www/en-pronunciation_ru.rst
author Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
Wed, 01 Jun 2016 15:45:05 +0300
changeset 488 ed62b3cef9ce
parent 339 4d8d46bbe30d
child 511 d3b8198b0116
permissions -rw-r--r--
Hold term of use on separate page.

.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

========================
 English pronunciation.
========================
.. contents::
   :local:

About.
======

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English

Деление на слоги (syllable).
============================

В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::

  ba-by, pis-ton

Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
слогу::

  e-ven, o-pen, i-tem

Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
согласная относится к первому слогу::

  hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom

Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
конечное нечитаемое "e"::

  ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre

Типы слогов.
============

Открытый слог (open syllable).
------------------------------

Заканчивается на гласную::

  ba-by

Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::

  cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]

Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
--------------------------------

Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r"::

  sys-tem

Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
---------------------------------

Обычно первый слог::

  pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]

В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::

  nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
  mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
  press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]

Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
-------------------------------------

Чтение согласных.
=================

Чтение гласных.
===============

Буква "e" в конце слова не читается::

  life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]

"a" в открытом ударном слоге  - [eɪ]::

 na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
 !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]

"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]::

  range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]

"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::

  main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
  !!! said [sed]

"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::

  may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]

"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]::

  cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]

"ar" - [ɑː]::

  car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]

"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]::

  glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
  !!! mass [mæs]

"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]::

  fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
  !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]

"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]::

  grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]

"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]::

  branch [brɑːnʧ]

"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]::

  half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]

"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]::

  ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]

"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]::

  father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
  !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]

"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]::

  chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]

"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]::

  shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]

"air" - [ɛə]::

  stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]

"are" - [ɛə]::

  care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]

"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]::

  all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
  chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]

"au" - [ɔː]::

  launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
  !!! aunt [ɑːnt]

"aw" - [ɔː]::

  saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː]

"aught" - [ɔːt]::

  naught [nɔːt]

"auth" - [ɔːθ]::

  author [ˈɔːθə]

"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]::

  war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]

"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]::

  want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]

"a" в неударном положении - [ə]::

  data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]

"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]::

  captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]

"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]::

  marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]


"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]::

  he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]

"ea" - [iː]::

  mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
  !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]

"ee" - [iː]::

  keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]

"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]::

  bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]

"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]::

  bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]

"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]::

  her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]

"ear" + согласная - [əː]::

  heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]

"ear" - [ɪə]::

  ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]

"eer" - [ɪə]::

  cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]

"ere" - [ɪə]::

  mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
  !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]

"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]::

  sentence - [ˈsentəns]

"er" в неударном положении - [ə]::

  member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]

"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::

  event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]

"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::

  regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]

"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]::

  market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]

"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]::

  foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]

"ey" - [ɪ]::

  hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]

"ew" - [juː]::

  new [njuː], few [fjuː]

"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]::

  crew [kruː], grew [gruː]

"eu" - [juː]::

  deuce [djuːs]

"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::

  vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]

"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::

  they [θeɪ]


"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::

  fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə],  pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
  !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]

"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]::

  kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
  !!! wind [wɪnd]

"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]::

  wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]

"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]::

  sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]

"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]::

  light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]

"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]::

  die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]

"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]::

  pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]

"i" в неударном положении - [i]::

  immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]

"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]::

  first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]

"ire" - [aɪə]::

  fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]

"ia" - [aɪə]::

  diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]

"io" - [aɪə]::

  prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]

"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]::

  field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
  !!! friend [frend], piece [piːs]

"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [əʊ]::

  no [nəʊ], ro-se [rəʊz], so-fa [ˈsəʊfə]
  !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]

"old" - [əʊl]::

  old [ɔuld], cold [cəʊld], hold [həʊld]

"ol" - [əʊl]::

  control [kəntrəʊl]

"oll" - [əʊl]::

  roll [rəʊl]

"oa" - [əʊ]::

  road [rəʊd], boat [bəʊt], load [ləʊd], loan [ləʊn], oak [əʊk]

"ow" в конце слов - [əʊ]::

  know [nəʊ], show [ʃəʊ], snow [snəʊ], window [ˈwindəʊ], low [ləʊ], bowl [bəʊl]
  !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]

"ow" в середине слов - [au]::

  brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə]

"o" перед "st" - [əʊ]::

  post [pəʊst], most [məʊst]
  !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]

"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]::

  on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
  !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
  !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]

"ou" в середине слова - [au]::

  out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud]
  sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz]
  !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
  !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː]

"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]::

  fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]

"oor" - [ɔː]::

  floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
  !!! pore [puə]

"ore" - [ɔː]::

  more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]

"oar" - [ɔː]::

  board [bɔːd]

"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]::

  mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
  !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]

"our" под ударением - [auə]::

  our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]

"or" в неударном положении - [ə]::

  visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]

"our" на конце слов - [ə]::

  labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]

"oi" - [ɔɪ]::

  voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]

"oy" - [ɔɪ]::

  alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]

"oo" - [uː]::

  food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
  !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]

"oo" перед "k" - [u]::

  book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]

"ous" на конце слов - [əs]::

  various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]

"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]::

  mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
  !!! both [bəʊθ]

"on" под ударением - [ʌn]::

  month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
  !!! on [ɔn]

"om" под ударением - [ʌm]::

  come [kʌm], some [sʌm]

"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]::

  cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]


"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]::

  pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]

"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]::

  num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
  !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]

"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::

  blue [bluː], true [truː]

"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::

  cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
  !!! suit [sjuːt]

"u" в неударном положении - [ə]::

  upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
  !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]

"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]::

  curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]

"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]::

  pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
  !!! sure [ʃuə]


"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::

  my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]

"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]::

  sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]

"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::

  sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]

"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]::

  yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]

"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]::

  tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]

"yr" + согласная - [əː]::

  myrtle [məːtl]


"alk" - [ɔːk]::

  chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]

"aught" - [ɔːt]::

  XXX

"bt" - [t]::

  debt [det], doubt [daut]

"c" обычно - [k]::

  cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]

"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]::

  cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]

"ch" - [ʧ]::

  child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]

"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]::

  special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]

"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]::

  efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]

"ck" - [k]::

  black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].

"g" обычно - [g]::

  game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]

"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]::

  gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]

"gn" - [n]::

  sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]

"gm" - [m]::

  paradigm ['pærədaɪm]

"gh" не читается::

  though [ðəʊ], through [θruː]
  !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]

"ght" - [t]::

  might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]

"igh" - [aɪ]::

  high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]

"ild" - [aɪld]::

  child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]

"imb" - [aɪm]::

  climb - [klaɪm]

"ince" - [aɪns]::

  XXX

"ind" - [aɪnd]::

  mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]

"ing" - [iŋ]::

  signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]

"ink" - [iŋk]::

  think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]

"j" - [dʒ]::

  jump [dʒʌmp]

"kn" в начале слова - [n]::

  know [kəu], knot [nɔt]

"lf" - [f]::

  calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
  !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]

"lm" - [m]::

  balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]

"mb" - [m]::

  climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [kəʊm]

"mn" на конце слова - [m]::

  autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]

"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]::

  emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]

"ng" - [ŋ]::

  long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]

"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]::

  angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]

"nk" - [ŋk]::

  ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]

"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]::

  XXX

"ought" - [ɔːt]::

  brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]

"ould" - [ud]::

  could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]

"ph" - [f]::

  photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]

"pn" - [n]::

  pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]

"pt" - [t]::

  receipt [rɪˈsiːt]

"qu" - [kw]::

  quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]

"ft" - [f]::

  often [ɔfn]

"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]::

  our own room [auər əʊn rum]

"s" в начале слов - [s]::

  send [send], spend [spend]

"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]::

  test [test], cups [kʌps]

"s" после гласных - [z]::

  as [az], days [deɪz]

"s" между гласными - [z]::

  nose [nəʊz]

"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]::

  pens [penz], bells [belz]

"sh" - [ʃ]::

  she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]

"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]::

  incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]

"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]::

  pension [penʃn]

"sl" - [l]::

  aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]

"ss" - [s]::

  chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]

"st" - [s]::

  castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]

"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::

  commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]

"ssure" - [ʃə]::

  XXX

"stion" - [sʧn]::

  question [qwesʧn]

"sure" -[ʒə]::

  measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]

"tch" - [ʧ]::

  watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]

"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::

  communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]

"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]::

  thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]

"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]::

  the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðəʊ], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]

"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]::

  bathe [beið], clothe [kləʊð]

"ture" - [ʧə]::

  picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]

"x" - [ks]::

  six [sɪks]

"wa" - [wɔ]::

  want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]

"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]::

  while [waɪl], whack [wæk]

"wh" перед "o" - [h]::

  who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]

"wha" - [wɔ]::

  what [wɔt]

"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]::

  worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
  !!! worn [wɔːn]

"wr" - [r]::

  write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]

"xh" - [ks]::

  exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]