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1 .. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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2 |
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3 =================== |
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4 English spelling. |
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5 =================== |
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6 |
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7 About. |
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8 ====== |
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9 |
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10 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology |
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11 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English |
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12 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography |
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13 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences |
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14 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects |
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15 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English |
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16 |
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17 Деление на слоги (syllable). |
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18 ============================ |
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19 |
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20 В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков:: |
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21 |
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22 ba-by, pis-ton |
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23 |
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24 Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму |
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25 слогу:: |
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26 |
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27 e-ven, o-pen, i-tem |
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28 |
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29 Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая |
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30 согласная относится к первому слогу:: |
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31 |
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32 hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom |
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33 |
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34 Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует |
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35 конечное нечитаемое "e":: |
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36 |
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37 ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre |
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38 |
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39 Типы слогов. |
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40 ============ |
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41 |
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42 Открытый слог (open syllable). |
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43 ------------------------------ |
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44 |
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45 Заканчивается на гласную:: |
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46 |
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47 ba-by |
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48 |
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49 Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым:: |
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50 |
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51 |
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52 Закрытый слог (closed syllable). |
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53 -------------------------------- |
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54 |
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55 Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r":: |
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56 |
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57 sys-tem |
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58 |
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59 Ударный слог (stressed syllable). |
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60 --------------------------------- |
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61 |
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62 Обычно первый слог:: |
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63 |
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64 pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] |
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65 |
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66 В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит:: |
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67 |
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68 nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl] |
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69 mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk] |
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70 press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] |
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71 |
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72 Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). |
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73 ------------------------------------- |
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74 |
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75 * Буква "e" в конце слова не читается. |
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76 life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] |
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77 |
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78 * "a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
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79 na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] |
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80 !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ] |
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81 * "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]. |
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82 range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] |
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83 * "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]. |
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84 main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz] |
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85 !!! said [sed] |
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86 * "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]. |
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87 may [meɪ], pay [peɪ], stay [meɪ] |
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88 * "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]. |
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89 cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] |
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90 * "ar" - [ɑː]. |
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91 car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] |
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92 * "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]. |
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93 glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] |
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94 !!! mass [mæs] |
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95 * "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]. |
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96 fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst] |
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97 !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ] |
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98 * "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]. |
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99 grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] |
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100 * "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]. |
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101 branch [brɑːnʧ] |
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102 * "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]. |
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103 half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] |
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104 * "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]. |
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105 ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] |
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106 * "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]. |
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107 father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] |
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108 !!! gather [ˈɡæðə] |
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109 * "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]. |
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110 chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] |
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111 * "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]. |
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112 shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] |
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113 * "air" - [ɛə]. |
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114 stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] |
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115 * "are" - [ɛə]. |
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116 care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] |
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117 * "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]. |
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118 ball [bɔːl], chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] |
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119 * "au" - [ɔː]. |
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120 launch [lɔːnʧ] |
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121 !!! aunt [ɑːnt] |
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122 * "aw" - [ɔː]. |
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123 saw [sɔː], |
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124 * "aught" - [ɔːt]. |
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125 naught [nɔːt] |
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126 * "auth" - [ɔːθ]. |
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127 author [ˈɔːθə] |
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128 * "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]. |
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129 war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] |
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130 * "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]. |
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131 want [wɔt], wash [waʃ], what [wɔt] |
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132 * "a" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
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133 data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] |
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134 * "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]. |
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135 captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] |
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136 * "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]. |
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137 marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] |
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138 |
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139 * "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]. |
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140 he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] |
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141 * "ea" - [iː]. |
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142 mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] |
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143 !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed] |
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144 * "ee" - [iː]. |
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145 keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː] |
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146 * "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]. |
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147 bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest] |
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148 * "ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]. |
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149 bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment] |
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150 * "er" в ударном слоге - [əː]. |
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151 her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt] |
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152 * "ear" + согласная - [əː]. |
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153 heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ] |
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154 * "ear" - [ɪə]. |
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155 near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə] |
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156 * "eer" - [ɪə]. |
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157 engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], cheer [ʧɪə] |
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158 * "ere" - [ɪə]. |
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159 mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] |
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160 !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː] |
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161 * "e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]. |
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162 sentence - [ˈsentəns] |
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163 * "er" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
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164 member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps] |
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165 * "e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
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166 event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt] |
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167 * "er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
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168 regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn] |
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169 * "et" в конце слова - [ɪt]. |
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170 market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd] |
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171 * "ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
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172 foreign [ˈfɔrɪn] |
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173 * "ey" - [ɪ]. |
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174 hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ] |
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175 * "ew" - [juː]. |
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176 new [njuː], few [fjuː] |
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177 * "ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]. |
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178 crew [kruː], grew [gruː] |
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179 * "eu" - [juː]. |
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180 deuce [djuːs] |
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181 * "ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
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182 vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt] |
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183 * "ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
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184 they [θeɪ] |
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185 |
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186 * "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]. |
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187 fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] |
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188 !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv] |
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189 * "i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]. |
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190 kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. |
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191 !!! wind [wɪnd] |
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192 * "i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]. |
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193 wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld] |
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194 * "i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]. |
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195 sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn] |
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196 * "i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]. |
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197 light [laɪt], sight [saɪt] |
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198 !!! wind [wɪnd] |
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199 * "ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]. |
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200 die [daɪ], lie [laɪ] |
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201 * "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]. |
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202 pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns] |
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203 * "i" в неударном положении - [i]. |
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204 immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] |
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205 * "ir" в ударном положении - [əː]. |
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206 first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] |
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207 * "ire" - [aɪə]. |
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208 fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə] |
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209 * "ia" - [aɪə]. |
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210 diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ] |
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211 * "io" - [aɪə]. |
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212 prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt] |
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213 * "ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]. |
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214 field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] |
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215 !!! friend [frend] |
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216 |
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217 * "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]. |
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218 no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə] |
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219 !!! do [duː], does [dʌz] |
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220 * "old" - [oul]. |
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221 cold [could] |
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222 * "ol" - [oul]. |
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223 control [kəntroul] |
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224 * "oll" - [oul]. |
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225 roll [roul] |
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226 * "oa" - [ou]. |
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227 road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk] |
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228 * "ow" в конце слов - [ou]. |
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229 know [nou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou] |
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230 !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau] |
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231 * "o" перед "st" - [ou]. |
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232 post [poust], most [moust] |
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233 !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst] |
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234 * "o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]. |
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235 on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt] |
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236 * "ou" в середине слова - [au]. |
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237 town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud], sound [saund] |
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238 !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ], young [jʌŋ], bowl [boul] |
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239 * "or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]. |
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240 fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt] |
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241 * "oor" - [ɔː]. |
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242 floor [flɔː], door [dɔː] |
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243 !!! pore [puə] |
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244 * "ore" - [ɔː]. |
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245 more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː] |
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246 * "oar" - [ɔː]. |
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247 board [bɔːd] |
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248 * "our" в середине слова - [ɔː]. |
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249 mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs] |
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250 !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ] |
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251 * "our" под ударением - [auə]. |
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252 our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə] |
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253 * "or" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
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254 visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə] |
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255 * "our" на конце слов - [ə]. |
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256 labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə] |
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257 * "oi" - [ɔɪ]. |
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258 voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz] |
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259 * "oy" - [ɔɪ]. |
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260 alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ] |
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261 * "oo" - [uː]. |
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262 food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm] |
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263 !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd] |
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264 * "oo" перед "k" - [u]. |
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265 book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk] |
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266 * "ous" на конце слов - [əs]. |
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267 various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] |
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268 * "oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]. |
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269 mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə] |
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270 !!! both [bouθ] |
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271 * "on" под ударением - [ʌn]. |
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272 month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən] |
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273 !!! on [ɔn] |
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274 * "om" под ударением - [ʌm]. |
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275 come [kʌm], some [sʌm] |
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276 * "ov" под ударением - [ʌv]. |
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277 cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn] |
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278 |
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279 * "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]. |
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280 pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz] |
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281 * "u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]. |
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282 num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs] |
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283 !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ] |
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284 * "ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]. |
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285 blue [bluː], true [truː] |
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286 * "ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]. |
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287 cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt] |
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288 * "u" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
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289 upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt] |
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290 !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ] |
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291 * "ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]. |
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292 curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs] |
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293 * "u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]. |
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294 pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs] |
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295 !!! sure [ʃuə] |
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296 |
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297 * "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]. |
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298 my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl] |
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299 * "y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
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300 sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] |
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301 * "y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
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302 sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ] |
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303 * "y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]. |
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304 yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː] |
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305 * "yr" + гласная - [aɪə]. |
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306 tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn] |
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307 * "yr" + согласная - [əː]. |
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308 myrtle [məːtl] |
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309 |
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310 * "alk" - [ɔːk]. |
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311 chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk] |
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312 * "aught" - [ɔːt]. |
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313 XXX |
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314 * "bt" - [t]. |
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315 debt [det], doubt [daut] |
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316 * "c" обычно - [k]. |
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317 cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] |
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318 * "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]. |
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319 cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] |
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320 * "ch" - [ʧ]. |
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321 child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] |
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322 * "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]. |
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323 special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] |
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324 * "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]. |
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325 efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] |
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326 * "ck" - [k]. |
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327 black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. |
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328 * "g" обычно - [g]. |
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329 game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] |
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330 * "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]. |
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331 gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] |
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332 * "gn" - [n]. |
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333 sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] |
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334 * "gm" - [m]. |
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335 paradigm ['pærədaɪm] |
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336 * "gh" не читается. |
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337 though [ðou], through [θruː] |
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338 !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf] |
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339 * "ght" - [t]. |
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340 might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] |
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341 * "igh" - [aɪ]. |
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342 high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] |
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343 * "ild" - [aɪld]. |
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344 child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] |
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345 * "imb" - [aɪm]. |
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346 climb - [klaɪm] |
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347 * "ince" - [aɪns]. |
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348 XXX |
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349 * "ind" - [aɪnd]. |
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350 mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd] |
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351 * "ing" - [iŋ]. |
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352 signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] |
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353 * "ink" - [iŋk]. |
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354 think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] |
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355 * "j" - [dʒ]. |
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356 jump [dʒʌmp] |
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357 * "kn" в начале слова - [n]. |
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358 know [kəu], knot [nɔt] |
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359 * "lf" - [f]. |
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360 calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf] |
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361 !!! gulf [ɡʌlf] |
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362 * "lm" - [m]. |
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363 balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm] |
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364 * "mb" - [m]. |
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365 climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum] |
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366 * "mn" на конце слова - [m]. |
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367 autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm] |
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368 * "ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]. |
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369 emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs] |
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370 * "ng" - [ŋ]. |
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371 long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] |
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372 * "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]. |
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373 angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] |
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374 * "nk" - [ŋk]. |
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375 ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] |
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376 * "ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]. |
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377 XXX |
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378 * "ought" - [ɔːt]. |
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379 brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt] |
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380 * "ould" - [ud]. |
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381 could [kud], should [shud], would [wud] |
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382 * "ph" - [f]. |
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383 photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] |
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384 * "pn" - [n]. |
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385 pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə] |
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386 * "pt" - [t]. |
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387 receipt [rɪˈsɪːt] |
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388 * "qu" - [kw]. |
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389 quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] |
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390 * "ft" - [f]. |
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391 often [ɔfn] |
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392 * "r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]. |
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393 our own room [auər oun rum] |
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394 * "s" в начале слов - [s]. |
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395 send [send], spend [spend] |
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396 * "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]. |
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397 test [test], cups [kʌps] |
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398 * "s" после гласных - [z]. |
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399 as [az], days [deɪz] |
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400 * "s" между гласными - [z]. |
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401 nose [nouz] |
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402 * "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]. |
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403 pens [penz], bells [belz] |
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404 * "sh" - [ʃ]. |
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405 she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] |
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406 * "sion" после гласной - [ʒn]. |
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407 incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] |
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408 * "sion" после согласной - [ʃn]. |
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409 pension [penʃn] |
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410 * "sl" - [l]. |
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411 aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd] |
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412 * "ss" - [s]. |
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413 chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] |
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414 * "st" - [s]. |
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415 castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl] |
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416 * "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]. |
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417 commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] |
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418 * "ssure" - [ʃə]. |
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419 XXX |
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420 * "stion" - [sʧn]. |
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421 question [qwesʧn] |
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422 * "sure" -[ʒə]. |
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423 measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] |
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424 * "tch" - [ʧ]. |
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425 watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] |
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426 * "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]. |
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427 communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] |
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428 * "th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]. |
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429 thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] |
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430 * "th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]. |
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431 the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] |
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432 * "th" между двумя гласными - [ð]. |
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433 bathe [beið], clothe [klouð] |
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434 * "ture" - [ʧə]. |
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435 picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] |
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436 * "x" - [ks]. |
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437 six [sɪks] |
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438 * "wa" - [wɔ]. |
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439 want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] |
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440 * "wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]. |
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441 while [waɪl], whack [wæk] |
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442 * "wh" перед "o" - [h]. |
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443 who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] |
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444 * "wha" - [wɔ]. |
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445 what [wɔt] |
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446 * "wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]. |
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447 worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm] |
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448 !!! worn [wɔːn] |
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449 * "wr" - [r]. |
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450 write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] |
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451 * "xh" - [ks]. |
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452 exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] |