www/en-affixes.rst
author Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
Tue, 06 Mar 2018 11:52:32 +0200
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==================
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 English suffices
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==================
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.. contents::
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   :local:
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Suffix -s
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=========
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Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create:
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* plural form of nouns
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* verbs in the third person
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After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added.
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After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added::
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  cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes
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but there are few exceptions::
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  memos, photos, pianos, videos
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``fe`` changed to ``ve`` and ``s`` append::
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  knife ⇒ knives, life ⇒ lives, wife ⇒ wives
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``f`` changed to ``v`` and ``es`` append::
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  half ⇒ halves, wolf ⇒ wolves, loaf ⇒ loaves
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``us`` changes to ``i``::
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  cactus ⇒ cacti, nucleus ⇒ nuclei, focus ⇒ foci
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``is`` changed to ``es``::
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  analysis ⇒ analyses, crisis ⇒ crises, thesis ⇒ theses
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Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is
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appended::
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  apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries
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General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix::
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  bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks
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``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds::
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  [f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs
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  [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks
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  [p] cups, helps, ships, stops
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  [t] hits, pets, writes
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  [θ] maths, months, moths, myths
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``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds::
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  [ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs
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  [b] crabs, grabs, robs
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  [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes
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  [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words
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  [l] calls, falls, fails, hills
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  [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams
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  [n] earns, burns, pens, runs
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  [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs
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  [r] wears, cures
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  [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves
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  -y: plays, boys, says
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``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds::
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  [dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages
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  [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races
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  [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes
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  [ʧ] churches, matches, watches
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  [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes
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Suffix -ed
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==========
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Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``::
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  agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived,  love ⇒ loved
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Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``::
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  apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried
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Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::
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  frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked
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  picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked
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The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb::
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  clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed
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``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``::
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  [d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed
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  [t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited
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``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel::
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  [ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged
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  [b]: grabbed, robbed
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  [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed
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  [d] ended, lidded
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  [dʒ]: changed, judged, raged
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  [l]: called, failed, piled
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  [m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed
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  [n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained
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  [ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged
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  [r]: cured, occurred
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  [v]: craved, loved, saved
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  [z]: amazed, buzzed, seized
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  employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed
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``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant::
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  [ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished
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  [f]: coughed, laughed, puffed
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  [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished
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  [k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed
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  [p]: jumped, stopped, trapped
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  [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed
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  [θ]: frothed
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Suffix -ing
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===========
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Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create:
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* gerunds
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* verbs form for continuous tenses
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Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``:
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  agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing
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Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before
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``-ing``:
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  die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying
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Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``::
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  give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing
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  argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing
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Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``::
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  frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking
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  picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking
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The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb::
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  accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing
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Suffix -er
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==========
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Syffix -ly
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==========
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Doubling consonants
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===================
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When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``,
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``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before
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prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``::
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  hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted
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  admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming
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  travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter
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  thin ⇒ thinner
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  red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence
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