+
−.. -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
+
−.. include:: HEADER.rst
+
−
+
−====
+
− X.
+
−====
+
−.. contents::
+
−
+
−Standard.
+
−=========
+
−
+
−See
+
−
+
−  http://www.tronche.com/gui/x/icccm/
+
−
+
−Widget toolkit.
+
−===============
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_toolkit
+
−                Widget toolkit
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_widget_toolkits
+
−                List of widget toolkits
+
−
+
−GTK+.
+
−-----
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK%2B
+
−
+
−QT.
+
−---
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_%28toolkit%29
+
−
+
−WxWidgets.
+
−----------
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WxWidgets
+
−
+
−Tk.
+
−---
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tk_%28computing%29
+
−
+
−FLTK.
+
−-----
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK
+
−
+
−Xaw.
+
−----
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaw
+
−
+
−GNUstep.
+
−--------
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep
+
−
+
−XView.
+
−------
+
−
+
−  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XView
+
−
+
−Getting info about X window and X-related applications data.
+
−============================================================
+
−
+
−Look for system registered resources::
+
−
+
−  $ listres
+
−  $ listres -all
+
−
+
−  $ appres XTerm
+
−  $ appres -name htop   # for xterm with running bash inside
+
−
+
−Look for X resources of running applications::
+
−
+
−  $ xprop -root
+
−  $ xprop -name bash    # for xterm with running bash inside
+
−
+
−Keyboard's keys under X window.
+
−===============================
+
−
+
−  scancodes
+
−                hardware-dependent codes generated by keystrokes and received by
+
−                the X server.
+
−  keycodes
+
−                Codes sent by the X server to the client indicating which key
+
−                was pressed. Keycodes by themselves do not indicate what the
+
−                keystroke means; the client must request that information from
+
−                the X server.
+
−  modifiers
+
−                Flags, such as ``shift`` and ``control``, that the server sends
+
−                with each keycode to the client. The client's interpretation of
+
−                the keycode may depend on the state of the modifiers. For
+
−                example, the state of the shift modifier determines whether an
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−                alphabetic character should be lowercase or uppercase. Because
+
−                the X server encodes the states of the eight modifiers (shift,
+
−                lock, control, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, and mod5) in a single
+
−                byte of data, modifiers are often referred to as ``modifier
+
−                bits``.
+
−  keysyms
+
−                codes that specify the glyphs appearing on the keys. The X
+
−                server also maintains a list of strings that describe the
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−                keysyms, such as ``a``, ``B``, and ``Control``.
+
−
+
−Find the keycode.
+
−=================
+
−
+
−::
+
−
+
−  $ xev
+
−  $ cat /usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
+
−
+
−Don't run under X::
+
−
+
−  $ showkey
+
−
+
−To do same under X::
+
−
+
−  $ xev | sed -n 's=.*keycode \([0-9]*\).*=\1=p'
+
−
+
−List key modifier::
+
−
+
−  $ xmodmap -pm
+
−
+
−Add keycode to modifier::
+
−
+
−  $ xmodmap -e "add shift = Shift_R"
+
−
+
−Remove keycode from modifier::
+
−
+
−  $ xmodmap -e "remove shift = Shift_L"
+
−
+
−Examining the current keymap table::
+
−
+
−  $ xmodmap -pk
+
−
+
−Changing the keymap table::
+
−
+
−  $ xmodmap -e "keycode 34 = bracketleft braceleft"
+
−  $ xmodmap -e "keysym CapsLock = Control_L"
+
−
+
−  https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LaptopTesting/Keycodes
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−                Ubuntu Keycodes howto.
+
−  http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Multimedia_Keys
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−                Gentoo Multimedia Keys howto.
+
−
+
−List input devices.
+
−===================
+
−::
+
−
+
−  $ xinput -list
+
−
+
−You can use obtained ID in such command::
+
−
+
−  $ setxkbmap -device $ID -layout dvorak
+
−
+
−Making screenshort.
+
−===================
+
−::
+
−
+
−  $ sudo apt-get install scrot
+
−  $ scrot -d <sec> <file>
+
−
+
−or::
+
−
+
−  $ sudo apt-get install imagemagic
+
−  $ import -quality 100 -pause <sec> -silent <file>
+
−
+
−Input method.
+
−=============
+
−
+
−Input method by setxkbmap.
+
−--------------------------
+
−::
+
−
+
−  $ setxkbmap ru
+
−
+
−  $ setxkbmap -rules xorg -model pc104 -layout "us,ru" -option "grp:rwin_toggle,grp_led:scroll" -variant ",winkeys"
+
−
+
−Input method from xorg.conf.
+
−----------------------------
+
−::
+
−
+
−  Section "InputDevice"
+
−      Identifier     "Keyboard0"
+
−      Driver         "kbd"
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−      Option         "XkbModel" "pc105"
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−      Option         "XkbLayout" "us,ru"
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−      Option         "XkbVariant" ",winkeys"
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−      Option         "XkbOptions" "grp:rwin_switch,grp_led:scroll"
+
−  EndSection
+
−
+
−.Xdefaults
+
−==========
+
−
+
−The syntax of an Xdefaults file is as follows::
+
−
+
−  [client. | *][{restriction.} | *]resource: value
+
−
+
−where:
+
−
+
−  client
+
−                The name of the application, some program allow change it by
+
−                '-name' option. This element is optional (can be substituated
+
−                with wildcard).
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−  restriction
+
−                Class names or name of specific class instance. The classes
+
−                names conventionally start with an upper-case letter.
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−  resource
+
−                The name of the resource whose value is to be changed.
+
−                Resources are typically lowercase with uppercase
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−                concatenation.
+
−  value
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−                The actual value of the resource.
+
−  delimiters
+
−                A period (.) is used to signify each step down into the
+
−                hierarchy. A colon (:) is used to separate the resource
+
−                declaration from the actual value.
+
−
+
−Comment start with '!' char and goes up to end of line or C-like ``/* */``.
+
−
+
−Use xprop utility to find classes and resources used by application.
+
−
+
−To reread your .Xresources file, and throw away your old resources::
+
−
+
−  $ xrdb ~/.Xdefaults
+
−
+
−To reread your .Xresources file, and keep your old resources::
+
−
+
− $ xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults
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−
+
−Example::
+
−
+
−  *foreground: yellow
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−  XClock*foreground: pink
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−  Xman*topBox*foreground: blue
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−
+
−String value type.
+
−------------------
+
−
+
−This can be path specification like '/usr/bin/firefox'.
+
−
+
−Colors value type.
+
−------------------
+
−
+
−For color names see '/usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt'. Also you can use hex
+
−representation #ffffff.
+
−
+
−Font value type.
+
−----------------
+
−
+
−You can use either a full name, a wildcarded specification, or a font alias::
+
−
+
−  XTerm*Font: -adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--14-140-75-75-m-90-iso8859-1
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−  XTerm*Font: *courier-bold-r*140*
+
−  XTerm*Font: 7x14
+
−
+
−Geometry value type.
+
−--------------------
+
−
+
−  XCalc*geometry: 120x120-0-0
+
−  XClock*geometry: -50+100
+
−
+
−Cursor names value type.
+
−------------------------
+
−
+
−Cursor resources require the name of the file in /usr/include/X11/bitmaps that
+
−contains the cursor you want to use.
+
−
+
−  ScoTerm*pointerShape: gumby
+
−
+
−Pixmaps value type.
+
−-------------------
+
−
+
−Pixmaps are patterns, like bitmaps, that are used to texture or color an area
+
−on your display. Pixmap resources are specified like cursors or bitmaps.
+
−
+
−Numebers value type.
+
−--------------------
+
−
+
−  XLogo*borderWidth: 10
+
−
+
−Boolean value type.
+
−-------------------
+
−
+
−Some resources require a boolean value, such as 'true' or 'false', 'yes' or
+
−'no', or 'on' or 'off'.
+
−
+
−Wildcard matching.
+
−------------------
+
−
+
−The asterisk can be used as a wildcard, making it easy to write a single rule
+
−that can be applied to many different applications or elements.
+
−
+
−X utilities.
+
−============
+
−
+
−  appres
+
−                List "application resources".
+
−  listres
+
−                List resources in widgets.
+
−  bitmap, atobm, bmtoa
+
−                Bitmap editor and converter utilities.
+
−  editres
+
−                Dynamic resource editor for X Toolkit applications.
+
−  iceauth
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−                ICE authority file utility.
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−  xauth
+
−                X authority file utility.
+
−  ico
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−                Animate an icosahedron or other polyhedron.
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−  luit
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−                Locale and ISO 2022 support for Unicode terminals.
+
−  setxkbmap
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−                Set the keyboard using the X Keyboard Extension.
+
−  x11perf
+
−                X11 server performance test program.
+
−  x11perfcomp
+
−                X11 server performance comparison program.
+
−  xcalc
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−                scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30
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−                or an HP-10C.
+
−  xclock
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−                Displays the time in analog or digital form.
+
−  xconsole
+
−                Monitor system console messages with X.
+
−  xdpyinfo
+
−                displaying information about an X server.
+
−  xev
+
−                "Event Tester" window.
+
−  xeyes
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−                Showing two googly eyes which follow the cursor movements on the
+
−                screen as if they were watching it.
+
−  xfontsel
+
−                Point and click selection of X11 font names.
+
−  xgamma
+
−                Alter a monitor's gamma correction through the X server.
+
−  xhost
+
−                Server access control program for X.
+
−  xinit
+
−                X Window System initializer.
+
−  startx
+
−                Initialize an X session.
+
−  xkill
+
−                Kill a client by its X resource.
+
−  xload
+
−                System load average display for X.
+
−  xlogo
+
−                X Window System logo.
+
−  xlsclients
+
−                listing information about the client applications running on a display.
+
−  xmag
+
−                Magnify parts of the screen.
+
−  xman
+
−                Manual page display program for the X Window System.
+
−  xmessage
+
−                Display a message or query in a window.
+
−  xmodmap
+
−                Utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in X.
+
−  xmore
+
−                Plain text display program for the X Window System.
+
−  xprop
+
−                Property displayer for X.
+
−  xrandr
+
−                Primitive command line interface to RandR extension.
+
−  xrdb
+
−                X server resource database utility.
+
−  xrefresh
+
−                Refresh all or part of an X screen.
+
−  xset
+
−                User preference utility for X.
+
−  xsetmode
+
−                Set the mode for an X Input device.
+
−  xsetpointer
+
−                Set an X Input device as the main pointer.
+
−  xsetroot
+
−                Root window parameter setting utility for X.
+
−  xsm
+
−                X Session Manager
+
−  resize
+
−                Set environment and terminal settings to current xterm window size.
+
−  xterm
+
−                Standard terminal emulator for the X Window System.
+
−  xvinfo
+
−                Print out X-Video extension adaptor information.
+
−  xwd, xwud
+
−                Useful and easy way to take screenshots. Saves in the XWD X
+
−                Window Dump image data format.
+
−  xwininfo
+
−                Window information utility for X.
+
−
+
−XText extension.
+
−================
+
−
+
−``xdotool`` and ``xautomation`` utilities use ``XText`` for emulating user
+
−actions.
+
−
+
−GLX info.
+
−=========
+
−
+
−To determine whether 3D acceleration is working::
+
−
+
−  $ apt-get install mesa-utils
+
−  $ glxinfo | grep render
+
−
+
−To see how many frames per second your video card is putting out::
+
−
+
−  $ glxgears -info
+
−
+
−See:
+
−
+
−  https://wiki.debian.org/Mesa
+
−                Mesa is an open source 3D computer graphics library that
+
−                provides a generic OpenGL implementation for rendering
+
−                three-dimensional graphics on multiple platforms.
+
−
+
−Running a secondary X server.
+
−=============================
+
−
+
−::
+
−
+
−  $ startx xterm -- :$N -depth 16
+
−
+
−New server will be accessible at ``Alt+Ctrl+F$((N+6))``::
+
−
+
−  :0  Alt+Ctrl+F7
+
−  :1  Alt+Ctrl+F8
+
−  ...
+
−  :5  Alt+Ctrl+F12
+
−
+
−In order to fix::
+
−
+
−  X: user not authorized to run the X server
+
−
+
−run::
+
−
+
−  $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure x11-common
+
−
+
−Running X server without display.
+
−=================================
+
−
+
−Run ``Xvfb`` and make screenshort of desktop::
+
−
+
−  $ apt-get install xvfb
+
−  $ Xvfb :1 -screen 0 1280x1024x24 &
+
−  $ xclock -display :1 &
+
−  $ import -display :1 -window root image.png
+
−  $ kill %1 %2
+
−
+
−In order to run ``Xvfb`` permanently add entry to ``/etc/inittab``::
+
−
+
−  xvfb:2:respawn:/usr/bin/Xvfb :1 -ac -screen 0 1280x1024x24
+
−
+
−Running X server in nested windows.
+
−===================================
+
−::
+
−
+
−  $ sudo apt-get install xnest
+
−  $ startx xterm -- `command -v Xnest` :1 -geometry 800x600
+
−