+
−.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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−
+
−========================
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− English pronunciation.
+
−========================
+
−.. contents::
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−   :local:
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−
+
−Allophone.
+
−==========
+
−
+
−  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone
+
−    Is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) or
+
−    signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.
+
−
+
−  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_phonology#Allophony
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−  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone#English
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−  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology#Allophones_of_consonants
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−  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology#Allophones_of_vowels
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−
+
−Russian analog
+
−==============
+
−
+
−``[æ]``::
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−
+
−  пять [pʲætʲ]
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−
+
−
+
−Exercises
+
−=========
+
−
+
−[iː] vs [ɪ]
+
−-----------
+
−::
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−
+
−  These six silly sisters are sweet to meet.
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−  [ðiːz sɪks sɪlɪ sɪstə aː swiːt tuː miːt]
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−
+
−  sheep [ʃiːp]       ship [ʃɪp]
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−  heat [hiːt]        hit [hɪt]
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−  feet [fiːt]        fit [fɪt]
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−  cheap [ʧiːp]       chip [ʧɪp]
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−  eel [iːl]          ill [ɪl]
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−  receive [rɪˈsɪːv]  sieve [sɪv]
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−  leave [liːv]       live [lɪv]
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−  peach [piːʧ]       pitch [pɪʧ]
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−  litre [liːtər]     litter [lɪtər]
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−  leap [liːp]        lip [lɪp]
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−  wheel [wiːl]       will [wɪl]
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−  seek [siːk]        sick [sɪk]
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−
+
−[ɪ] vs [e]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−  Did Ed wed Liz or did Liz wed Ted?
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−  tin [tɪn]   ten [ten]
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−  hill [hɪl]  hell [hel]
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−  did [dɪd]   dead [ded]
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−  bid [bɪd]   bed [bed]
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−  middle [mɪdle]  medal [medl]
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−  fill [fɪl]  fell [fel]
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−  pin [pɪn]   pen [pen]
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−
+
−[e] vs [æ]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−  I bet you bat better then your fans in the fens.
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−  head  [hɛd]    had   [hæd]
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−  shell [ʃɛl]    shall [ʃæl]
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−  net   [nɛt]    gnat  [næt]
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−  end   [ɛnd]    and   [ænd]
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−  expensive [ɪkˈspɛnsɪv] expansive [ɪkˈspænsɪv]
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−
+
−[æ] vs [ʌ]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−  Cut the cackle and come up with the cash!
+
−  cat [cæt]      cut [kʌt]
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−  cap [cæp]      cup [kʌp]
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−  dam [dæm]      dumb [dʌm]
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−  stamp [stæmp]  stump [stʌmp]
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−  ankle [əŋkəl]  uncle [ʌŋkəl]
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−  bat [bæt]      but [bʌt]
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−  swam [swæm]    swum [swʌm]
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−  bank [bænk]    bunk [bʌnk]
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−
+
−[æ] vs [aː]
+
−-----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−  My hard hearted aunt had a fat cat in her flat.
+
−  cat    cart
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−  hat    heart
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−  had    hard
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−  am     arm
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−  chat   chart
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−
+
−[æ] vs [eə]
+
−-----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   dad [dæd]     dared [deəd]
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−   glad [ɡlæd]   glared [ɡleəd]
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−   marry [mæri]  Mary [meəri]
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−
+
−[eɪ] vs [iː]
+
−------------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   ate [eɪt]      eat [iːt]
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−   faced [feɪst]  feast [fiːst]
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−   great [ɡreɪt]  greet [ɡriːt]
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−   mate [meɪt]    meet [miːt]
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−
+
−[əʊ] vs [ɔː]
+
−------------
+
−::
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−
+
−   coat [kəʊt]   caught [kɔːt]
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−   dough [dəʊ]   door [dɔːr]
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−   sew [səʊ]     saw [sɔː]
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−   flow [fləʊ]   floor [flɔːr]
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−
+
−[w] vs [v]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   wet [wet]  vet [vet]
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−   werse [wɜrs]  verse [vɜrs]
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−   while [waɪl]  vile [vaɪl]
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−   west [west]  vest [vest]
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−   wery [weri]  very [very]
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−
+
−[r] vs [l]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   wrong [rɒŋ]         long [lɒŋ]
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−   royal [rɔɪjəl]      loyal [lɔɪjəl]
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−   missread [mɪsˈred]  missled [mɪsˈled]
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−   pirate [paɪrət]     pilot [paɪlət]
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−   pray [praɪ]         play [plaɪ]
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−   red [red]           led [led]
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−   crime [kraɪm]       climb [claɪm]
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−   crash [kræʃ]        clash [klæʃ]
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−   rice [raɪs]         lice [laɪs]
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−   rock [rɒk]          lock [lɒk]
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−
+
−[n] vs [ŋ]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   ran [ræn]  rang [ræŋ]
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−   son [sʌn]  sung [sʌŋ]
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−   pin [pɪn]  ping [pɪŋ]
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−   thin [θɪn]  thing [θɪŋ]
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−   wind [wɪnd] winged [wɪŋd]
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−
+
−[m] vs [n]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   sum [sʌm]  sun [sʌn]  sung [sʌŋ]
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−   rum [rʌm]  run [rʌn]  rung [rʌŋ]
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−
+
−[s] vs [z]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   buzz [bʌz]    bus [bʌs]
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−   rise [raɪz]   rice [raɪs]
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−   zip [zɪp]     sip [sɪp]
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−   lazy [leɪzɪ]  lacy [leɪsi]
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−   his [hɪz]     hiss [hɪs]
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−   cause [cɔːz]  course [kɔːrs]
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−   plays [pleiz]  place [pleɪs]
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−   grows [ɡrəʊz]  gross [ɡrəʊs]
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−
+
−[ʃ] vs [s]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   ship [ʃɪp]  sip [sɪp]
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−   show [ʃəʊ]  so [səʊ]
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−   shy [ʃaɪ]   sigh [saɪ]
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−   chauffeur [ʃəʊfər]  sofa [səʊfə]
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−   shock [ʃɒk]  sock [sɒk]
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−
+
−[v] vs [f]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   vault [vɔːlt]     fault [fɔːlt]
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−   believe [bɪliːv]  belief [bɪliːf]
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−   live [laɪv]       life [laɪf]
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−   van [væn]         fan [fæn]
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−   leave [liːv]      leaf [liːf]
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−   of [ɒv]           off [ɒf]
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−   rival [raɪvəl]    rifle [raɪfəl]
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−
+
−[v] vs [b]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   very [ˈveri]  berry [ˈberi]
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−
+
−[d] vs [t]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   dame [daɪm]    tame [taɪm]
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−   doom [duːm]    tomb [tuːm]
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−   medal [medəl]  metal [metəl]
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−   heard [hɜːrd]  hurt [hɜːrt]
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−   din [dɪn]      tin [tɪn]
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−   do [duː]       to [tuː]
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−   down [daʊn]    town [taʊn]
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−   aid [eɪd]      eight [eɪt]
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−   bed [bed]      bet [bet]
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−
+
−[b] vs [p]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   back [bæk]       pack [pæk]
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−   cab [cæb]        cap [kæp]
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−   symbol [sɪmbəl]  simple [sɪmpəl]
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−   bare [beə]       pair [peə]
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−   bunch [bʌnʧ]     punch [pʌnʧ]
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−   bump [bʌmp]      pump [pʌmp]
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−   bull [bʊl]       pull [pʊl]
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−
+
−[ɡ] vs [k]
+
−----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   glue [ɡluː]    clue [kluː]
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−   ghost [ɡəʊst]  coast [kəʊst]
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−   log [lɒɡ]      lock [lɒk]
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−   pig [pɪɡ]      pick [pɪk]
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−   game [ɡeIm]    came [keɪm]
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−   gauge [ɡeɪdʒ]  cage [keɪdɡ]
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−   galleries [ɡæləriːz]  calories [kæləriːz]
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−
+
−[ʧ] vs [dʒ]
+
−-----------
+
−::
+
−
+
−   choke [ʧəʊk]  joke [dʒəʊk]
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−   chunk [ʧʌnk]  junk [dʒʌŋk]
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−   rich [rɪʧ]    ridge [rɪdʒ]
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−   lunch [lʌnʧ]  lunge [lʌndʒ]
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−   search [sɜːrʧ]  surge [sɜːrdʒ]
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−