author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Wed, 01 Jun 2016 15:45:05 +0300 | |
changeset 488 | ed62b3cef9ce |
parent 339 | 4d8d46bbe30d |
child 603 | eddc8cb6aec7 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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Include common header for quick links. Exclude unnecessary .html files from build.
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============================ |
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English Punctuation Guide. |
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============================ |
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Punctuation symbol. |
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=================== |
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:: |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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! exclamation mark |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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"" single quotation marks |
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'' double quotation marks |
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' apostrophe |
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, comma |
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- hyphen |
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. full stop (period USA) |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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: colon |
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; semi colon |
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? question mark |
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... ellipsis |
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General rules. |
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============== |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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* Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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* Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses. |
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* Put a comma (plus a space) before and, but, or, and nor when they |
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join two sentences. |
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* The semicolon (;) is not used widely in English and probably should |
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be avoided by non-native writers. |
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* Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and |
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poems are usually italicized or underlined. |
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Capital letter. |
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=============== |
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1. A capital is used for the first letter of a new sentence, of quoted |
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speech or proper nouns. |
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2. The first letter of a sentence does not need to be capitalized if it |
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is included in parenthesis within another sentence. |
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3. A capital letter is always used for the first person singular |
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subjective personal pronoun I. |
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4. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in headings and |
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titles. If such titles are hyphenated then both components are given |
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capitalized first letters. |
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5. A capital is used for the first letter of key words in historical |
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events. |
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6. A capital is used for the first letter of religions and many other |
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religious words. |
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7. A capital is used for the first letter of names of months and days of |
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the week, but not of seasons. |
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8. Holidays should also be capitalized. |
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Examples:: |
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[3] My boss and I agreed that I should make up for the time I had lost. |
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[4] The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries |
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[4] The Centers for Disease Control |
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[4] Vice-President Dick Cheney |
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[5] The Battle of Waterloo |
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[5] The Great Fire of London |
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[6] Devout Christians do daily Bible study. |
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[7] After a long, hot summer she married him on a sultry Saturday in September. |
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[8] January 1 is New Year's Day. |
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Spaces. |
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======= |
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|
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* Put one space after punctuation. |
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* Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words. |
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* Put no spaces after periods inside abbreviations. |
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* Put no space before or after an apostrophe. |
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* Put no space on the "inside" of quotation marks (often called "quotes"). |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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* Put no space on the "inside" of parentheses. |
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|
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Some old rules: |
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|
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* Put two spaces after colons and between sentences. |
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Exclamation mark, '!'. |
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====================== |
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|
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* Exclamation marks act as a full stop. |
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* An exclamation mark is most often used to show shock, surprise, |
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horror or pleasure. |
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87 |
* No space is needed before an exclamation mark, at least one space |
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after one (two spaces for purists). |
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Examples:: |
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|
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Oh! Wow! Brilliant! |
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It was shocking! |
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Apostrophe, "'". |
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================ |
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* Apostrophes next to the letter ('s) indicate possession or belonging. |
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* They are also used to show missing letters in shortened words, especially in |
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informal writing. |
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* No space is needed before or after the apostrophe. |
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|
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Examples:: |
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|
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This is Lynne's web site. |
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It's a nice day today, isn't it? I've got an idea. Let's go out. |
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108 |
Comma, ','. |
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109 |
=========== |
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111 |
1. Separate items in long lists. |
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112 |
2. Commas point out brief pauses in a complex sentence or a long |
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113 |
prepositional phrase. |
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114 |
3. Comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes before |
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the final element of a list (for purists). |
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116 |
4. Introduce a direct quote. |
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117 |
5. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining |
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118 |
relative clauses. |
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119 |
6. Use a comma if your subject has two or more adjectives describing |
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120 |
it. |
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121 |
7. You do not put a space before a comma, but you do need a space after |
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one. |
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123 |
8. We don't usually put a comma before the word 'and'. |
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Examples:: |
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|
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[1] There were a lot of people in the room, teachers, students and parents. |
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[2] The teachers were sitting, the students were listening and the parents |
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were just worrying. |
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[2] Although he wanted to come, he wasn't able to attend the course. |
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[3] I like reading, listening to music, and visiting with my friends. |
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[4] The boy said, "My father is often away during the week on business trips." |
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[4] His doctor replied, "If you don't stop smoking, you run the risk of a |
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heart attack." |
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[5] Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle. |
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[5] My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape. |
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[6] The powerful, resonating sound caught our attention. |
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138 |
|
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Colon, ':'. |
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=========== |
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141 |
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1. Colons precede a list, an explanation or an example. |
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143 |
2. The colon is used to separate two main clauses where the first is an |
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introduction to the second. |
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3. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this |
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situation). |
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4. You do not put a space before a colon, but you do need a space after |
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one. |
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149 |
|
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Examples:: |
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|
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[1] There are two main shopping areas in Nottingham: Broadmarsh Centre and |
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Victoria Centre. |
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[2] The pilot had an awful realization: he had forgotten to turn off the gas |
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at breakfast time. |
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[3] He announced to his friends: "I'm getting married!" |
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157 |
|
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Full stop (period), '.'. |
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159 |
======================== |
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1. Full stops (periods in the USA) go at the end of sentences that are |
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statements. |
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163 |
2. They are also used to mark abbreviations. If such an abbreviation |
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occurs at the very end of a sentence, the final dot is not usually |
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written twice. |
202 | 166 |
3. You do not put a space before a full stop, but you do need at least |
167 |
one space after one (two spaces for purists). |
|
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168 |
|
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Examples:: |
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|
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[1] My name is Lynn. I am a teacher. |
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172 |
[2] An overhead projector is often referred to as an O.H.P. |
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173 |
|
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174 |
Hyphen, '-'. |
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175 |
============ |
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|
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* Hyphens are used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into |
194768e8450e
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parts. |
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* You don't use a space on either side of a hyphen. |
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180 |
|
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181 |
Examples:: |
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|
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There were ninety-nine red balloons. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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184 |
|
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185 |
Question mark, '?'. |
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186 |
=================== |
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187 |
|
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188 |
1. Question marks go at the end of sentences that are questions. |
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189 |
2. You need a question mark at the end of tag questions. |
202 | 190 |
3. For quotes within quotes, use single quotes. |
191 |
4. You do not put a space before a question mark, but you do need at |
|
192 |
least one space after one (two spaces for purists). |
|
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193 |
|
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194 |
Examples:: |
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|
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[1] Is my name Lynn? Of course it is. |
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[2] It's a nice day, isn't it? |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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198 |
|
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199 |
Semicolon, ';'. |
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200 |
=============== |
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201 |
|
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202 |
1. Semicolons are used to separate two sentences that would otherwise |
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be joined with a word such as 'and', 'because', 'since', 'unless' or |
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204 |
'while'. 2 To separate groups of words that are themselves separated |
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205 |
by commas. |
202 | 206 |
2. You do not put a space before a semicolon, but you do need a space |
207 |
after one. |
|
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208 |
|
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209 |
Examples:: |
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210 |
|
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211 |
[1] I'm looking forward to our next lesson; I'm sure it will be a lot of fun. |
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212 |
[2] They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; |
194768e8450e
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213 |
and literature, for their own enjoyment. |
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214 |
|
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215 |
Quotation mark (speech mark), '""', "''". |
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========================================= |
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217 |
|
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218 |
Double quotes '""', single quotes "''". |
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219 |
|
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220 |
* Quotation marks (single or double) are used to show words that are |
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221 |
directly spoken (direct speech). |
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222 |
* Only the words actually being quoted are enclosed by speech marks. |
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223 |
* You need a space before the opening speech mark, but no space after |
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224 |
it, and a space after the closing one, but no space before it. |
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225 |
* Another general rule is to use a comma after the introduction to |
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226 |
quoted speech or writing. |
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227 |
* Sometimes when writing a spoken sentence it is split in two. The |
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228 |
speech marks must then be placed at the beginning and end of each |
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229 |
part of the sentence. Commas are used to separate the spoken part |
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230 |
from the rest of the sentence. |
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231 |
* If you need a question mark or exclamation mark the markers that |
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232 |
punctuate the quoted words are enclosed by the speech marks. |
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|
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234 |
Examples:: |
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|
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parents:
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236 |
"Could everyone sit down please," said the teacher. |
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237 |
Jaime said, "I love you." |
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238 |
"I wonder," she said quietly, "whether people will ever truly understand each other." |
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239 |
"I don't understand," replied Nathan. |
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240 |
"Do you understand?" asked Nathan. |
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241 |
"I don't understand!" shouted Nathan. |
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242 |
Nathan replied, "I don't understand." |
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243 |
Nathan asked, "Do you understand?" |
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244 |
Nathan shouted, "I don't understand!" |
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He wrote in 1946 that, "The key word in digital computer is 'digital'." |
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Ellipsis, '...'. |
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================ |
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1. Ellipsis used to show that something has been omitted, indicate |
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missing words in an incomplete quotation. |
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Examples:: |
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[1] Chomsky suggested that, "Language is a system that...can be described in |
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an algebraic notation." |
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Dash, '-', '--'. |
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Convert to RST syntax.
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================ |
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|
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1. The dash should be used when making a brief interruption within a |
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statement, a sudden change of thought, an additional comment, or a |
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dramatic qualification. |
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Parentheses '()'. |
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================= |
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1. Use parentheses to clarify, to place an afterthought, or to add a |
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personal comment. Be sure to include the period after the closing |
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parenthesis. |
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Examples:: |
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[1] Steve Case (AOL's former CEO) resigned from the Time-Warner board of |
199
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directors in 2005. |
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276 |
[1] You will need a flashlight for the camping trip (don't forget the |
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batteries!). |
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[1] Most grammarians believe that parentheses and commas are always |
199
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interchangeable (I disagree). |
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Brackets '[]'. |
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============== |
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1. Use brackets to signify an editor's note in a regular piece of |
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writing. You can also use brackets to clarify or to revise a direct |
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quote so that it appeals to your own writing. |
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287 |
2. The first brackets are rounded, and brackets inside brackets are |
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squared. |
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289 |
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Examples:: |
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[1] "[The blast] was absolutely devastating," said Susan Smith. |
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293 |
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Slash '/'. |
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========== |
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1. Use the slash to separate "and" and "or", when appropriate. |
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2. The slash can replace the word "and" to join two nouns. |
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3. The slash is used when quoting lyrics and poetry to denote a line |
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break. Be sure to add spaces between your slashes here. |
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Examples:: |
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|
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304 |
[1] To register, you will need your driver's license and/or your birth |
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certificate." |
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306 |
[2] The student/part-time employee has very little free time. |
194768e8450e
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[3] "Row, row, row your boat / gently down the stream / life is but a dream." |
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