-*- mode: outline; coding: utf-8; fill-column: 80 -*-

* Class version.

See value of 6 and 8 bytes in .class file:

  {0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE, 0x00, minor, 0x00, major}

   major   minor  Java platform version

* Modifiers.

** public.

 * Public class is visible in other packages.

 * Public field is visible everywhere (class must be public too).

** private.

 * Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same

 class that declares the variable or method

 * A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.

** protected.

 * Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all

 subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature.

 * This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different

 package from the class that owns the protected feature.

** default.

What you get by default ie, without any access modifier.

 * It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.

* static.

 * Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many

   instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without

   creating an instance of a class.

 * Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on

   the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an

   object.

 * A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in

   a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final.

 * You can't override a static method with a nonstatic method.

* final.

 * A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed.

 * A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited.

 * You can't change value of a final variable.

* Exceptions.

A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself),

excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses.

Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class

Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception,

however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the

exception or declare it in a throws clause.

* Inner classes.

** Nested top-level classes.

If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the

compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class.

Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the

declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer.inner. Top-level

inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables. There can also

be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested top-level variety.

** Member classes.

Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables

and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables.

This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested top-level class.

The primary difference between member classes and nested top-level classes is

that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing

class.

** Local classes.

Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their

visibility is only within the block of their declaration. In order for the

class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a

more publicly available interface.

Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected,

private, and static are not usable.

** Anonymous classes.

Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As

anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.

* 64-bit problem.

  http://www.java.com/en/download/faq/java_win64bit.xml

                Which version of Java should I download for my 64-bit Windows

                operating system?

  http://java.sun.com/javase/6/webnotes/install/system-configurations.html

                Java SE 6 Release Notes Supported System Configurations

* Java performance.

  http://java.sun.com/performance/reference/whitepapers/5.0_performance.html

  http://java.sun.com/performance/reference/whitepapers/6_performance.html

* Creating jar.

  $ jar cf myFile.jar *.class

  $ jar cmf myManifestFile myFile.jar *.class

  $ jar -cfe Main.jar foo.Main foo/Main.class