==================

 English suffices

==================

.. contents::

   :local:

Suffix -s

=========

Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create:

* plural form of nouns

* verbs in the third person

After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added.

After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added::

  cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes

but there are few exceptions::

  memos, photos, pianos, videos

Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is

appended::

  apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries

General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix::

  bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks

``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds::

  [f] beliefs, laughs, graphs

  [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks

  [p] cups, helps, stops

  [t] hits, pets, writes

  [θ] maths, myths, months

``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds::

  [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs

  [b] crabs, grabs, robs

  [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes

  [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words

  [l] calls, falls, fails, hills

  [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams

  [n] earns, burns, pens, runs

  [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs

  [r] wears, cures

  [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves

  -y: plays, boys, says

``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds::

  [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages

  [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races

  [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes

  [ʧ] churches, matches, watches

  [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes

Suffix -ed

==========

Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``::

  agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived,  love ⇒ loved

Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``::

  apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried

Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::

  frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked

  picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked

The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb::

  clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed

``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``::

  added, faded, folded, hated, needed, started, wanted

``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel::

  [ɡ]: begged, flagged

  [b]: grabbed, robbed

  [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed

  [d] ended, lidded

  [dʒ]: changed, judged

  [l]: called, failed

  [m]: boomed, farmed, formed

  [n]: earned, learned

  [ŋ] belonged

  [r]: cured, occurred

  [v]: loved, saved

  [z]: seized

  played, lied, toed, studied, mowed, weighed

``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant::

  [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished

  [f]: laughed, puffed

  [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched

  [k]: baked, looked, lacked

  [p]: jumped, stopped

  [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed

Suffix -ing

===========

Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create:

* gerunds

* verbs form for continuous tenses

Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``:

  agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing

Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before

``-ing``:

  die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying

Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``::

  give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing

  argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing

Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::

  frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking

  picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking

The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb::

  accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing

Suffix -er

==========

Syffix -ly

==========

Doubling consonants

===================

When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``,

``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before

prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``::

  hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted

  admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming

  travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter

  thin ⇒ thinner

  red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence