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English suffices
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.. contents::
:local:
Suffix -s
=========
Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create:
* plural form of nouns
* verbs in the third person
After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added.
After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added::
cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes
but there are few exceptions::
memos, photos, pianos, videos
``fe`` changed to ``ve`` and ``s`` append::
knife ⇒ knives, life ⇒ lives, wife ⇒ wives
``f`` changed to ``v`` and ``es`` append::
half ⇒ halves, wolf ⇒ wolves, loaf ⇒ loaves
``us`` changes to ``i``::
cactus ⇒ cacti, nucleus ⇒ nuclei, focus ⇒ foci
``is`` changed to ``es``::
analysis ⇒ analyses, crisis ⇒ crises, thesis ⇒ theses
Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is
appended::
apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries
General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix::
bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks
``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds::
[f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs
[k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks
[p] cups, helps, ships, stops
[t] hits, pets, writes
[θ] maths, months, moths, myths
``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds::
[ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs
[b] crabs, grabs, robs
[ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes
[d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words
[l] calls, falls, fails, hills
[m] comes, dreams, plums, trams
[n] earns, burns, pens, runs
[ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs
[r] wears, cures
[v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves
-y: plays, boys, says
``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds::
[dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages
[s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races
[∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes
[ʧ] churches, matches, watches
[z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes
Suffix -ed
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Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``::
agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived, love ⇒ loved
Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``::
apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried
Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::
frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked
picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked
The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb::
clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed
``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``::
[d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed
[t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited
``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel::
[ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged
[b]: grabbed, robbed
[ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed
[d] ended, lidded
[dʒ]: changed, judged, raged
[l]: called, failed, piled
[m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed
[n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained
[ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged
[r]: cured, occurred
[v]: craved, loved, saved
[z]: amazed, buzzed, seized
employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed
``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant::
[ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished
[f]: coughed, laughed, puffed
[ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished
[k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed
[p]: jumped, stopped, trapped
[s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed
[θ]: frothed
Suffix -ing
===========
Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create:
* gerunds
* verbs form for continuous tenses
Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``:
agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing
Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before
``-ing``:
die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying
Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``::
give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing
argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing
Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::
frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking
picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking
The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb::
accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing
Suffix -er
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Syffix -ly
==========
Doubling consonants
===================
When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``,
``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before
prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``::
hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted
admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming
travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter
thin ⇒ thinner
red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence