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* Standards for smartcards.

** Personal Identity Verification (PIV).

*** FIPS 201.

United States  federal government standard that specifies Personal Identity
Verification (PIV) requirements for Federal employees and contractors.

  http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/piv/index.html
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_201

*** NIST SP 800-78 (Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for PIV).

** X.509 Certificate for Digital Signature.

** X.509 Certificate for Key Management.

** X.509 Certificate for Card Authentication.

** Card Capability Container.

** Cardholder Unique Identifier.

** X.509 Certificate for PIV Authentication.

** Cardholder Fingerprints.

** Security Object.

** Cardholder Facial Image.

** Printed Information.

* Driver for smartcards.

** Windows.

  http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/input/smartcard/default.mspx
                Smart Card Devices - Architecture and Driver Support

*** Smart Card Minidriver.

  http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/input/smartcard/sc-minidriver.mspx
                Smart Card Minidriver Specification
  http://support.microsoft.com/kb/976832
                Error message when you insert a smart card in a reader on a Windows 7-based or
                Windows Server 2008 R2-based computer: "Device driver software was not successfully
                installed"