Add some words.
.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
.. include:: header.rst
===================
English spelling.
===================
About.
======
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
Деление на слоги (syllable).
============================
В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::
ba-by, pis-ton
Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
слогу::
e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
согласная относится к первому слогу::
hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
конечное нечитаемое "e"::
ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
Типы слогов.
============
Открытый слог (open syllable).
------------------------------
Заканчивается на гласную::
ba-by
Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::
cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]
Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
--------------------------------
Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r"::
sys-tem
Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
---------------------------------
Обычно первый слог::
pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::
nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
-------------------------------------
Чтение согласных.
=================
Чтение гласных.
===============
Буква "e" в конце слова не читается::
life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
!!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]::
range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
!!! said [sed]
"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]
"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]::
cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
"ar" - [ɑː]::
car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]::
glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
!!! mass [mæs]
"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]::
fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
!!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]::
grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]::
branch [brɑːnʧ]
"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]::
half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]::
ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]::
father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
!!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]::
chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]::
shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
"air" - [ɛə]::
stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
"are" - [ɛə]::
care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]::
all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
"au" - [ɔː]::
launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
!!! aunt [ɑːnt]
"aw" - [ɔː]::
saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː]
"aught" - [ɔːt]::
naught [nɔːt]
"auth" - [ɔːθ]::
author [ˈɔːθə]
"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]::
war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]::
want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]
"a" в неударном положении - [ə]::
data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]::
captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]::
marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]::
he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
"ea" - [iː]::
mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
!!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
"ee" - [iː]::
keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]::
bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]::
bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
"ear" + согласная - [əː]::
heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
"ear" - [ɪə]::
ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
"eer" - [ɪə]::
cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]
"ere" - [ɪə]::
mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
!!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]::
sentence - [ˈsentəns]
"er" в неударном положении - [ə]::
member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]::
market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
"ey" - [ɪ]::
hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
"ew" - [juː]::
new [njuː], few [fjuː]
"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]::
crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
"eu" - [juː]::
deuce [djuːs]
"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
they [θeɪ]
"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
!!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]::
kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
!!! wind [wɪnd]
"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]::
wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]::
sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]::
light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]
"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]::
die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]::
pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
"i" в неударном положении - [i]::
immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]::
first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
"ire" - [aɪə]::
fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
"ia" - [aɪə]::
diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
"io" - [aɪə]::
prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]::
field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
!!! friend [frend], piece [pɪːs]
"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]::
no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə]
!!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]
"old" - [oul]::
old [ɔuld], cold [could], hold [hould]
"ol" - [oul]::
control [kəntroul]
"oll" - [oul]::
roll [roul]
"oa" - [ou]::
road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk]
"ow" в конце слов - [ou]::
know [nou], show [ʃou], snow [snou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou], bowl [boul]
!!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
"ow" в середине слов - [au]::
brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə]
"o" перед "st" - [ou]::
post [poust], most [moust]
!!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]::
on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
!!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
!!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]
"ou" в середине слова - [au]::
out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud]
sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz]
!!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
!!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː]
"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]::
fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
"oor" - [ɔː]::
floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
!!! pore [puə]
"ore" - [ɔː]::
more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
"oar" - [ɔː]::
board [bɔːd]
"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]::
mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
!!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
"our" под ударением - [auə]::
our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
"or" в неударном положении - [ə]::
visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
"our" на конце слов - [ə]::
labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
"oi" - [ɔɪ]::
voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
"oy" - [ɔɪ]::
alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
"oo" - [uː]::
food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
!!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
"oo" перед "k" - [u]::
book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
"ous" на конце слов - [əs]::
various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]::
mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
!!! both [bouθ]
"on" под ударением - [ʌn]::
month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
!!! on [ɔn]
"om" под ударением - [ʌm]::
come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]::
cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]::
pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]::
num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
!!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
blue [bluː], true [truː]
"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
!!! suit [sjuːt]
"u" в неударном положении - [ə]::
upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
!!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]::
pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
!!! sure [ʃuə]
"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]::
sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]::
yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]::
tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
"yr" + согласная - [əː]::
myrtle [məːtl]
"alk" - [ɔːk]::
chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
"aught" - [ɔːt]::
XXX
"bt" - [t]::
debt [det], doubt [daut]
"c" обычно - [k]::
cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]::
cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
"ch" - [ʧ]::
child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]::
special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]::
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
"ck" - [k]::
black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
"g" обычно - [g]::
game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]::
gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
"gn" - [n]::
sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
"gm" - [m]::
paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
"gh" не читается::
though [ðou], through [θruː]
!!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
"ght" - [t]::
might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
"igh" - [aɪ]::
high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
"ild" - [aɪld]::
child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
"imb" - [aɪm]::
climb - [klaɪm]
"ince" - [aɪns]::
XXX
"ind" - [aɪnd]::
mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
"ing" - [iŋ]::
signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
"ink" - [iŋk]::
think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
"j" - [dʒ]::
jump [dʒʌmp]
"kn" в начале слова - [n]::
know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
"lf" - [f]::
calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
!!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
"lm" - [m]::
balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
"mb" - [m]::
climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum]
"mn" на конце слова - [m]::
autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]::
emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
"ng" - [ŋ]::
long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]::
angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
"nk" - [ŋk]::
ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]::
XXX
"ought" - [ɔːt]::
brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
"ould" - [ud]::
could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
"ph" - [f]::
photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
"pn" - [n]::
pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
"pt" - [t]::
receipt [rɪˈsɪːt]
"qu" - [kw]::
quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
"ft" - [f]::
often [ɔfn]
"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]::
our own room [auər oun rum]
"s" в начале слов - [s]::
send [send], spend [spend]
"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]::
test [test], cups [kʌps]
"s" после гласных - [z]::
as [az], days [deɪz]
"s" между гласными - [z]::
nose [nouz]
"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]::
pens [penz], bells [belz]
"sh" - [ʃ]::
she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]::
incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]::
pension [penʃn]
"sl" - [l]::
aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
"ss" - [s]::
chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
"st" - [s]::
castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
"ssure" - [ʃə]::
XXX
"stion" - [sʧn]::
question [qwesʧn]
"sure" -[ʒə]::
measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
"tch" - [ʧ]::
watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]::
thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]::
the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]::
bathe [beið], clothe [klouð]
"ture" - [ʧə]::
picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
"x" - [ks]::
six [sɪks]
"wa" - [wɔ]::
want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]::
while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
"wh" перед "o" - [h]::
who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
"wha" - [wɔ]::
what [wɔt]
"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]::
worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
!!! worn [wɔːn]
"wr" - [r]::
write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
"xh" - [ks]::
exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]