ``[uː]``::
cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
!!! suit [sjuːt]
``u`` в неударном положении - ``[ə]``::
upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
!!! mercury [ˈmɜːrkjuːrɪ]
``ur`` в ударном слоге - ``[ɜːr]``::
curtain [kɜːrtn], turn [tɜːrn], curve [cɜːrv], surface [ˈsɜːrfɪs]
``u`` перед ``r`` + гласная - ``[juə]``::
pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
!!! sure [ʃuə]
Чтение ``y``
------------
``y`` в открытом ударном слоге - ``[aɪ]``::
my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
``y`` в закрытом ударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
``y`` в открытом неударном слоге - ``[ɪ]``::
sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
``y`` в начале слов перед гласными - ``[j]``::
yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jɜːr]
``yr`` + гласная - ``[aɪə]``::
tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
``yr`` + согласная - ``[ɜːr]``::
myrtle [mɜːrtl]
Чтение согласных и сочетаний
============================
``alk`` - ``[ɔːk]``::
chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
``aught`` - ``[ɔːt]``::
daughter [ˈdɔːtər], caught [kɔːt], taught [tɔːt]
``bt`` - ``[t]``::
debt [det], doubt [daut]
``c`` обычно - ``[k]``::
cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
``c`` перед буквами ``e``, ``i``, ``y`` - ``[s]``::
cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
``ch`` - ``[ʧ]``::
child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
Rearly ``ch`` is ``[ʃ]``::
chef [ʃef], mustache [ˈmʌstæʃ], machine [məˈʃiːn]
Rearly ``ch`` is ``[k]``::
chorus [ˈkɔːrəs]
``cial`` - ``[ʃ(ə)l]``::
special [ˈspeʃəl], commercial [kəˈmɜːrʃəl], official [əˈfɪʃəl], artificial [ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəl]
``cient`` - ``[ʃ(ə)nt]``::
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
``ck`` - ``[k]``::
black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
``g`` обычно - ``[g]``::
game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
``g`` перед буквами ``e``, ``i``, ``y`` - ``[dʒ]``::
gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
``gn`` - ``[n]``::
sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
``gm`` - ``[m]``::
paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
``gh`` не читается::
though [ðəʊ], through [θruː]
!!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
``ght`` - ``[t]``::
might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
``imb`` - ``[aɪm]``::
climb - [klaɪm]
``ince`` - ``[aɪns]``::
XXX
``ing`` - ``[iŋ]``::
signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
``ink`` - ``[iŋk]``::
think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
``itious`` - ``[ɪʃəs]``::
ambitious [æmˈbɪʃəs], fictitious [fɪktɪʃəz], nutritious [njuːtˈrɪʃəs], repetitious [ˌrepɪˈtɪʃə]
``j`` - ``[dʒ]``::
jump [dʒʌmp]
``kn`` в начале слова - ``[n]``::
know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
``lf`` - ``[f]``::
calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
!!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
``lm`` - ``[m]``::
balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
``mb`` - ``[m]``::
climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [kəʊm]
``mn`` на конце слова - ``[m]``::
autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
``ness`` в неударном положении - ``[nɪs]``::
emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
``ng`` - ``[ŋ]``::
long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
``ng`` и ``g`` относится к разным слогам - ``[ŋɡ]``::
angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
``nk`` - ``[ŋk]``::
ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
``ough`` без последующего ``t`` - ``[uː]``::
XXX
``ought`` - ``[ɔːt]``::
brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
``ould`` - ``[ud]``::
could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
``ph`` - ``[f]``::
photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
``pn`` - ``[n]``::
pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
``pt`` - ``[t]``::
receipt [rɪˈsiːt]
``qu`` - ``[kw]``::
quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
``ft`` - ``[f]``::
often [ɔfn]
``r`` в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - ``[r]``::
our own room [auər əʊn rum]
``s`` в начале слов - ``[s]``::
send [send], spend [spend]
``s`` перед и после глухой согласной - ``[s]``::
test [test], cups [kʌps]
``s`` после гласных - ``[z]``::
as [az], days [deɪz]
``s`` между гласными - ``[z]``::
nose [nəʊz]
``s`` на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - ``[z]``::
pens [penz], bells [belz]
``sh`` - ``[ʃ]``::
she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp], shut [ʃʌt], wish [wɪʃ], finish [ˈfɪnɪʃ]
``sion`` after vowel and ``r`` - ``[ʒən]``::
incision [ɪnˈsɪʒən], version [ˈvɜːrʒən], decision [dɪˈsɪʒən], persuasion [pərˈsweɪʒən]
``sion`` after consonant, accept ``r`` - ``[ʃən]``::
commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], passion [ˈpæʃən], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
tension [ˈtenʃən], apprehension [əprɪˈhenʃən]
``sl`` - ``[l]``::
aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
``ss`` - ``[s]``::
chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
``st`` - ``[s]``::
castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
``ssure`` - ``[ʃə]``::
XXX
``stion`` - ``[sʧən]``::
question [qwesʧən]
``sure`` -``[ʒə]`` (except ``ssure``)::
measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
``tch`` - ``[ʧ]``::
watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
``tial`` - ``[ʃ(ə)l]`` (see ``cial``)::
essential [ɪˈsenʃəl], partial [ˈpɑːrʃəl], initial [ɪˈnɪʃəl]
``tion`` - ``[ʃən]``::
communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən], station [steɪʃən], nation [neɪʃən], motion [ˈməʊʃən]
intuition [ˌɪntjuˈɪʃən]
``th`` в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - ``[θ]``::
thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
``th`` в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - ``[ð]``::
the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðəʊ], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
``th`` между двумя гласными - ``[ð]``::
bathe [beið], clothe [kləʊð]
``ture`` - ``[ʧə]``::
picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
``x`` - ``[ks]``::
six [sɪks]
``wh`` перед гласными кроме ``o`` - ``[w]``::
while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
``wh`` перед ``o`` - ``[h]``::
who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
``wha`` - ``[wɔ]``::
what [wɔt]
``wor`` в ударном положении - ``[wɜːr]``::
worse [wɜːrs], world [wɜːrld], work [wɜːrk], worm [wɜːrm]
!!! worn [wɔːn]
``wr`` - ``[r]``::
write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
``xh`` - ``[ks]``::
exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]