-*- mode: outline; coding: utf-8 -*-

* About.

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English

* Деление на слоги (syllable).
** В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков.
ba-by, pis-ton
** Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму слогу.
e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
** Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая согласная относится к первому слогу.
hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
** Слог образуют сочетания согласных с "l" и "r", если за ними следует конечное нечитаемое "e".
ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre

* Типы слогов.
** Открытый слог (open syllable).
*** Заканчивается на гласную.
ba-by
*** Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым.
** Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
*** Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r".
sys-tem
** Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
*** Обычно первый слог.
pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
*** В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит.
nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl], mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk], press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
** Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
* Буква "e" в конце слова не читается.
life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]

* "a" в открытом ударном слоге  - [eɪ].
  na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
  !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
* "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ].
  range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
* "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ].
  main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz]
  !!! said [sed]
* "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ].
  may [meɪ], pay [peɪ], stay [meɪ]
* "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ].
  cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
* "ar" - [ɑː].
  car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
* "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː].
  glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
  !!! mass [mæs]
* "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː].
  fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst]
  !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
* "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː].
  grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
* "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː].
  branch [brɑːnʧ]
* "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː].
  half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
* "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː].
  ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
* "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː].
  father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
  !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
* "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː].
  chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
* "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː].
  shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
* "air" - [ɛə].
  stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
* "are" - [ɛə].
  care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
* "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː].
  ball [bɔːl], chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
* "au" - [ɔː].
  launch [lɔːnʧ]
  !!! aunt [ɑːnt]
* "aw" - [ɔː].
  saw [sɔː],
* "aught" - [ɔːt].
  naught [nɔːt]
* "auth" - [ɔːθ].
  author [ˈɔːθə]
* "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː].
  war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
* "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ].
  want [wɔt], wash [waʃ], what [wɔt]
* "a" в неударном положении - [ə].
  data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
* "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ].
  captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
* "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ].
  marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]

* "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː].
  he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
* "ea" - [iː].
  mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
  !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
* "ee" - [iː].
  keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
* "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e].
  bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
* "ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e].
  bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
* "er" в ударном слоге - [əː].
  her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
* "ear" + согласная - [əː].
  heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
* "ear" - [ɪə].
  near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
* "eer" - [ɪə].
  engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], cheer [ʧɪə]
* "ere" - [ɪə].
  mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
  !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
* "e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə].
  sentence - [ˈsentəns]
* "er" в неударном положении - [ə].
  member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
* "e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ].
  event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
* "er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ].
  regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
* "et" в конце слова - [ɪt].
  market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
* "ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ].
  foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
* "ey" - [ɪ].
  hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
* "ew" - [juː].
  new [njuː], few [fjuː]
* "ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː].
  crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
* "eu" - [juː].
  deuce [djuːs]
* "ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ].
  vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
* "ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ].
  they [θeɪ]

* "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ].
  fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə],  pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
  !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
* "i" перед "nd" - [aɪ].
  kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
  !!! wind [wɪnd]
* "i" перед "ld" - [aɪ].
  wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
* "i" перед "gn" - [aɪ].
  sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
* "i" перед "gh" - [aɪ].
  light [laɪt], sight [saɪt]
  !!! wind [wɪnd]
* "ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ].
  die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
* "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i].
  pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
* "i" в неударном положении - [i].
  immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
* "ir" в ударном положении - [əː].
  first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
* "ire" - [aɪə].
  fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
* "ia" - [aɪə].
  diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
* "io" - [aɪə].
  prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
* "ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː].
  field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
  !!! friend [frend]

* "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou].
  no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə]
  !!! do [duː], does [dʌz]
* "old" - [oul].
  cold [could]
* "ol" - [oul].
  control [kəntroul]
* "oll" - [oul].
  roll [roul]
* "oa" - [ou].
  road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk]
* "ow" в конце слов - [ou].
  know [nou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou]
  !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
* "o" перед "st" - [ou].
  post [poust], most [moust]
  !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
* "o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ].
  on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
* "ou" в середине слова - [au].
  town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud], sound [saund]
  !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ], young [jʌŋ], bowl [boul]
* "or" в ударном положении - [ɔː].
  fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
* "oor" - [ɔː].
  floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
  !!! pore [puə]
* "ore" - [ɔː].
  more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
* "oar" - [ɔː].
  board [bɔːd]
* "our" в середине слова - [ɔː].
  mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
  !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
* "our" под ударением - [auə].
  our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
* "or" в неударном положении - [ə].
  visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
* "our" на конце слов - [ə].
  labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
* "oi" - [ɔɪ].
  voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
* "oy" - [ɔɪ].
  alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
* "oo" - [uː].
  food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
  !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
* "oo" перед "k" - [u].
  book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
* "ous" на конце слов - [əs].
  various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
* "oth" под ударением - [ʌθ].
  mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
  !!! both [bouθ]
* "on" под ударением - [ʌn].
  month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
  !!! on [ɔn]
* "om" под ударением - [ʌm].
  come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
* "ov" под ударением - [ʌv].
  cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]

* "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː].
  pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
* "u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ].
  num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
  !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
* "ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː].
  blue [bluː], true [truː]
* "ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː].
  cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
* "u" в неударном положении - [ə].
  upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
  !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
* "ur" в ударном слоге - [əː].
  curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
* "u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə].
  pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
  !!! sure [ʃuə]

* "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ].
  my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
* "y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ].
  sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
* "y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ].
  sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
* "y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j].
  yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
* "yr" + гласная - [aɪə].
  tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
* "yr" + согласная - [əː].
  myrtle [məːtl]

* "alk" - [ɔːk].
  chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
* "aught" - [ɔːt].
  XXX
* "bt" - [t].
  debt [det], doubt [daut]
* "c" обычно - [k].
  cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
* "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s].
  cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
* "ch" - [ʧ].
  child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
* "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l].
  special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
* "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt].
  efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
* "ck" - [k].
  black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
* "g" обычно - [g].
  game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
* "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ].
  gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
* "gn" - [n].
  sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
* "gm" - [m].
  paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
* "gh" не читается.
  though [ðou], through [θruː]
  !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
* "ght" - [t].
  might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
* "igh" - [aɪ].
  high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
* "ild" - [aɪld].
  child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
* "imb" - [aɪm].
  climb - [klaɪm]
* "ince" - [aɪns].
  XXX
* "ind" - [aɪnd].
  mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
* "ing" - [iŋ].
  signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
* "ink" - [iŋk].
  think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
* "j" - [dʒ].
  jump [dʒʌmp]
* "kn" в начале слова - [n].
  know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
* "lf" - [f].
  calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
  !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
* "lm" - [m].
  balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
* "mb" - [m].
  climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum]
* "mn" на конце слова - [m].
  autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
* "ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs].
  emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
* "ng" - [ŋ].
  long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
* "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ].
  angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
* "nk" - [ŋk].
  ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
* "ough" без последующего "t" - [uː].
  XXX
* "ought" - [ɔːt].
  brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
* "ould" - [ud].
  could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
* "ph" - [f].
  photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
* "pn" - [n].
  pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
* "pt" - [t].
  receipt [rɪˈsɪːt]
* "qu" - [kw].
  quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
* "ft" - [f].
  often [ɔfn]
* "r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r].
  our own room [auər oun rum]
* "s" в начале слов - [s].
  send [send], spend [spend]
* "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s].
  test [test], cups [kʌps]
* "s" после гласных - [z].
  as [az], days [deɪz]
* "s" между гласными - [z].
  nose [nouz]
* "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z].
  pens [penz], bells [belz]
* "sh" - [ʃ].
  she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
* "sion" после гласной - [ʒn].
  incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
* "sion" после согласной - [ʃn].
  pension [penʃn]
* "sl" - [l].
  aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
* "ss" - [s].
  chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
* "st" - [s].
  castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
* "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n].
  commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
* "ssure" - [ʃə].
  XXX
* "stion" - [sʧn].
  question [qwesʧn]
* "sure" -[ʒə].
  measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
* "tch" - [ʧ].
  watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
* "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n].
  communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
* "th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ].
  thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
* "th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð].
  the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
* "th" между двумя гласными - [ð].
  bathe [beið], clothe [klouð]
* "ture" - [ʧə].
  picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
* "x" - [ks].
  six [sɪks]
* "wa" - [wɔ].
  want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
* "wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w].
  while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
* "wh" перед "o" - [h].
  who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
* "wha" - [wɔ].
  what [wɔt]
* "wor" в ударном положении - [wəː].
  worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
  !!! worn [wɔːn]
* "wr" - [r].
  write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
* "xh" - [ks].
  exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]