--- a/en-pronunciation_ru.rst Sun Mar 13 16:46:19 2016 +0200
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,812 +0,0 @@
-.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-.. include:: header.rst
-
-========================
- English pronunciation.
-========================
-.. contents::
- :local:
-
-About.
-======
-
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
-
-Деление на слоги (syllable).
-============================
-
-В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::
-
- ba-by, pis-ton
-
-Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
-слогу::
-
- e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
-
-Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
-согласная относится к первому слогу::
-
- hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
-
-Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
-конечное нечитаемое "e"::
-
- ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
-
-Типы слогов.
-============
-
-Открытый слог (open syllable).
-------------------------------
-
-Заканчивается на гласную::
-
- ba-by
-
-Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::
-
- cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]
-
-Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
---------------------------------
-
-Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r"::
-
- sys-tem
-
-Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
----------------------------------
-
-Обычно первый слог::
-
- pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
-
-В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::
-
- nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
- mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
- press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
-
-Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
--------------------------------------
-
-Чтение согласных.
-=================
-
-Чтение гласных.
-===============
-
-Буква "e" в конце слова не читается::
-
- life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
-
-"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
-
- na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
- !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
-
-"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]::
-
- range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
-
-"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
-
- main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
- !!! said [sed]
-
-"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
-
- may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]
-
-"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]::
-
- cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
-
-"ar" - [ɑː]::
-
- car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]::
-
- glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
- !!! mass [mæs]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]::
-
- fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
- !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]::
-
- grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
-
-"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]::
-
- branch [brɑːnʧ]
-
-"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]::
-
- half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]::
-
- ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]::
-
- father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
- !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]::
-
- chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
-
-"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]::
-
- shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
-
-"air" - [ɛə]::
-
- stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
-
-"are" - [ɛə]::
-
- care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
-
-"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]::
-
- all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
- chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
-
-"au" - [ɔː]::
-
- launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
- !!! aunt [ɑːnt]
-
-"aw" - [ɔː]::
-
- saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː]
-
-"aught" - [ɔːt]::
-
- naught [nɔːt]
-
-"auth" - [ɔːθ]::
-
- author [ˈɔːθə]
-
-"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]::
-
- war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
-
-"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]::
-
- want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]
-
-"a" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
-
-"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]::
-
- captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
-
-"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]::
-
- marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
-
-
-"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]::
-
- he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
-
-"ea" - [iː]::
-
- mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
- !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
-
-"ee" - [iː]::
-
- keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
-
-"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]::
-
- bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
-
-"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]::
-
- bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
-
-"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
-
- her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
-
-"ear" + согласная - [əː]::
-
- heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
-
-"ear" - [ɪə]::
-
- ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
-
-"eer" - [ɪə]::
-
- cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]
-
-"ere" - [ɪə]::
-
- mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
- !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
-
-"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]::
-
- sentence - [ˈsentəns]
-
-"er" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
-
-"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
-
-"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
-
-"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]::
-
- market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
-
-"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
-
-"ey" - [ɪ]::
-
- hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
-
-"ew" - [juː]::
-
- new [njuː], few [fjuː]
-
-"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]::
-
- crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
-
-"eu" - [juː]::
-
- deuce [djuːs]
-
-"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
-
- vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
-
-"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
-
- they [θeɪ]
-
-
-"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
-
- fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
- !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
-
-"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]::
-
- kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
- !!! wind [wɪnd]
-
-"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]::
-
- wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
-
-"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]::
-
- sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
-
-"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]::
-
- light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]
-
-"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]::
-
- die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
-
-"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]::
-
- pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
-
-"i" в неударном положении - [i]::
-
- immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
-
-"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]::
-
- first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
-
-"ire" - [aɪə]::
-
- fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
-
-"ia" - [aɪə]::
-
- diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
-
-"io" - [aɪə]::
-
- prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
-
-"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]::
-
- field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
- !!! friend [frend], piece [piːs]
-
-"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [əʊ]::
-
- no [nəʊ], ro-se [rəʊz], so-fa [ˈsəʊfə]
- !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]
-
-"old" - [əʊl]::
-
- old [ɔuld], cold [cəʊld], hold [həʊld]
-
-"ol" - [əʊl]::
-
- control [kəntrəʊl]
-
-"oll" - [əʊl]::
-
- roll [rəʊl]
-
-"oa" - [əʊ]::
-
- road [rəʊd], boat [bəʊt], load [ləʊd], loan [ləʊn], oak [əʊk]
-
-"ow" в конце слов - [əʊ]::
-
- know [nəʊ], show [ʃəʊ], snow [snəʊ], window [ˈwindəʊ], low [ləʊ], bowl [bəʊl]
- !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
-
-"ow" в середине слов - [au]::
-
- brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə]
-
-"o" перед "st" - [əʊ]::
-
- post [pəʊst], most [məʊst]
- !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
-
-"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]::
-
- on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
- !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
- !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]
-
-"ou" в середине слова - [au]::
-
- out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud]
- sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz]
- !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
- !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː]
-
-"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]::
-
- fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
-
-"oor" - [ɔː]::
-
- floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
- !!! pore [puə]
-
-"ore" - [ɔː]::
-
- more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
-
-"oar" - [ɔː]::
-
- board [bɔːd]
-
-"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]::
-
- mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
- !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
-
-"our" под ударением - [auə]::
-
- our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
-
-"or" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
-
-"our" на конце слов - [ə]::
-
- labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
-
-"oi" - [ɔɪ]::
-
- voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
-
-"oy" - [ɔɪ]::
-
- alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
-
-"oo" - [uː]::
-
- food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
- !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
-
-"oo" перед "k" - [u]::
-
- book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
-
-"ous" на конце слов - [əs]::
-
- various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
-
-"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]::
-
- mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
- !!! both [bəʊθ]
-
-"on" под ударением - [ʌn]::
-
- month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
- !!! on [ɔn]
-
-"om" под ударением - [ʌm]::
-
- come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
-
-"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]::
-
- cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
-
-
-"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]::
-
- pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
-
-"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]::
-
- num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
- !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
-
-"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
-
- blue [bluː], true [truː]
-
-"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
-
- cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
- !!! suit [sjuːt]
-
-"u" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
- !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
-
-"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
-
- curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
-
-"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]::
-
- pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
- !!! sure [ʃuə]
-
-
-"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
-
- my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
-
-"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
-
-"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
-
-"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]::
-
- yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
-
-"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]::
-
- tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
-
-"yr" + согласная - [əː]::
-
- myrtle [məːtl]
-
-
-"alk" - [ɔːk]::
-
- chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
-
-"aught" - [ɔːt]::
-
- XXX
-
-"bt" - [t]::
-
- debt [det], doubt [daut]
-
-"c" обычно - [k]::
-
- cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
-
-"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]::
-
- cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
-
-"ch" - [ʧ]::
-
- child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
-
-"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]::
-
- special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
-
-"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]::
-
- efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
-
-"ck" - [k]::
-
- black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
-
-"g" обычно - [g]::
-
- game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
-
-"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]::
-
- gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
-
-"gn" - [n]::
-
- sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
-
-"gm" - [m]::
-
- paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
-
-"gh" не читается::
-
- though [ðəʊ], through [θruː]
- !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
-
-"ght" - [t]::
-
- might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
-
-"igh" - [aɪ]::
-
- high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
-
-"ild" - [aɪld]::
-
- child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
-
-"imb" - [aɪm]::
-
- climb - [klaɪm]
-
-"ince" - [aɪns]::
-
- XXX
-
-"ind" - [aɪnd]::
-
- mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
-
-"ing" - [iŋ]::
-
- signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
-
-"ink" - [iŋk]::
-
- think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
-
-"j" - [dʒ]::
-
- jump [dʒʌmp]
-
-"kn" в начале слова - [n]::
-
- know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
-
-"lf" - [f]::
-
- calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
- !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
-
-"lm" - [m]::
-
- balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
-
-"mb" - [m]::
-
- climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [kəʊm]
-
-"mn" на конце слова - [m]::
-
- autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
-
-"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]::
-
- emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
-
-"ng" - [ŋ]::
-
- long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
-
-"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]::
-
- angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
-
-"nk" - [ŋk]::
-
- ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
-
-"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]::
-
- XXX
-
-"ought" - [ɔːt]::
-
- brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
-
-"ould" - [ud]::
-
- could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
-
-"ph" - [f]::
-
- photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
-
-"pn" - [n]::
-
- pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
-
-"pt" - [t]::
-
- receipt [rɪˈsiːt]
-
-"qu" - [kw]::
-
- quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
-
-"ft" - [f]::
-
- often [ɔfn]
-
-"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]::
-
- our own room [auər əʊn rum]
-
-"s" в начале слов - [s]::
-
- send [send], spend [spend]
-
-"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]::
-
- test [test], cups [kʌps]
-
-"s" после гласных - [z]::
-
- as [az], days [deɪz]
-
-"s" между гласными - [z]::
-
- nose [nəʊz]
-
-"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]::
-
- pens [penz], bells [belz]
-
-"sh" - [ʃ]::
-
- she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
-
-"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]::
-
- incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
-
-"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]::
-
- pension [penʃn]
-
-"sl" - [l]::
-
- aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
-
-"ss" - [s]::
-
- chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
-
-"st" - [s]::
-
- castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
-
-"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
-
- commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
-
-"ssure" - [ʃə]::
-
- XXX
-
-"stion" - [sʧn]::
-
- question [qwesʧn]
-
-"sure" -[ʒə]::
-
- measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
-
-"tch" - [ʧ]::
-
- watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
-
-"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
-
- communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
-
-"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]::
-
- thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
-
-"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]::
-
- the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðəʊ], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
-
-"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]::
-
- bathe [beið], clothe [kləʊð]
-
-"ture" - [ʧə]::
-
- picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
-
-"x" - [ks]::
-
- six [sɪks]
-
-"wa" - [wɔ]::
-
- want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
-
-"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]::
-
- while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
-
-"wh" перед "o" - [h]::
-
- who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
-
-"wha" - [wɔ]::
-
- what [wɔt]
-
-"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]::
-
- worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
- !!! worn [wɔːn]
-
-"wr" - [r]::
-
- write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
-
-"xh" - [ks]::
-
- exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]