author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Sat, 05 Mar 2016 22:55:38 +0200 | |
changeset 1938 | f01a39748c0d |
parent 1937 | 095a0ab12893 |
child 1939 | d56a295b48da |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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=== |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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R |
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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=== |
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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parents:
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.. contents:: |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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:local: |
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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Inspecting objects |
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================== |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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parents:
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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Info about object dimensions:: |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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length(c(1,2,3)) |
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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dim(matrix(1:6, 2, 3)) |
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ncol(matrix(1:6, 2, 3)) |
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nrow(matrix(1:6, 2, 3)) |
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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Brief info about any object:: |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
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typeof(str) |
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class(str) |
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unclass(str) |
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str(c(1, 2)) |
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str(summary) |
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Column names of datasets:: |
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names(...) |
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names(list(colA=1, colB=2)) |
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Column/row names of matrixes:: |
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colnames(matrix(...)) |
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rownames(matrix(...)) |
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List objects in global context: ``ls()``. |
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Objext size in memory: ``object.site(1:2)`` |
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Interactive session |
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=================== |
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Controlling output precision:: |
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options(digits=3) |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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Debugging |
71949d52fd3a
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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========= |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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To mark function for debugging call:: |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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debug(fun, text = "", condition = NULL) |
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debugonce(fun, text = "", condition = NULL) |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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To return function to normal execution:: |
71949d52fd3a
Inspecting objects, Debugging, Generating random numbers
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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undebug(fun) |
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isdebugged(fun) |
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You can under to debug mode in any piece of code by calling ``browser``. |
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``traceback`` prints out the function call stack after an error occurs; does |
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nothing if there's no error. |
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``trace`` allows you to insert debugging code into a function a specific places. |
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``recover`` allows you to modify the error behavior so that you can browse the |
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function call stack. |
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Profiling |
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========= |
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How long execution of expression takes (in low sec/milisec resolution):: |
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system.time(expr, gcFirst = TRUE) |
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unix.time(expr, gcFirst = TRUE) |
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``Rprof`` function enable global profiling. ``summaryRprof`` function decrypt |
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profiling data:: |
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Rprof() ## start profiling |
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Rprof(NULL) ## suspend profiling |
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Rprof(append = TRUE) ## resume profiling |
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Rprof(NULL) ## end profiling |
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summaryRprof() ## investigate profiling report |
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Generating random numbers |
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========================= |
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For each distribution there are exists corresponding generation function, named |
71949d52fd3a
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with prefix ``r``:: |
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rnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1) |
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rt(n, df, ncp) |
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rbinom(n, size, prob) |
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rpois(n, lambda) |
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runif(n, min = 0, max = 1) |
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rexp |
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rchisq |
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rgamma |
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In order to generate predictable sequences use:: |
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set.seed(seed, kind = NULL, normal.kind = NULL) |
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Sampling from array:: |
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sample(x, size, replace = FALSE, prob = NULL) |
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sample.int(n, size = n, replace = FALSE, prob = NULL) |
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sample(1:10, 10) ## permutation!! |
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sample(1:10, 100, replace=TRUE) |
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Looping over data |
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================= |
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parents:
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1936 | 118 |
``lapply`` iterate over data and return list with result of function |
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application:: |
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lapply(1:5, function(x) x^2) |
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lapply(matrix(rnorm(20*10),20,10), mean) |
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Usually you don't need a list but a vector. ``sapply`` works like ``lapply`` but |
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also try to convert result to matrix or vector is dimantions and elvement types |
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permit this:: |
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lapply(list(1:5), mean) |
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[[1]] |
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[1] 3 |
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sapply(list(1:5), mean) |
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[1] 3 |
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``apply`` works on specific dimension of data so useful to work with matrixes |
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and data frames:: |
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apply(matrix(1:6, 2, 3), 1, min) |
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[1] 1 2 |
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apply(matrix(1:6, 2, 3), 2, max) |
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[1] 2 4 6 |
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apply(array(rnorm(2*2*10), c(2, 2, 10)), c(1, 2), mean) |
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[,1] [,2] |
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[1,] -0.2733804 0.3154234 |
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[2,] 0.1830982 -0.5889010 |
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``colSums``, ``rowSums``, ``colMeans``, ``rowMeans`` is defined as optimized |
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equivalent for:: |
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rowSums = apply(x, 1, sum) |
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colSums = apply(x, 2, sum) |
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rowMeans = apply(x, 1, mean) |
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colMeans = apply(x, 2, mean) |
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``split`` partitioning data on factor (analog of SQL ``group by``):: |
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data<-data.frame(rnorm(10),rbinom(10,1,prob=.7)) |
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sdata<-split(data[,1],data[,2]) |
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lapply(sdata,mean) |
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Exploring data |
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============== |
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parents:
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Check `Inspecting objects`_ section. |
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Investigating unique values:: |
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sapply(data, unique) |
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170 |
sapply(data$col, unique) |
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sapply(data[,c("col1","col2")], unique) |
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sapply(data[,5:10], unique) |
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table(data$col) |
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176 |
tapply(data$what, data$by, unique) |
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177 |
tapply(data$what, data$by, summary) |
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178 |
tapply(data$what, data$by, range) |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
179 |
tapply(data$what, data$by, mean) |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
180 |
tapply(data$what, data$by, sd) |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
181 |
|
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
182 |
Brief info about vectors and matrixes:: |
eb1e2557ebf7
Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
183 |
|
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
184 |
summary(1:8) |
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
185 |
summary(matrix(1:20, 4, 5)) |
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
186 |
|
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
187 |
Simple plots:: |
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
188 |
|
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
189 |
i<-1:100 |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
190 |
x<-i/10 |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
191 |
y<-x^2 |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
192 |
plot(x,y) |
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
193 |
|
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
194 |
hist(rpois(100,10)) |
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Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
195 |
hist(rpois(100,10),breaks=20) |
eb1e2557ebf7
Looping over data, Exploring data
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
1927
diff
changeset
|
196 |
|
1936 | 197 |
Renaming columns |
198 |
================ |
|
199 |
:: |
|
200 |
||
201 |
names(d)[names(d)=="beta"] <- "two" |
|
202 |
names(d)[2] <- "two" |
|
203 |
||
1937 | 204 |
library(plyr) |
1938 | 205 |
newd <- rename(d, c("beta"="two", "gamma"="three")) |
206 |