www/en-pronunciation_en.rst
author Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
Mon, 01 Jan 2018 23:57:59 +0200
changeset 997 65dd256f6e21
parent 810 1fe67941e75b
permissions -rw-r--r--
Added body parts.
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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========================
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 English pronunciation.
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========================
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.. contents::
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   :local:
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Allophone.
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==========
ccedb7011ca4 Allophone.
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ccedb7011ca4 Allophone.
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  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone
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    Is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) or
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    signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.
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ccedb7011ca4 Allophone.
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  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_phonology#Allophony
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  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone#English
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  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology#Allophones_of_consonants
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  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology#Allophones_of_vowels
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Russian analog
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==============
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ccedb7011ca4 Allophone.
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``[æ]``::
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  пять [pʲætʲ]
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Exercises
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=========
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526
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[iː] vs [ɪ]
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-----------
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::
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  These six silly sisters are sweet to meet.
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  [ðiːz sɪks sɪlɪ sɪstə aː swiːt tuː miːt]
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526
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  sheep [ʃiːp]       ship [ʃɪp]
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  heat [hiːt]        hit [hɪt]
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  feet [fiːt]        fit [fɪt]
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  cheap [ʧiːp]       chip [ʧɪp]
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  eel [iːl]          ill [ɪl]
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  receive [rɪˈsɪːv]  sieve [sɪv]
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  leave [liːv]       live [lɪv]
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  peach [piːʧ]       pitch [pɪʧ]
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  litre [liːtər]     litter [lɪtər]
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  leap [liːp]        lip [lɪp]
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  wheel [wiːl]       will [wɪl]
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  seek [siːk]        sick [sɪk]
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[ɪ] vs [e]
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----------
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::
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  Did Ed wed Liz or did Liz wed Ted?
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  tin [tɪn]   ten [ten]
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  hill [hɪl]  hell [hel]
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  did [dɪd]   dead [ded]
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  bid [bɪd]   bed [bed]
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  middle [mɪdle]  medal [medl]
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  fill [fɪl]  fell [fel]
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  pin [pɪn]   pen [pen]
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526
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[e] vs [æ]
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----------
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::
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  I bet you bat better then your fans in the fens.
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  head  [hɛd]    had   [hæd]
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  shell [ʃɛl]    shall [ʃæl]
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  net   [nɛt]    gnat  [næt]
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  end   [ɛnd]    and   [ænd]
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  expensive [ɪkˈspɛnsɪv] expansive [ɪkˈspænsɪv]
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[æ] vs [ʌ]
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----------
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::
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  Cut the cackle and come up with the cash!
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  cat [cæt]      cut [kʌt]
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  cap [cæp]      cup [kʌp]
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  dam [dæm]      dumb [dʌm]
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  stamp [stæmp]  stump [stʌmp]
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  ankle [əŋkəl]  uncle [ʌŋkəl]
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  bat [bæt]      but [bʌt]
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  swam [swæm]    swum [swʌm]
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  bank [bænk]    bunk [bʌnk]
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526
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[æ] vs [aː]
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-----------
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::
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  My hard hearted aunt had a fat cat in her flat.
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  cat    cart
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  hat    heart
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  had    hard
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  am     arm
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  chat   chart
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526
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[æ] vs [eə]
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-----------
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::
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   dad [dæd]     dared [deəd]
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   glad [ɡlæd]   glared [ɡleəd]
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   marry [mæri]  Mary [meəri]
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[eɪ] vs [iː]
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------------
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::
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   ate [eɪt]      eat [iːt]
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   faced [feɪst]  feast [fiːst]
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   great [ɡreɪt]  greet [ɡriːt]
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   mate [meɪt]    meet [miːt]
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[əʊ] vs [ɔː]
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------------
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::
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   coat [kəʊt]   caught [kɔːt]
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   dough [dəʊ]   door [dɔːr]
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   sew [səʊ]     saw [sɔː]
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   flow [fləʊ]   floor [flɔːr]
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[w] vs [v]
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::
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   wet [wet]  vet [vet]
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   werse [wɜrs]  verse [vɜrs]
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   while [waɪl]  vile [vaɪl]
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   west [west]  vest [vest]
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   wery [weri]  very [very]
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[r] vs [l]
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----------
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::
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   141
   wrong [rɒŋ]         long [lɒŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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   142
   royal [rɔɪjəl]      loyal [lɔɪjəl]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   143
   missread [mɪsˈred]  missled [mɪsˈled]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   144
   pirate [paɪrət]     pilot [paɪlət]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   145
   pray [praɪ]         play [plaɪ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   146
   red [red]           led [led]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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   147
   crime [kraɪm]       climb [claɪm]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   148
   crash [kræʃ]        clash [klæʃ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   149
   rice [raɪs]         lice [laɪs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   150
   rock [rɒk]          lock [lɒk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   151
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   152
[n] vs [ŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   153
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   154
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   155
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   156
   ran [ræn]  rang [ræŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   157
   son [sʌn]  sung [sʌŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   158
   pin [pɪn]  ping [pɪŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   159
   thin [θɪn]  thing [θɪŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   160
   wind [wɪnd] winged [wɪŋd]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   161
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   162
[m] vs [n]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   163
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   164
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   165
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   166
   sum [sʌm]  sun [sʌn]  sung [sʌŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   167
   rum [rʌm]  run [rʌn]  rung [rʌŋ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   168
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   169
[s] vs [z]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   170
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   171
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   172
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   173
   buzz [bʌz]    bus [bʌs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   174
   rise [raɪz]   rice [raɪs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   175
   zip [zɪp]     sip [sɪp]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   176
   lazy [leɪzɪ]  lacy [leɪsi]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   177
   his [hɪz]     hiss [hɪs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   178
   cause [cɔːz]  course [kɔːrs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   179
   plays [pleiz]  place [pleɪs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   180
   grows [ɡrəʊz]  gross [ɡrəʊs]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   181
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   182
[ʃ] vs [s]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   183
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   184
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   185
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   186
   ship [ʃɪp]  sip [sɪp]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   187
   show [ʃəʊ]  so [səʊ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   188
   shy [ʃaɪ]   sigh [saɪ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   189
   chauffeur [ʃəʊfər]  sofa [səʊfə]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   190
   shock [ʃɒk]  sock [sɒk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   191
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   192
[v] vs [f]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   193
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   194
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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diff changeset
   195
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   196
   vault [vɔːlt]     fault [fɔːlt]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   197
   believe [bɪliːv]  belief [bɪliːf]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   198
   live [laɪv]       life [laɪf]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   199
   van [væn]         fan [fæn]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   200
   leave [liːv]      leaf [liːf]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   201
   of [ɒv]           off [ɒf]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   202
   rival [raɪvəl]    rifle [raɪfəl]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   203
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   204
[v] vs [b]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   205
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   206
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   207
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   208
   very [ˈveri]  berry [ˈberi]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   209
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   210
[d] vs [t]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   211
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   212
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
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parents: 339
diff changeset
   213
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   214
   dame [daɪm]    tame [taɪm]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   215
   doom [duːm]    tomb [tuːm]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   216
   medal [medəl]  metal [metəl]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   217
   heard [hɜːrd]  hurt [hɜːrt]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   218
   din [dɪn]      tin [tɪn]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   219
   do [duː]       to [tuː]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   220
   down [daʊn]    town [taʊn]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   221
   aid [eɪd]      eight [eɪt]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   222
   bed [bed]      bet [bet]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   223
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   224
[b] vs [p]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   225
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   226
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   227
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   228
   back [bæk]       pack [pæk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   229
   cab [cæb]        cap [kæp]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   230
   symbol [sɪmbəl]  simple [sɪmpəl]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   231
   bare [beə]       pair [peə]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   232
   bunch [bʌnʧ]     punch [pʌnʧ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   233
   bump [bʌmp]      pump [pʌmp]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   234
   bull [bʊl]       pull [pʊl]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   235
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
   236
[ɡ] vs [k]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   237
----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   238
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   239
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   240
   glue [ɡluː]    clue [kluː]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   241
   ghost [ɡəʊst]  coast [kəʊst]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   242
   log [lɒɡ]      lock [lɒk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   243
   pig [pɪɡ]      pick [pɪk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   244
   game [ɡeIm]    came [keɪm]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   245
   gauge [ɡeɪdʒ]  cage [keɪdɡ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   246
   galleries [ɡæləriːz]  calories [kæləriːz]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   247
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   248
[ʧ] vs [dʒ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   249
-----------
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   250
::
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   251
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   252
   choke [ʧəʊk]  joke [dʒəʊk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   253
   chunk [ʧʌnk]  junk [dʒʌŋk]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   254
   rich [rɪʧ]    ridge [rɪdʒ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   255
   lunch [lʌnʧ]  lunge [lʌndʒ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   256
   search [sɜːrʧ]  surge [sɜːrdʒ]
bb106d293d0d Similar sounds.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents: 339
diff changeset
   257