--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/en-spelling_ru.rst Tue Jul 10 13:00:53 2012 +0300
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+===================
+ English spelling.
+===================
+
+About.
+======
+
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
+
+Деление на слоги (syllable).
+============================
+
+В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::
+
+ ba-by, pis-ton
+
+Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
+слогу::
+
+ e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
+
+Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
+согласная относится к первому слогу::
+
+ hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
+
+Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
+конечное нечитаемое "e"::
+
+ ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
+
+Типы слогов.
+============
+
+Открытый слог (open syllable).
+------------------------------
+
+Заканчивается на гласную::
+
+ ba-by
+
+Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::
+
+
+Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
+--------------------------------
+
+Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r"::
+
+ sys-tem
+
+Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
+---------------------------------
+
+Обычно первый слог::
+
+ pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
+
+В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::
+
+ nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
+ mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
+ press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
+
+Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
+-------------------------------------
+
+* Буква "e" в конце слова не читается.
+life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
+
+* "a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ].
+ na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
+ !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
+* "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ].
+ range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
+* "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ].
+ main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz]
+ !!! said [sed]
+* "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ].
+ may [meɪ], pay [peɪ], stay [meɪ]
+* "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ].
+ cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
+* "ar" - [ɑː].
+ car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
+* "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː].
+ glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
+ !!! mass [mæs]
+* "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː].
+ fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst]
+ !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
+* "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː].
+ grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
+* "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː].
+ branch [brɑːnʧ]
+* "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː].
+ half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
+* "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː].
+ ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
+* "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː].
+ father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
+ !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
+* "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː].
+ chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
+* "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː].
+ shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
+* "air" - [ɛə].
+ stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
+* "are" - [ɛə].
+ care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
+* "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː].
+ ball [bɔːl], chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
+* "au" - [ɔː].
+ launch [lɔːnʧ]
+ !!! aunt [ɑːnt]
+* "aw" - [ɔː].
+ saw [sɔː],
+* "aught" - [ɔːt].
+ naught [nɔːt]
+* "auth" - [ɔːθ].
+ author [ˈɔːθə]
+* "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː].
+ war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
+* "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ].
+ want [wɔt], wash [waʃ], what [wɔt]
+* "a" в неударном положении - [ə].
+ data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
+* "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ].
+ captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
+* "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ].
+ marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
+
+* "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː].
+ he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
+* "ea" - [iː].
+ mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
+ !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
+* "ee" - [iː].
+ keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
+* "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e].
+ bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
+* "ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e].
+ bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
+* "er" в ударном слоге - [əː].
+ her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
+* "ear" + согласная - [əː].
+ heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
+* "ear" - [ɪə].
+ near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
+* "eer" - [ɪə].
+ engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], cheer [ʧɪə]
+* "ere" - [ɪə].
+ mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
+ !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
+* "e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə].
+ sentence - [ˈsentəns]
+* "er" в неударном положении - [ə].
+ member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
+* "e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ].
+ event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
+* "er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ].
+ regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
+* "et" в конце слова - [ɪt].
+ market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
+* "ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ].
+ foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
+* "ey" - [ɪ].
+ hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
+* "ew" - [juː].
+ new [njuː], few [fjuː]
+* "ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː].
+ crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
+* "eu" - [juː].
+ deuce [djuːs]
+* "ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ].
+ vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
+* "ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ].
+ they [θeɪ]
+
+* "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ].
+ fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
+ !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
+* "i" перед "nd" - [aɪ].
+ kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
+ !!! wind [wɪnd]
+* "i" перед "ld" - [aɪ].
+ wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
+* "i" перед "gn" - [aɪ].
+ sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
+* "i" перед "gh" - [aɪ].
+ light [laɪt], sight [saɪt]
+ !!! wind [wɪnd]
+* "ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ].
+ die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
+* "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i].
+ pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
+* "i" в неударном положении - [i].
+ immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
+* "ir" в ударном положении - [əː].
+ first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
+* "ire" - [aɪə].
+ fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
+* "ia" - [aɪə].
+ diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
+* "io" - [aɪə].
+ prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
+* "ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː].
+ field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
+ !!! friend [frend]
+
+* "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou].
+ no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə]
+ !!! do [duː], does [dʌz]
+* "old" - [oul].
+ cold [could]
+* "ol" - [oul].
+ control [kəntroul]
+* "oll" - [oul].
+ roll [roul]
+* "oa" - [ou].
+ road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk]
+* "ow" в конце слов - [ou].
+ know [nou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou]
+ !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
+* "o" перед "st" - [ou].
+ post [poust], most [moust]
+ !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
+* "o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ].
+ on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
+* "ou" в середине слова - [au].
+ town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud], sound [saund]
+ !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ], young [jʌŋ], bowl [boul]
+* "or" в ударном положении - [ɔː].
+ fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
+* "oor" - [ɔː].
+ floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
+ !!! pore [puə]
+* "ore" - [ɔː].
+ more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
+* "oar" - [ɔː].
+ board [bɔːd]
+* "our" в середине слова - [ɔː].
+ mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
+ !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
+* "our" под ударением - [auə].
+ our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
+* "or" в неударном положении - [ə].
+ visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
+* "our" на конце слов - [ə].
+ labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
+* "oi" - [ɔɪ].
+ voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
+* "oy" - [ɔɪ].
+ alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
+* "oo" - [uː].
+ food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
+ !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
+* "oo" перед "k" - [u].
+ book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
+* "ous" на конце слов - [əs].
+ various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
+* "oth" под ударением - [ʌθ].
+ mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
+ !!! both [bouθ]
+* "on" под ударением - [ʌn].
+ month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
+ !!! on [ɔn]
+* "om" под ударением - [ʌm].
+ come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
+* "ov" под ударением - [ʌv].
+ cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
+
+* "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː].
+ pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
+* "u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ].
+ num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
+ !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
+* "ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː].
+ blue [bluː], true [truː]
+* "ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː].
+ cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
+* "u" в неударном положении - [ə].
+ upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
+ !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
+* "ur" в ударном слоге - [əː].
+ curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
+* "u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə].
+ pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
+ !!! sure [ʃuə]
+
+* "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ].
+ my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
+* "y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ].
+ sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
+* "y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ].
+ sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
+* "y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j].
+ yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
+* "yr" + гласная - [aɪə].
+ tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
+* "yr" + согласная - [əː].
+ myrtle [məːtl]
+
+* "alk" - [ɔːk].
+ chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
+* "aught" - [ɔːt].
+ XXX
+* "bt" - [t].
+ debt [det], doubt [daut]
+* "c" обычно - [k].
+ cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
+* "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s].
+ cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
+* "ch" - [ʧ].
+ child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
+* "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l].
+ special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
+* "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt].
+ efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
+* "ck" - [k].
+ black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
+* "g" обычно - [g].
+ game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
+* "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ].
+ gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
+* "gn" - [n].
+ sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
+* "gm" - [m].
+ paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
+* "gh" не читается.
+ though [ðou], through [θruː]
+ !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
+* "ght" - [t].
+ might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
+* "igh" - [aɪ].
+ high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
+* "ild" - [aɪld].
+ child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
+* "imb" - [aɪm].
+ climb - [klaɪm]
+* "ince" - [aɪns].
+ XXX
+* "ind" - [aɪnd].
+ mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
+* "ing" - [iŋ].
+ signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
+* "ink" - [iŋk].
+ think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
+* "j" - [dʒ].
+ jump [dʒʌmp]
+* "kn" в начале слова - [n].
+ know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
+* "lf" - [f].
+ calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
+ !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
+* "lm" - [m].
+ balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
+* "mb" - [m].
+ climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum]
+* "mn" на конце слова - [m].
+ autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
+* "ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs].
+ emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
+* "ng" - [ŋ].
+ long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
+* "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ].
+ angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
+* "nk" - [ŋk].
+ ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
+* "ough" без последующего "t" - [uː].
+ XXX
+* "ought" - [ɔːt].
+ brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
+* "ould" - [ud].
+ could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
+* "ph" - [f].
+ photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
+* "pn" - [n].
+ pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
+* "pt" - [t].
+ receipt [rɪˈsɪːt]
+* "qu" - [kw].
+ quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
+* "ft" - [f].
+ often [ɔfn]
+* "r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r].
+ our own room [auər oun rum]
+* "s" в начале слов - [s].
+ send [send], spend [spend]
+* "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s].
+ test [test], cups [kʌps]
+* "s" после гласных - [z].
+ as [az], days [deɪz]
+* "s" между гласными - [z].
+ nose [nouz]
+* "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z].
+ pens [penz], bells [belz]
+* "sh" - [ʃ].
+ she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
+* "sion" после гласной - [ʒn].
+ incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
+* "sion" после согласной - [ʃn].
+ pension [penʃn]
+* "sl" - [l].
+ aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
+* "ss" - [s].
+ chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
+* "st" - [s].
+ castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
+* "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n].
+ commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
+* "ssure" - [ʃə].
+ XXX
+* "stion" - [sʧn].
+ question [qwesʧn]
+* "sure" -[ʒə].
+ measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
+* "tch" - [ʧ].
+ watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
+* "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n].
+ communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
+* "th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ].
+ thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
+* "th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð].
+ the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
+* "th" между двумя гласными - [ð].
+ bathe [beið], clothe [klouð]
+* "ture" - [ʧə].
+ picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
+* "x" - [ks].
+ six [sɪks]
+* "wa" - [wɔ].
+ want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
+* "wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w].
+ while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
+* "wh" перед "o" - [h].
+ who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
+* "wha" - [wɔ].
+ what [wɔt]
+* "wor" в ударном положении - [wəː].
+ worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
+ !!! worn [wɔːn]
+* "wr" - [r].
+ write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
+* "xh" - [ks].
+ exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]