.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

================
 IPA in gadict.
================
.. contents::
   :local:

Pronunciation rules for English.
================================

In English written symbol represent different sounds::

  rough [XXX]
  through [XXX]
  bough [XXX]
  though [XXX]
  cough [XXX]

Many linguists argue that English require spelling reform.


Pronunciation keys for EN gadict.
=================================

Phonetic transcriptions usually enclosed in square brackets ``[əbaʊt]`` or
slashes ``/əbaʊt/``.

``gadict`` project try to follow OED 2ed (Oxford English Dictionary)
pronunciation for dialect known as RP (Received Pronunciation) and uses IPA for
representation of pronunciation like in Wikipedia project:

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English
                Wikipedia IPA for English.
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English
                This concise chart shows the most common applications of the
                International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English
                language pronunciations.
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation
                Wiki about RP.
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oed
                Oxford English Dictionary.

Compare:

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_conventions_for_English

Consonants.
-----------

``[b]``::

  bed [bed], bird [bɜːrd], baby [beɪbi]

``[p]``::

  pen [pen], people [piːpəl], hope [həʊp], pop [pɒp]

``[d]``::

  dead [ded], dust [dʌst], odd [ɒd], did [dɪd]

``[t]``::

  tree [triː], get [ɡet], button [bʌtn], tight [taɪt]

``[ʧ]``::

  chalk [ʧɔːk], teacher [tiːʧər], match [mæʧ], church [ʧɜːrʧ]

``[f]``::

  fat [fæt], flow [fləʊ], fine [faɪn], coffee [kɒfɪ], fluff [flʌf]

``[v]``::

  very [ˈveri], heavy [ˈhevi], move [muːv], verve [vɜːrv]

``[ɡ]``::

  glove [ɡlʌv], give [ɡɪv], bag [bæɡ], gig [ɡɪɡ]

``[h]``::

  hot [hɒt], high [haɪ], hear [hɪə], hello [ˈheləʊ], how [hau]

``[j]``::

  yet [jet], useful [juːsfəl], yellow [jeləʊ], cute [kjuːt]

``[k]``::

  cat [kæt], came [keɪm], lucky [lʌki], sick [sɪk]

``[l]``::

  lamp [læmp], bell [bel], level [levəl]

``[m]``::

  milk [mɪlk], sum [sʌm]

``[n]``::

  note [nəʊt], funny [fʌni], son [sʌn], none [nʌn]

``[r]``::

  right [raɪt], road [rəʊd], sorry [ˈsɒrɪ]

``[s]``::

  sofa [səʊfə], hiss [hɪs], cease [siːs]

``[ð]``::

  then [ðen], this [ðɪs], that [ðæt], other [ʌðər], both [bəʊð]

``[θ]``::

  think [θɪnk], throw [θrəʊ], author [ɔːθər], path [pæθ]

``[ʃ]``::

  shoe [ʃuː], nation [neɪʃən], fish [fɪʃ], shush [ʃʊʃ]

``[ʒ]``::

  pleasure [pleʒə], vision [ˈvɪʒən], beige [beɪʒ]

``[dʒ]``::

  joke [dʒəʊk], lodger [lɒdʒər], bridge [brɪdʒ], judge [dʒʌdʒ]

``[w]``::

  wet [wet], one [wʌn], when [wen], quick [kwɪk]

``[z]``::

  zinc [zɪŋk], buzz [bʌz], roses [rəʊzəz]

Vowels.
-------

``[ʌ]``::

  son [sʌn], ɡun [ɡʌn]

``[ɑː]``::

  car [kɑːr], father [fɑðər], start [stɑːrt], hard [hɑːrd]

``[ɒ]``::

  lot [lɒt], hot [hɒt], odd [ɒd], love [lʌv], blood [blʌd]

``[ɔː]``::

  fork [fɔːk], or [ɔː], fall [fɔːl]

``[ʊ]``::

  good [ɡʊd], foot [fʊt], put [pʊt]

``[uː]``::

  blue [blu:], group [ɡruːp]

``[ɛ]``::

  pen [pɛn], text [tɛxt], pet [pɛt], dress [drɛs], bed [bɛd]

``[ɪ]``::

  pin [pɪn], milk [mɪlk], minit [mɪnɪt], bid [bɪd]

``[iː]``::

  tree [triː], see [siː], me [miː], tea [tiː]

``[ɪə]``::

  ear [ɪə], dear [dɪə]

``[ɜr]``::

  girl [gɜrl], first [fɜrst], work [wɜrk], learn [lɛrn]

``[æ]``::

  fat [fæt], happy [hæppɪ], trap [træp]

``[aɪ]``::

  high [haɪ], price [praɪs], try [traɪ]

``[eə]``::

  where [weə], fair [feə], pair [peə]

``[eɪ]``::

  face [feɪs], break [breɪk], day [deɪ]

``[ɔɪ]``::

  choice [ʧɔɪs], noise [nɔɪz], boy [bɔɪ]

``[əʊ]``::

  open [əʊpən], colon [kəʊlən], show [ʃəʊ]

``[ɪə]``::

  near [nɪə], hear [hɪə]

``[ʊə]``::

  tour [tʊə], pure [pjʊə], cure [kjʊə]

List of IPA symbols for English
===============================
::

  θ ð ʃ ŋ ʧ ʒ ı ɡ ː ˌ ˈ ˑ ˏ ˊ ˋ
  æ ɑ ɒ ʌ ʊ ɒ ɛ ə ɜ ɔ ɪ є ɚ

You can copy/paste they in phonetic string.

TODO
====
::

            Front       Central     Back
         long  short long  short long  short
  Close   iː    ɪ                 uː    ʊ
  Mid           ɛ     ɜː    ə     ɔː
  Open          æ           ʌ     ɑː    ɒ

      Diphthong          Triphthong
  Closing    Centring
   /eɪ/       /ɪə/        /aɪə/
   /aɪ/       /eə/        /ɑʊə/
   /ɔɪ/       /ʊə/
   /əʊ/
   /aʊ/

Old vs. new transcription.
==========================

From "Better English pronunciation."::

  Old  iː i e ɔː u uː ei ou ai au ɔi æ ɔ ʌ əː ɑː iə ɛə uə ə
  New  iː ɪ e ɔː ʊ uː eɪ əʊ aɪ aʊ ɔɪ æ ɒ ʌ ɜː ɑː ɪə eə ʊə ə

Also from Wikipedia::

  Old  æ e əː ʌɪ ɑʊ ɛə
  New  a ɛ ɜː aɪ aʊ eə