www/en-punctuation_en.rst
author Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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============================
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 English Punctuation Guide.
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============================
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Punctuation symbol.
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===================
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::
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  !  exclamation mark
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  "" single quotation marks
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  '' double quotation marks
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  '  apostrophe
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  ,  comma
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  -  hyphen
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  .  full stop (period USA)
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  :  colon
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  ;  semi colon
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  ?  question mark
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  ... ellipsis
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General rules.
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==============
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 * Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks.
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 * Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses.
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 * Put a comma (plus a space) before and, but, or, and nor when they
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   join two sentences.
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 * The semicolon (;) is not used widely in English and probably should
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   be avoided by non-native writers.
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 * Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and
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   poems are usually italicized or underlined.
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Capital letter.
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===============
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 1. A capital is used for the first letter of a new sentence, of quoted
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    speech or proper nouns.
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 2. The first letter of a sentence does not need to be capitalized if it
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    is included in parenthesis within another sentence.
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 3. A capital letter is always used for the first person singular
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    subjective personal pronoun I.
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 4. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in headings and
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    titles. If such titles are hyphenated then both components are given
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    capitalized first letters.
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 5. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in historical
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    events.
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 6. A capital is used for the first letter of religions and many other
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    religious words.
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 7. A capital is used for the first letter of names of months and days of
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    the week, but not of seasons.
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 8. Holidays should also be capitalized.
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Examples::
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  [3] My boss and I agreed that I should make up for the time I  had lost.
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  [4] The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
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  [4] The Centers for Disease Control
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  [4] Vice-President Dick Cheney
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  [5] The Battle of Waterloo
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  [5] The Great Fire of London
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  [6] Devout Christians do daily Bible study.
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  [7] After a long, hot summer she married him on a sultry Saturday in September.
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  [8] January 1 is New Year's Day.
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Spaces.
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=======
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 * Put one space after punctuation.
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 * Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words.
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 * Put no spaces after periods inside abbreviations.
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 * Put no space before or after an apostrophe.
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 * Put no space on the "inside" of quotation marks (often called "quotes").
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 * Put no space on the "inside" of parentheses.
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Some old rules:
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 * Put two spaces after colons and between sentences.
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Exclamation mark, '!'.
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======================
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 * Exclamation marks act as a full stop.
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 * An exclamation mark is most often used to show shock, surprise,
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   horror or pleasure.
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 * No space is needed before an exclamation mark, at least one space
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   after one (two spaces for purists).
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Examples::
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  Oh! Wow! Brilliant!
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  It was shocking!
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Apostrophe, "'".
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================
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 * Apostrophes next to the letter ('s) indicate possession or belonging.
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 * They are also used to show missing letters in shortened words, especially in
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   informal writing.
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 * No space is needed before or after the apostrophe.
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Examples::
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  This is Lynne's web site.
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  It's a nice day today, isn't it? I've got an idea. Let's go out.
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Comma, ','.
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===========
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 1. Separate items in long lists.
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 2. Commas point out brief pauses in a complex sentence or a long
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    prepositional phrase.
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 3. Comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes before
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    the final element of a list (for purists).
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 4. Introduce a direct quote.
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 5. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining
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    relative clauses.
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 6. Use a comma if your subject has two or more adjectives describing
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    it.
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 7. You do not put a space before a comma, but you do need a space after
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    one.
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 8. We don't usually put a comma before the word 'and'.
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Examples::
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  [1] There were a lot of people in the room, teachers, students and parents.
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  [2] The teachers were sitting, the students were listening and the parents
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      were just worrying.
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  [2] Although he wanted to come, he wasn't able to attend the course.
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  [3] I like reading, listening to music, and visiting with my friends.
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  [4] The boy said, "My father is often away during the week on business trips."
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  [4] His doctor replied, "If you don't stop smoking, you run the risk of a
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      heart attack."
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  [5] Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle.
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  [5] My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape.
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  [6] The powerful, resonating sound caught our attention.
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Colon, ':'.
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===========
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 1. Colons precede a list, an explanation or an example.
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 2. The colon is used to separate two main clauses where the first is an
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    introduction to the second.
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 3. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this
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    situation).
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 4. You do not put a space before a colon, but you do need a space after
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    one.
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Examples::
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  [1] There are two main shopping areas in Nottingham: Broadmarsh Centre and
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      Victoria Centre.
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  [2] The pilot had an awful realization: he had forgotten to turn off the gas
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      at breakfast time.
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  [3] He announced to his friends: "I'm getting married!"
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Full stop (period), '.'.
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========================
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 1. Full stops (periods in the USA) go at the end of sentences that are
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    statements.
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 2. They are also used to mark abbreviations. If such an abbreviation
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    occurs at the very end of a sentence, the final dot is not usually
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    written twice.
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 3. You do not put a space before a full stop, but you do need at least
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    one space after one (two spaces for purists).
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Examples::
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  [1] My name is Lynn. I am a teacher.
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  [2] An overhead projector is often referred to as an O.H.P.
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Hyphen, '-'.
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============
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 * Hyphens are used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into
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   parts.
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 * You don't use a space on either side of a hyphen.
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Examples::
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  There were ninety-nine red balloons.
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Question mark, '?'.
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===================
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 1. Question marks go at the end of sentences that are questions.
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 2. You need a question mark at the end of tag questions.
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 3. For quotes within quotes, use single quotes.
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 4. You do not put a space before a question mark, but you do need at
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    least one space after one (two spaces for purists).
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Examples::
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  [1] Is my name Lynn? Of course it is.
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  [2] It's a nice day, isn't it?
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Semicolon, ';'.
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===============
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 1. Semicolons are used to separate two sentences that would otherwise
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    be joined with a word such as 'and', 'because', 'since', 'unless' or
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    'while'. 2 To separate groups of words that are themselves separated
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    by commas.
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 2. You do not put a space before a semicolon, but you do need a space
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    after one.
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Examples::
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  [1] I'm looking forward to our next lesson; I'm sure it will be a lot of fun.
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  [2] They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work;
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  and literature, for their own enjoyment.
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Quotation mark (speech mark), '""', "''".
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=========================================
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Double quotes '""', single quotes "''".
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 * Quotation marks (single or double) are used to show words that are
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   directly spoken (direct speech).
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 * Only the words actually being quoted are enclosed by speech marks.
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 * You need a space before the opening speech mark, but no space after
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   it, and a space after the closing one, but no space before it.
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 * Another general rule is to use a comma after the introduction to
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   quoted speech or writing.
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 * Sometimes when writing a spoken sentence it is split in two. The
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   speech marks must then be placed at the beginning and end of each
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   part of the sentence. Commas are used to separate the spoken part
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   from the rest of the sentence.
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 * If you need a question mark or exclamation mark the markers that
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   punctuate the quoted words are enclosed by the speech marks.
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Examples::
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  "Could everyone sit down please," said the teacher.
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  Jaime said, "I love you."
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  "I wonder," she said quietly, "whether people will ever truly understand each other."
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  "I don't understand," replied Nathan.
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  "Do you understand?" asked Nathan.
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  "I don't understand!" shouted Nathan.
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  Nathan replied, "I don't understand."
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  Nathan asked, "Do you understand?"
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  Nathan shouted, "I don't understand!"
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  He wrote in 1946 that, "The key word in digital computer is 'digital'."
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Ellipsis, '...'.
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================
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 1. Ellipsis used to show that something has been omitted, indicate
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    missing words in an incomplete quotation.
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Examples::
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  [1] Chomsky suggested that, "Language is a system that...can be described in
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      an algebraic notation."
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Dash, '-', '--'.
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================
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 1. The dash should be used when making a brief interruption within a
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    statement, a sudden change of thought, an additional comment, or a
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    dramatic qualification.
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Parentheses '()'.
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=================
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 1. Use parentheses to clarify, to place an afterthought, or to add a
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    personal comment. Be sure to include the period after the closing
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    parenthesis.
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Examples::
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  [1] Steve Case (AOL's former CEO) resigned from the Time-Warner board of
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      directors in 2005.
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  [1] You will need a flashlight for the camping trip (don't forget the
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      batteries!).
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  [1] Most grammarians believe that parentheses and commas are always
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      interchangeable (I disagree).
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Brackets '[]'.
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==============
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 1. Use brackets to signify an editor's note in a regular piece of
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    writing. You can also use brackets to clarify or to revise a direct
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    quote so that it appeals to your own writing.
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 2. The first brackets are rounded, and brackets inside brackets are
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    squared.
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Examples::
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  [1] "[The blast] was absolutely devastating," said Susan Smith.
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Slash '/'.
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==========
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 1. Use the slash to separate "and" and "or", when appropriate.
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 2. The slash can replace the word "and" to join two nouns.
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 3. The slash is used when quoting lyrics and poetry to denote a line
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    break. Be sure to add spaces between your slashes here.
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Examples::
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  [1] To register, you will need your driver's license and/or your birth
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      certificate."
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  [2] The student/part-time employee has very little free time.
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  [3] "Row, row, row your boat / gently down the stream / life is but a dream."
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