1 

     2 ==================

     3  English suffices

     4 ==================

     5 .. contents::

     6    :local:

     7 

     8 Suffix -s

     9 =========

    10 

    11 Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create:

    12 

    13 * plural form of nouns

    14 * verbs in the third person

    15 

    16 After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added.

    17 

    18 After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added::

    19 

    20   cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes

    21 

    22 but there are few exceptions::

    23 

    24   memos, photos, pianos, videos

    25 

    26 Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is

    27 appended::

    28 

    29   apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries

    30 

    31 General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix::

    32 

    33   bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks

    34 

    35 ``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds::

    36 

    37   [f] beliefs, laughs, graphs

    38   [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks

    39   [p] cups, helps, stops

    40   [t] hits, pets, writes

    41   [θ] maths, myths, months

    42 

    43 ``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds::

    44 

    45   [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs

    46   [b] crabs, grabs, robs

    47   [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes

    48   [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words

    49   [l] calls, falls, fails, hills

    50   [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams

    51   [n] earns, burns, pens, runs

    52   [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs

    53   [r] wears, cures

    54   [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves

    55   -y: plays, boys, says

    56 

    57 ``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds::

    58 

    59   [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages

    60   [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races

    61   [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes

    62   [ʧ] churches, matches, watches

    63   [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes

    64 

    65 Suffix -ed

    66 ==========

    67 

    68 Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``::

    69 

    70   agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived,  love ⇒ loved

    71 

    72 Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``::

    73 

    74   apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried

    75 

    76 Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::

    77 

    78   frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked

    79   picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked

    80 

    81 The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb::

    82 

    83   clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed

    84 

    85 ``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``::

    86 

    87   added, faded, folded, hated, needed, started, wanted

    88 

    89 ``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel::

    90 

    91   [ɡ]: begged, flagged

    92   [b]: grabbed, robbed

    93   [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed

    94   [d] ended, lidded

    95   [dʒ]: changed, judged

    96   [l]: called, failed

    97   [m]: boomed, farmed, formed

    98   [n]: earned, learned

    99   [ŋ] belonged

   100   [r]: cured, occurred

   101   [v]: loved, saved

   102   [z]: seized

   103   played, lied, toed, studied, mowed, weighed

   104 

   105 ``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant::

   106 

   107   [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished

   108   [f]: laughed, puffed

   109   [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched

   110   [k]: baked, looked, lacked

   111   [p]: jumped, stopped

   112   [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed

   113 

   114 Suffix -ing

   115 ===========

   116 

   117 Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create:

   118 

   119 * gerunds

   120 * verbs form for continuous tenses

   121 

   122 Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``:

   123 

   124   agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing

   125 

   126 Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before

   127 ``-ing``:

   128 

   129   die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying

   130 

   131 Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``::

   132 

   133   give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing

   134   argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing

   135 

   136 Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::

   137 

   138   frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking

   139   picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking

   140 

   141 The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb::

   142 

   143   accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing

   144 

   145 Suffix -er

   146 ==========

   147 

   148 Syffix -ly

   149 ==========

   150 

   151 Doubling consonants

   152 ===================

   153 

   154 When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``,

   155 ``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before

   156 prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``::

   157 

   158   hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted

   159   admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming

   160   travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter

   161   thin ⇒ thinner

   162   red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence

   163