1 .. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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2 .. include:: header.rst |
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3 |
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4 ======================== |
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5 English pronunciation. |
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6 ======================== |
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7 .. contents:: |
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8 :local: |
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9 |
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10 About. |
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11 ====== |
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12 |
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13 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology |
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14 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English |
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15 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography |
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16 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences |
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17 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects |
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18 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English |
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19 |
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20 Деление на слоги (syllable). |
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21 ============================ |
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22 |
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23 В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков:: |
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24 |
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25 ba-by, pis-ton |
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26 |
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27 Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму |
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28 слогу:: |
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29 |
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30 e-ven, o-pen, i-tem |
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31 |
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32 Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая |
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33 согласная относится к первому слогу:: |
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34 |
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35 hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom |
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36 |
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37 Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует |
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38 конечное нечитаемое "e":: |
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39 |
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40 ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre |
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41 |
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42 Типы слогов. |
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43 ============ |
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44 |
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45 Открытый слог (open syllable). |
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46 ------------------------------ |
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47 |
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48 Заканчивается на гласную:: |
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49 |
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50 ba-by |
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51 |
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52 Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым:: |
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53 |
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54 cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld] |
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55 |
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56 Закрытый слог (closed syllable). |
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57 -------------------------------- |
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58 |
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59 Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r":: |
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60 |
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61 sys-tem |
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62 |
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63 Ударный слог (stressed syllable). |
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64 --------------------------------- |
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65 |
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66 Обычно первый слог:: |
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67 |
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68 pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] |
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69 |
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70 В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит:: |
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71 |
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72 nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl] |
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73 mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk] |
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74 press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] |
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75 |
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76 Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). |
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77 ------------------------------------- |
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78 |
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79 Чтение согласных. |
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80 ================= |
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81 |
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82 Чтение гласных. |
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83 =============== |
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84 |
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85 Буква "e" в конце слова не читается:: |
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86 |
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87 life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] |
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88 |
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89 "a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: |
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90 |
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91 na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] |
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92 !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ] |
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93 |
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94 "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]:: |
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95 |
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96 range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] |
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97 |
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98 "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: |
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99 |
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100 main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt] |
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101 !!! said [sed] |
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102 |
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103 "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:: |
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104 |
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105 may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ] |
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106 |
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107 "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]:: |
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108 |
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109 cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] |
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110 |
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111 "ar" - [ɑː]:: |
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112 |
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113 car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] |
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114 |
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115 "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]:: |
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116 |
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117 glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] |
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118 !!! mass [mæs] |
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119 |
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120 "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]:: |
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121 |
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122 fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst] |
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123 !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ] |
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124 |
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125 "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]:: |
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126 |
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127 grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] |
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128 |
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129 "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]:: |
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130 |
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131 branch [brɑːnʧ] |
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132 |
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133 "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]:: |
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134 |
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135 half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] |
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136 |
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137 "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]:: |
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138 |
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139 ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] |
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140 |
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141 "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]:: |
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142 |
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143 father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] |
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144 !!! gather [ˈɡæðə] |
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145 |
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146 "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]:: |
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147 |
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148 chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] |
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149 |
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150 "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]:: |
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151 |
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152 shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] |
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153 |
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154 "air" - [ɛə]:: |
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155 |
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156 stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] |
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157 |
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158 "are" - [ɛə]:: |
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159 |
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160 care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] |
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161 |
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162 "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]:: |
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163 |
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164 all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl] |
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165 chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] |
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166 |
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167 "au" - [ɔː]:: |
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168 |
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169 launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm] |
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170 !!! aunt [ɑːnt] |
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171 |
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172 "aw" - [ɔː]:: |
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173 |
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174 saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː] |
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175 |
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176 "aught" - [ɔːt]:: |
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177 |
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178 naught [nɔːt] |
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179 |
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180 "auth" - [ɔːθ]:: |
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181 |
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182 author [ˈɔːθə] |
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183 |
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184 "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]:: |
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185 |
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186 war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] |
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187 |
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188 "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]:: |
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189 |
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190 want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ] |
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191 |
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192 "a" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
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193 |
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194 data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] |
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195 |
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196 "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]:: |
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197 |
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198 captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] |
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199 |
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200 "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]:: |
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201 |
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202 marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] |
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203 |
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204 |
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205 "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]:: |
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206 |
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207 he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] |
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208 |
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209 "ea" - [iː]:: |
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210 |
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211 mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] |
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212 !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed] |
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213 |
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214 "ee" - [iː]:: |
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215 |
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216 keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː] |
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217 |
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218 "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]:: |
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219 |
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220 bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest] |
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221 |
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222 "ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]:: |
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223 |
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224 bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment] |
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225 |
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226 "er" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: |
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227 |
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228 her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt] |
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229 |
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230 "ear" + согласная - [əː]:: |
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231 |
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232 heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ] |
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233 |
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234 "ear" - [ɪə]:: |
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235 |
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236 ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə] |
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237 |
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238 "eer" - [ɪə]:: |
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239 |
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240 cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə] |
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241 |
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242 "ere" - [ɪə]:: |
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243 |
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244 mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] |
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245 !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː] |
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246 |
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247 "e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]:: |
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248 |
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249 sentence - [ˈsentəns] |
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250 |
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251 "er" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
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252 |
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253 member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps] |
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254 |
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255 "e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
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256 |
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257 event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt] |
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258 |
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259 "er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
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260 |
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261 regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn] |
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262 |
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263 "et" в конце слова - [ɪt]:: |
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264 |
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265 market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd] |
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266 |
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267 "ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
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268 |
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269 foreign [ˈfɔrɪn] |
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270 |
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271 "ey" - [ɪ]:: |
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272 |
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273 hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ] |
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274 |
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275 "ew" - [juː]:: |
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276 |
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277 new [njuː], few [fjuː] |
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278 |
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279 "ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]:: |
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280 |
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281 crew [kruː], grew [gruː] |
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282 |
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283 "eu" - [juː]:: |
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284 |
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285 deuce [djuːs] |
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286 |
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287 "ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: |
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288 |
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289 vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt] |
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290 |
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291 "ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:: |
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292 |
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293 they [θeɪ] |
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294 |
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295 |
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296 "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: |
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297 |
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298 fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] |
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299 !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv] |
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300 |
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301 "i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]:: |
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302 |
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303 kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. |
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304 !!! wind [wɪnd] |
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305 |
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306 "i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]:: |
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307 |
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308 wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld] |
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309 |
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310 "i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]:: |
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311 |
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312 sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn] |
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313 |
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314 "i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]:: |
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315 |
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316 light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt] |
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317 |
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318 "ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]:: |
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319 |
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320 die [daɪ], lie [laɪ] |
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321 |
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322 "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]:: |
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323 |
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324 pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns] |
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325 |
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326 "i" в неударном положении - [i]:: |
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327 |
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328 immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] |
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329 |
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330 "ir" в ударном положении - [əː]:: |
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331 |
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332 first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] |
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333 |
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334 "ire" - [aɪə]:: |
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335 |
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336 fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə] |
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337 |
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338 "ia" - [aɪə]:: |
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339 |
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340 diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ] |
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341 |
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342 "io" - [aɪə]:: |
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343 |
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344 prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt] |
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345 |
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346 "ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]:: |
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347 |
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348 field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] |
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349 !!! friend [frend], piece [piːs] |
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350 |
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351 "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [əʊ]:: |
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352 |
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353 no [nəʊ], ro-se [rəʊz], so-fa [ˈsəʊfə] |
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354 !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː] |
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355 |
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356 "old" - [əʊl]:: |
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357 |
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358 old [ɔuld], cold [cəʊld], hold [həʊld] |
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359 |
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360 "ol" - [əʊl]:: |
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361 |
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362 control [kəntrəʊl] |
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363 |
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364 "oll" - [əʊl]:: |
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365 |
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366 roll [rəʊl] |
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367 |
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368 "oa" - [əʊ]:: |
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369 |
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370 road [rəʊd], boat [bəʊt], load [ləʊd], loan [ləʊn], oak [əʊk] |
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371 |
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372 "ow" в конце слов - [əʊ]:: |
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373 |
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374 know [nəʊ], show [ʃəʊ], snow [snəʊ], window [ˈwindəʊ], low [ləʊ], bowl [bəʊl] |
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375 !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau] |
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376 |
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377 "ow" в середине слов - [au]:: |
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378 |
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379 brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə] |
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380 |
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381 "o" перед "st" - [əʊ]:: |
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382 |
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383 post [pəʊst], most [məʊst] |
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384 !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst] |
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385 |
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386 "o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]:: |
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387 |
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388 on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt] |
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389 !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə] |
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390 !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə] |
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391 |
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392 "ou" в середине слова - [au]:: |
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393 |
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394 out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud] |
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395 sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz] |
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396 !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ] |
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397 !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː] |
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398 |
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399 "or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]:: |
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400 |
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401 fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt] |
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402 |
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403 "oor" - [ɔː]:: |
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404 |
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405 floor [flɔː], door [dɔː] |
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406 !!! pore [puə] |
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407 |
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408 "ore" - [ɔː]:: |
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409 |
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410 more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː] |
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411 |
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412 "oar" - [ɔː]:: |
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413 |
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414 board [bɔːd] |
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415 |
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416 "our" в середине слова - [ɔː]:: |
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417 |
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418 mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs] |
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419 !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ] |
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420 |
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421 "our" под ударением - [auə]:: |
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422 |
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423 our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə] |
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424 |
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425 "or" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
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426 |
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427 visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə] |
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428 |
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429 "our" на конце слов - [ə]:: |
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430 |
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431 labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə] |
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432 |
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433 "oi" - [ɔɪ]:: |
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434 |
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435 voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz] |
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436 |
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437 "oy" - [ɔɪ]:: |
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438 |
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439 alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ] |
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440 |
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441 "oo" - [uː]:: |
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442 |
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443 food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm] |
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444 !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd] |
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445 |
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446 "oo" перед "k" - [u]:: |
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447 |
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448 book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk] |
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449 |
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450 "ous" на конце слов - [əs]:: |
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451 |
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452 various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] |
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453 |
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454 "oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]:: |
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455 |
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456 mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə] |
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457 !!! both [bəʊθ] |
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458 |
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459 "on" под ударением - [ʌn]:: |
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460 |
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461 month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən] |
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462 !!! on [ɔn] |
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463 |
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464 "om" под ударением - [ʌm]:: |
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465 |
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466 come [kʌm], some [sʌm] |
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467 |
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468 "ov" под ударением - [ʌv]:: |
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469 |
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470 cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn] |
|
471 |
|
472 |
|
473 "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]:: |
|
474 |
|
475 pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz] |
|
476 |
|
477 "u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]:: |
|
478 |
|
479 num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs] |
|
480 !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ] |
|
481 |
|
482 "ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: |
|
483 |
|
484 blue [bluː], true [truː] |
|
485 |
|
486 "ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:: |
|
487 |
|
488 cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt] |
|
489 !!! suit [sjuːt] |
|
490 |
|
491 "u" в неударном положении - [ə]:: |
|
492 |
|
493 upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt] |
|
494 !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ] |
|
495 |
|
496 "ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]:: |
|
497 |
|
498 curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs] |
|
499 |
|
500 "u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]:: |
|
501 |
|
502 pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs] |
|
503 !!! sure [ʃuə] |
|
504 |
|
505 |
|
506 "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:: |
|
507 |
|
508 my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl] |
|
509 |
|
510 "y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
|
511 |
|
512 sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] |
|
513 |
|
514 "y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:: |
|
515 |
|
516 sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ] |
|
517 |
|
518 "y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]:: |
|
519 |
|
520 yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː] |
|
521 |
|
522 "yr" + гласная - [aɪə]:: |
|
523 |
|
524 tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn] |
|
525 |
|
526 "yr" + согласная - [əː]:: |
|
527 |
|
528 myrtle [məːtl] |
|
529 |
|
530 |
|
531 "alk" - [ɔːk]:: |
|
532 |
|
533 chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk] |
|
534 |
|
535 "aught" - [ɔːt]:: |
|
536 |
|
537 XXX |
|
538 |
|
539 "bt" - [t]:: |
|
540 |
|
541 debt [det], doubt [daut] |
|
542 |
|
543 "c" обычно - [k]:: |
|
544 |
|
545 cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] |
|
546 |
|
547 "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]:: |
|
548 |
|
549 cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] |
|
550 |
|
551 "ch" - [ʧ]:: |
|
552 |
|
553 child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] |
|
554 |
|
555 "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]:: |
|
556 |
|
557 special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] |
|
558 |
|
559 "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]:: |
|
560 |
|
561 efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] |
|
562 |
|
563 "ck" - [k]:: |
|
564 |
|
565 black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. |
|
566 |
|
567 "g" обычно - [g]:: |
|
568 |
|
569 game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] |
|
570 |
|
571 "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]:: |
|
572 |
|
573 gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] |
|
574 |
|
575 "gn" - [n]:: |
|
576 |
|
577 sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] |
|
578 |
|
579 "gm" - [m]:: |
|
580 |
|
581 paradigm ['pærədaɪm] |
|
582 |
|
583 "gh" не читается:: |
|
584 |
|
585 though [ðəʊ], through [θruː] |
|
586 !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf] |
|
587 |
|
588 "ght" - [t]:: |
|
589 |
|
590 might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] |
|
591 |
|
592 "igh" - [aɪ]:: |
|
593 |
|
594 high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] |
|
595 |
|
596 "ild" - [aɪld]:: |
|
597 |
|
598 child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] |
|
599 |
|
600 "imb" - [aɪm]:: |
|
601 |
|
602 climb - [klaɪm] |
|
603 |
|
604 "ince" - [aɪns]:: |
|
605 |
|
606 XXX |
|
607 |
|
608 "ind" - [aɪnd]:: |
|
609 |
|
610 mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd] |
|
611 |
|
612 "ing" - [iŋ]:: |
|
613 |
|
614 signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] |
|
615 |
|
616 "ink" - [iŋk]:: |
|
617 |
|
618 think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] |
|
619 |
|
620 "j" - [dʒ]:: |
|
621 |
|
622 jump [dʒʌmp] |
|
623 |
|
624 "kn" в начале слова - [n]:: |
|
625 |
|
626 know [kəu], knot [nɔt] |
|
627 |
|
628 "lf" - [f]:: |
|
629 |
|
630 calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf] |
|
631 !!! gulf [ɡʌlf] |
|
632 |
|
633 "lm" - [m]:: |
|
634 |
|
635 balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm] |
|
636 |
|
637 "mb" - [m]:: |
|
638 |
|
639 climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [kəʊm] |
|
640 |
|
641 "mn" на конце слова - [m]:: |
|
642 |
|
643 autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm] |
|
644 |
|
645 "ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]:: |
|
646 |
|
647 emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs] |
|
648 |
|
649 "ng" - [ŋ]:: |
|
650 |
|
651 long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] |
|
652 |
|
653 "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]:: |
|
654 |
|
655 angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] |
|
656 |
|
657 "nk" - [ŋk]:: |
|
658 |
|
659 ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] |
|
660 |
|
661 "ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]:: |
|
662 |
|
663 XXX |
|
664 |
|
665 "ought" - [ɔːt]:: |
|
666 |
|
667 brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt] |
|
668 |
|
669 "ould" - [ud]:: |
|
670 |
|
671 could [kud], should [shud], would [wud] |
|
672 |
|
673 "ph" - [f]:: |
|
674 |
|
675 photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] |
|
676 |
|
677 "pn" - [n]:: |
|
678 |
|
679 pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə] |
|
680 |
|
681 "pt" - [t]:: |
|
682 |
|
683 receipt [rɪˈsiːt] |
|
684 |
|
685 "qu" - [kw]:: |
|
686 |
|
687 quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] |
|
688 |
|
689 "ft" - [f]:: |
|
690 |
|
691 often [ɔfn] |
|
692 |
|
693 "r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]:: |
|
694 |
|
695 our own room [auər əʊn rum] |
|
696 |
|
697 "s" в начале слов - [s]:: |
|
698 |
|
699 send [send], spend [spend] |
|
700 |
|
701 "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]:: |
|
702 |
|
703 test [test], cups [kʌps] |
|
704 |
|
705 "s" после гласных - [z]:: |
|
706 |
|
707 as [az], days [deɪz] |
|
708 |
|
709 "s" между гласными - [z]:: |
|
710 |
|
711 nose [nəʊz] |
|
712 |
|
713 "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]:: |
|
714 |
|
715 pens [penz], bells [belz] |
|
716 |
|
717 "sh" - [ʃ]:: |
|
718 |
|
719 she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] |
|
720 |
|
721 "sion" после гласной - [ʒn]:: |
|
722 |
|
723 incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] |
|
724 |
|
725 "sion" после согласной - [ʃn]:: |
|
726 |
|
727 pension [penʃn] |
|
728 |
|
729 "sl" - [l]:: |
|
730 |
|
731 aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd] |
|
732 |
|
733 "ss" - [s]:: |
|
734 |
|
735 chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] |
|
736 |
|
737 "st" - [s]:: |
|
738 |
|
739 castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl] |
|
740 |
|
741 "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: |
|
742 |
|
743 commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] |
|
744 |
|
745 "ssure" - [ʃə]:: |
|
746 |
|
747 XXX |
|
748 |
|
749 "stion" - [sʧn]:: |
|
750 |
|
751 question [qwesʧn] |
|
752 |
|
753 "sure" -[ʒə]:: |
|
754 |
|
755 measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] |
|
756 |
|
757 "tch" - [ʧ]:: |
|
758 |
|
759 watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] |
|
760 |
|
761 "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:: |
|
762 |
|
763 communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] |
|
764 |
|
765 "th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]:: |
|
766 |
|
767 thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] |
|
768 |
|
769 "th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]:: |
|
770 |
|
771 the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðəʊ], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] |
|
772 |
|
773 "th" между двумя гласными - [ð]:: |
|
774 |
|
775 bathe [beið], clothe [kləʊð] |
|
776 |
|
777 "ture" - [ʧə]:: |
|
778 |
|
779 picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] |
|
780 |
|
781 "x" - [ks]:: |
|
782 |
|
783 six [sɪks] |
|
784 |
|
785 "wa" - [wɔ]:: |
|
786 |
|
787 want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] |
|
788 |
|
789 "wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]:: |
|
790 |
|
791 while [waɪl], whack [wæk] |
|
792 |
|
793 "wh" перед "o" - [h]:: |
|
794 |
|
795 who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] |
|
796 |
|
797 "wha" - [wɔ]:: |
|
798 |
|
799 what [wɔt] |
|
800 |
|
801 "wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]:: |
|
802 |
|
803 worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm] |
|
804 !!! worn [wɔːn] |
|
805 |
|
806 "wr" - [r]:: |
|
807 |
|
808 write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] |
|
809 |
|
810 "xh" - [ks]:: |
|
811 |
|
812 exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] |
|