author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:24:36 +0200 | |
changeset 347 | 8ae88e9dd05d |
parent 266 | b186113f9492 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
265
f8bc3e208c16
English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1 |
-*- mode: outline; coding: utf-8 -*- |
f8bc3e208c16
English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
2 |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
3 |
English Punctuation Guide. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4 |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
5 |
* Punctuation symbol. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
6 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
7 |
! exclamation mark |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8 |
"" single quotation marks |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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|
9 |
'' double quotation marks |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
10 |
' apostrophe |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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11 |
, comma |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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12 |
- hyphen |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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parents:
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13 |
. full stop (period USA) |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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14 |
: colon |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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15 |
; semi colon |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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16 |
? question mark |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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17 |
... ellipsis |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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18 |
|
f8bc3e208c16
English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
19 |
* General rules. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
20 |
|
f8bc3e208c16
English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
21 |
* Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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22 |
* Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses. |
f8bc3e208c16
English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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23 |
* Put a comma (plus a space) before and, but, or, and nor when they join two |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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24 |
sentences. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
25 |
* The semicolon (;) is not used widely in English and probably should be |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
26 |
avoided by non-native writers. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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27 |
* Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and poems |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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28 |
are usually italicized or underlined. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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29 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
30 |
** Capital letter. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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31 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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32 |
1 A capital is used for the first letter of a new sentence, of quoted speech |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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33 |
or proper nouns. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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parents:
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34 |
2 The first letter of a sentence does not need to be capitalized if it is |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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35 |
included in parenthesis within another sentence. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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36 |
3 A capital letter is always used for the first person singular subjective |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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37 |
personal pronoun I. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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38 |
4 A capital is used for the first letter of key words in headings and titles. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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39 |
If such titles are hyphenated then both components are given capitalized |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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40 |
first letters. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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41 |
5 A capital is used for the first letter of key words in historical events. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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42 |
6 A capital is used for the first letter of religions and many other |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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43 |
religious words. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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44 |
7 A capital is used for the first letter of names of months and days of the |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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45 |
week, but not of seasons. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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46 |
8 Holidays should also be capitalized. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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47 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
48 |
Example: |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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49 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
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50 |
[3] My boss and I agreed that I should make up for the time I had lost. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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51 |
[4] The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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52 |
[4] The Centers for Disease Control |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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53 |
[4] Vice-President Dick Cheney |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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54 |
[5] The Battle of Waterloo |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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55 |
[5] The Great Fire of London |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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56 |
[6] Devout Christians do daily Bible study. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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57 |
[7] After a long, hot summer she married him on a sultry Saturday in September. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
58 |
[8] January 1 is New Year's Day. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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59 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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60 |
** Spaces. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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61 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
62 |
* Put one space after punctuation. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
63 |
* Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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64 |
* Put no spaces after periods inside abbreviations. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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65 |
* Put no space before or after an apostrophe. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
66 |
* Put no space on the "inside" of quotation marks (often called "quotes"). |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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67 |
* Put no space on the "inside" of parentheses. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
68 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
69 |
Some old rules: |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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70 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
71 |
* Put two spaces after colons and between sentences. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
72 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
73 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
74 |
* Exclamation mark, '!'. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
75 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
76 |
* Exclamation marks act as a full stop. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
77 |
* An exclamation mark is most often used to show shock, surprise, horror or |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
78 |
pleasure. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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79 |
* No space is needed before an exclamation mark, at least one space after one |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
80 |
(two spaces for purists). |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
81 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
82 |
Example: |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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83 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
84 |
Oh! Wow! Brilliant! |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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85 |
It was shocking! |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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|
86 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
87 |
* Apostrophe, "'". |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
88 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
89 |
* Apostrophes next to the letter ('s) indicate possession or belonging. |
f8bc3e208c16
English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
90 |
* They are also used to show missing letters in shortened words, especially in |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
91 |
informal writing. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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92 |
* No space is needed before or after the apostrophe. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
93 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
94 |
Example: |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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95 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
96 |
This is Lynne's web site. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
97 |
It's a nice day today, isn't it? I've got an idea. Let's go out. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
98 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
99 |
* Comma, ','. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
100 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
101 |
1 Separate items in long lists. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
102 |
2 Commas point out brief pauses in a complex sentence or a long prepositional |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
103 |
phrase. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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parents:
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|
104 |
3 Comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
105 |
before the final element of a list (for purists). |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
106 |
4 Introduce a direct quote. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
107 |
5 Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining relative |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
108 |
clauses. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
109 |
6 Use a comma if your subject has two or more adjectives describing it. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
110 |
* You do not put a space before a comma, but you do need a space after one. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
111 |
? We don't usually put a comma before the word 'and'. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
112 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
113 |
Example: |
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English Punctuation Guide.
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|
114 |
|
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
115 |
[1] There were a lot of people in the room, teachers, students and parents. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
116 |
[2] The teachers were sitting, the students were listening and the parents |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
117 |
were just worrying. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
118 |
[2] Although he wanted to come, he wasn't able to attend the course. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
119 |
[3] I like reading, listening to music, and visiting with my friends. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
120 |
[4] The boy said, "My father is often away during the week on business trips." |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
121 |
[4] His doctor replied, "If you don't stop smoking, you run the risk of a |
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122 |
heart attack." |
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123 |
[5] Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle. |
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124 |
[5] My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape. |
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125 |
[6] The powerful, resonating sound caught our attention. |
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126 |
|
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127 |
* Colon, ':'. |
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128 |
|
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129 |
1 Colons precede a list, an explanation or an example. |
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130 |
2 The colon is used to separate two main clauses where the first is an |
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131 |
introduction to the second. |
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132 |
3 To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this situation). |
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133 |
* You do not put a space before a colon, but you do need a space after one. |
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134 |
|
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135 |
Example: |
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136 |
|
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137 |
[1] There are two main shopping areas in Nottingham: Broadmarsh Centre and |
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138 |
Victoria Centre. |
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139 |
[2] The pilot had an awful realization: he had forgotten to turn off the gas |
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140 |
at breakfast time. |
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141 |
[3] He announced to his friends: "I'm getting married!" |
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142 |
|
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143 |
* Full stop (period), '.'. |
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144 |
|
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145 |
1 Full stops (periods in the USA) go at the end of sentences that are |
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146 |
statements. |
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147 |
2 They are also used to mark abbreviations. If such an abbreviation occurs at |
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148 |
the very end of a sentence, the final dot is not usually written twice. |
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149 |
* You do not put a space before a full stop, but you do need at least one |
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150 |
space after one (two spaces for purists). |
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151 |
|
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152 |
Example: |
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153 |
|
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154 |
[1] My name is Lynn. I am a teacher. |
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155 |
[2] An overhead projector is often referred to as an O.H.P. |
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156 |
|
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157 |
* Hyphen, '-'. |
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158 |
|
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159 |
* Hyphens are used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into |
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160 |
parts. |
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161 |
* You don't use a space on either side of a hyphen. |
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162 |
|
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163 |
Example: |
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164 |
|
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165 |
There were ninety-nine red balloons. |
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166 |
|
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167 |
* Question mark, '?'. |
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168 |
|
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169 |
1 Question marks go at the end of sentences that are questions. |
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170 |
2 You need a question mark at the end of tag questions. |
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171 |
* For quotes within quotes, use single quotes. |
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172 |
* You do not put a space before a question mark, but you do need at least one |
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173 |
space after one (two spaces for purists). |
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174 |
|
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175 |
For example: |
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176 |
|
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177 |
[1] Is my name Lynn? Of course it is. |
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178 |
[2] It's a nice day, isn't it? |
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179 |
|
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180 |
* Semicolon, ';'. |
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181 |
|
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182 |
1 Semicolons are used to separate two sentences that would otherwise be |
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183 |
joined with a word such as 'and', 'because', 'since', 'unless' or 'while'. |
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parents:
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184 |
2 To separate groups of words that are themselves separated by commas. |
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185 |
* You do not put a space before a semicolon, but you do need a space after one. |
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186 |
|
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187 |
Example: |
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188 |
|
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189 |
[1] I'm looking forward to our next lesson; I'm sure it will be a lot of fun. |
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190 |
[2] They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; |
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191 |
and literature, for their own enjoyment. |
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192 |
|
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193 |
|
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194 |
* Quotation mark (speech mark), '""', "''". |
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195 |
|
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196 |
Double quotes '""', single quotes "''". |
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197 |
|
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198 |
* Quotation marks (single or double) are used to show words that are directly |
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199 |
spoken (direct speech). |
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200 |
* Only the words actually being quoted are enclosed by speech marks. |
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201 |
* You need a space before the opening speech mark, but no space after it, and |
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202 |
a space after the closing one, but no space before it. |
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203 |
* Another general rule is to use a comma after the introduction to quoted |
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204 |
speech or writing. |
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205 |
* Sometimes when writing a spoken sentence it is split in two. The speech |
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206 |
marks must then be placed at the beginning and end of each part of the |
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parents:
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207 |
sentence. Commas are used to separate the spoken part from the rest of the |
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208 |
sentence. |
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209 |
* If you need a question mark or exclamation mark the markers that punctuate |
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210 |
the quoted words are enclosed by the speech marks. |
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211 |
|
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212 |
Example: |
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213 |
|
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214 |
"Could everyone sit down please," said the teacher. |
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215 |
Jaime said, "I love you." |
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parents:
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216 |
"I wonder," she said quietly, "whether people will ever truly understand each other." |
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217 |
"I don't understand," replied Nathan. "Do you understand?" asked Nathan. "I don't understand!" shouted Nathan. |
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218 |
Nathan replied, "I don't understand." Nathan asked, "Do you understand?" Nathan shouted, "I don't understand!" |
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parents:
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219 |
He wrote in 1946 that, "The key word in digital computer is 'digital'." |
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220 |
|
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221 |
* Ellipsis, '...'. |
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|
222 |
|
266
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223 |
1 Ellipsis used to show that something has been omitted, indicate missing |
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224 |
words in an incomplete quotation. |
265
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225 |
|
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226 |
Example: |
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227 |
|
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228 |
[1] Chomsky suggested that, "Language is a system that...can be described in |
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229 |
an algebraic notation." |
265
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230 |
|
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231 |
* Dash, '-', '--'. |
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232 |
|
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233 |
1 The dash should be used when making a brief interruption within a |
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parents:
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234 |
statement, a sudden change of thought, an additional comment, or a dramatic |
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parents:
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235 |
qualification. |
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236 |
|
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237 |
* Parentheses '()'. |
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parents:
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238 |
|
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parents:
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239 |
1 Use parentheses to clarify, to place an afterthought, or to add a personal |
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parents:
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240 |
comment. Be sure to include the period after the closing parenthesis. |
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parents:
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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Example: |
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parents:
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[1] Steve Case (AOL's former CEO) resigned from the Time-Warner board of |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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directors in 2005. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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[1] You will need a flashlight for the camping trip (don't forget the |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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batteries!). |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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[1] Most grammarians believe that parentheses and commas are always |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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interchangeable (I disagree). |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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* Brackets '[]'. |
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parents:
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1 Use brackets to signify an editor's note in a regular piece of writing. You |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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can also use brackets to clarify or to revise a direct quote so that it |
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appeals to your own writing. |
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2 The first brackets are rounded, and brackets inside brackets are squared. |
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Example: |
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parents:
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[1] "[The blast] was absolutely devastating," said Susan Smith. |
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parents:
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* Slash '/'. |
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parents:
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1 Use the slash to separate "and" and "or", when appropriate. |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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2 The slash can replace the word "and" to join two nouns. |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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3 The slash is used when quoting lyrics and poetry to denote a line break. Be |
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English Punctuation Guide.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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sure to add spaces between your slashes here. |
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Example: |
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parents:
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[1] To register, you will need your driver's license and/or your birth |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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certificate." |
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parents:
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[2] The student/part-time employee has very little free time. |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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[3] "Row, row, row your boat / gently down the stream / life is but a dream." |
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