author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Sun, 26 Sep 2010 17:42:45 +0300 | |
changeset 181 | 03be0e705089 |
parent 180 | 1f6b2926a51a |
child 182 | 264db5b2d4ae |
permissions | -rwxr-xr-x |
168
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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1 |
-*- mode: outline; coding: utf-8 -*- |
159 | 2 |
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168
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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3 |
* Деление на слоги (syllable). |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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4 |
** В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков. |
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5 |
ba-by, pis-ton |
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6 |
** Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму слогу. |
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7 |
e-ven, o-pen, i-tem |
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8 |
** Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая согласная относится к первому слогу. |
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9 |
hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom |
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10 |
** Слог образуют сочетания согласных с "l" и "r", если за ними следует конечное нечитаемое "e". |
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11 |
ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre |
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12 |
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13 |
* Типы слогов. |
da2a05f02263
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14 |
** Открытый слог (open syllable). |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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15 |
*** Заканчивается на гласную. |
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16 |
ba-by |
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17 |
*** Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым. |
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18 |
** Закрытый слог (closed syllable). |
168
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19 |
*** Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r". |
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20 |
sys-tem |
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21 |
** Ударный слог (stressed syllable). |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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22 |
*** Обычно первый слог. |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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23 |
pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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24 |
*** В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит. |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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25 |
nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl], mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk], press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] |
168
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26 |
** Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). |
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Примеры на чтение в открытом/закрытом слоге.
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27 |
* Буква "e" в конце слова не читается. |
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Примеры на чтение в открытом/закрытом слоге.
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28 |
life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] |
159 | 29 |
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30 |
* Согласная перед r. |
|
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31 |
** ar - [ɑ]. |
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32 |
car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] |
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33 |
** er - [əː]. |
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34 |
her [həː] |
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35 |
** ir - [əː]. |
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36 |
girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] |
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37 |
** or [ɔː]. |
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38 |
fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt] |
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39 |
** ur - [əː]. |
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40 |
curtain [kəːtn] |
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41 |
** yr - [əː]. |
159 | 42 |
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43 |
* "a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
172 | 44 |
na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] |
45 |
!!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ] |
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46 |
* "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]. |
|
47 |
range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] |
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48 |
* "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]. |
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49 |
main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz] |
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50 |
!!! said [sed] |
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51 |
* "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]. |
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52 |
may [meɪ], pay [peɪ], stay [meɪ] |
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53 |
* "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]. |
172 | 54 |
cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] |
55 |
* "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]. |
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56 |
glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] |
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57 |
!!! mass [mæs] |
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58 |
* "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]. |
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59 |
fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst] |
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60 |
* "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]. |
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61 |
grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] |
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62 |
* "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]. |
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63 |
branch [brɑːnʧ] |
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64 |
* "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]. |
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65 |
half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] |
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66 |
* "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]. |
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67 |
ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] |
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68 |
* "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]. |
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69 |
father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] |
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70 |
!!! gather [ˈɡæðə] |
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71 |
* "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]. |
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72 |
chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] |
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73 |
* "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]. |
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74 |
shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] |
|
75 |
* "air" - [ɛə]. |
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76 |
stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] |
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77 |
* "are" - [ɛə]. |
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78 |
care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] |
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79 |
* "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]. |
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173 | 80 |
ball [bɔːl], chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] |
172 | 81 |
* "au" - [ɔː]. |
82 |
launch [lɔːnʧ] |
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83 |
!!! aunt [ɑːnt] |
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84 |
* "aw" - [ɔː]. |
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85 |
saw [sɔː], |
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86 |
* "aught" - [ɔːt]. |
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87 |
naught [nɔːt] |
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88 |
* "auth" - [ɔːθ]. |
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89 |
author [ˈɔːθə] |
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90 |
* "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]. |
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91 |
war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] |
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92 |
* "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]. |
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93 |
want [wɔt], wash [waʃ], what [wɔt] |
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94 |
* "a" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
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95 |
data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] |
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96 |
* "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]. |
|
97 |
captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] |
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98 |
* "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]. |
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99 |
marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] |
|
100 |
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101 |
* "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]. |
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102 |
he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] |
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103 |
* "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]. |
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104 |
bed [bed], letter [ˈletə] |
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105 |
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106 |
* "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]. |
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107 |
fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət] |
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108 |
* "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]. |
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109 |
pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə] |
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110 |
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111 |
* "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]. |
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112 |
ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə] |
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113 |
* "o" - [ɔ]. |
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114 |
on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt] |
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115 |
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116 |
* "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]. |
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117 |
pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt] |
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118 |
* "u" - [ʌ]. |
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119 |
num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl] |
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120 |
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121 |
* "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]. |
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122 |
my [maɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst] |
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123 |
* "y" - [ɪ]. |
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124 |
sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] |
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125 |
|
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126 |
* "ee", "ea" - [iː]. |
159 | 127 |
|
128 |
Исключения bread [bred], head [hed]. |
|
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130 |
* "oo" - [uː]. |
159 | 131 |
|
132 |
Исключения blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]. |
|
133 |
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134 |
* "bt" - [t]. |
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135 |
XXX |
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136 |
* "c" обычно - [k]. |
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137 |
cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] |
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138 |
* "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]. |
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139 |
cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] |
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140 |
* "ch" - [ʧ]. |
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|
141 |
child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
142 |
* "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
143 |
special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
144 |
* "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
145 |
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
146 |
* "ck" - [k]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
147 |
black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. |
176
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|
148 |
* "g" обычно - [g]. |
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|
149 |
game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] |
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|
150 |
* "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]. |
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diff
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|
151 |
gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] |
174
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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diff
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|
152 |
* "gn" - [n]. |
176
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|
153 |
sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] |
174
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|
154 |
* "gm" - [m]. |
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|
155 |
XXX |
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|
156 |
* "gh" не читается. |
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|
157 |
through [θruː] |
176
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|
158 |
!!! enough [ɪˈnʌf] |
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|
159 |
* "ght" - [t]. |
179
b1942bffc973
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diff
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|
160 |
might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] |
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diff
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|
161 |
* "igh" - [aɪ]. |
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|
162 |
high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] |
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diff
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|
163 |
* "ild" - [aɪld]. |
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diff
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|
164 |
child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] |
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|
165 |
* "ind" - [aɪnd]. |
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|
166 |
mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd] |
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|
167 |
* "ing" - [iŋ]. |
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diff
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|
168 |
signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] |
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diff
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|
169 |
* "ink" - [iŋk]. |
b1942bffc973
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diff
changeset
|
170 |
think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] |
176
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diff
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|
171 |
* "kn" в начале слова - [n]. |
174
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diff
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|
172 |
know [kəu], knot [nɔt] |
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diff
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|
173 |
* "l" в сочетании "lf" не читается. |
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diff
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|
174 |
half [hɑːf] |
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diff
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|
175 |
* "lm" - [m]. |
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diff
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|
176 |
holm [həum] |
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diff
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|
177 |
* "l" в сочетании "alk" не читается. |
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diff
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|
178 |
chalk [ʧɔːk] |
175
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
179 |
* "mb" - [m]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
180 |
climb [klaɪm] |
174
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diff
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|
181 |
* "mn" - [m]. |
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diff
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|
182 |
XXX |
181
03be0e705089
ng и g относится к разным слогам
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
180
diff
changeset
|
183 |
* "ng" - [ŋ]. |
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diff
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|
184 |
long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] |
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diff
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|
185 |
* "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]. |
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ng и g относится к разным слогам
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180
diff
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|
186 |
angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] |
175
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
187 |
* "nk" - [ŋk]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
188 |
ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] |
176
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diff
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|
189 |
* "ph" - [f]. |
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diff
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|
190 |
photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] |
174
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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diff
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|
191 |
* "pn" - [n]. |
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diff
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|
192 |
XXX |
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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|
193 |
* "pt" - [t]. |
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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diff
changeset
|
194 |
XXX |
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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|
195 |
* "pb" - [b]. |
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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diff
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|
196 |
XXX |
179
b1942bffc973
Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
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|
197 |
* "qu" - [kw]. |
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diff
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|
198 |
quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] |
175
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
199 |
* "ft" - [f]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
changeset
|
200 |
XXX |
176
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diff
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|
201 |
* "s" в начале слов - [s]. |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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diff
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|
202 |
send [send], spend [spend] |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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diff
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|
203 |
* "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]. |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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|
204 |
test [test], cups [kʌps] |
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|
205 |
* "s" после гласных - [z]. |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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|
206 |
as [az], days [deɪz] |
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|
207 |
* "s" между гласными - [z]. |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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|
208 |
nose [nouz] |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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diff
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|
209 |
* "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]. |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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|
210 |
pens [penz], bells [belz] |
175
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|
211 |
* "sh" - [ʃ]. |
179
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|
212 |
she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] |
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|
213 |
* "sion" - [ʒn]. |
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178
diff
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|
214 |
incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] |
174
ae3c4d84210c
Нечитаемые согласные.
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diff
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|
215 |
* "sl" - [l]. |
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Нечитаемые согласные.
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diff
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|
216 |
XXX |
175
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
217 |
* "ss" - [s]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
218 |
chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
219 |
* "st" перед согласной - [s]. |
a58388599a72
Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
220 |
castle [kaːsl] |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
221 |
* "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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174
diff
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|
222 |
commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] |
181
03be0e705089
ng и g относится к разным слогам
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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180
diff
changeset
|
223 |
* "ssure" - [ʃə]. |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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180
diff
changeset
|
224 |
XXX |
175
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
225 |
* "sure" -[ʒə]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
226 |
measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
227 |
* "tch" - [ʧ]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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diff
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|
228 |
watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] |
a58388599a72
Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
229 |
* "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]. |
177 | 230 |
communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] |
231 |
* "ture" - [ʧə]. |
|
232 |
picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] |
|
178 | 233 |
* "x" - [ks]. |
234 |
six [sɪks] |
|
179
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|
235 |
* "wa" - [wɔ]. |
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|
236 |
want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] |
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Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
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diff
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|
237 |
* "wh" - [w]. |
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Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
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178
diff
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|
238 |
while [waɪl], whack [wæk] |
175
a58388599a72
Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
239 |
* "wh" перед "o" - [h]. |
a58388599a72
Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
240 |
who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] |
179
b1942bffc973
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diff
changeset
|
241 |
* "wha" - [wɔ]. |
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Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
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178
diff
changeset
|
242 |
what [wɔt] |
b1942bffc973
Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
178
diff
changeset
|
243 |
* "wor" - [wəː]. |
b1942bffc973
Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
178
diff
changeset
|
244 |
worse [wəːs], world [wəːld] |
174
ae3c4d84210c
Нечитаемые согласные.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
173
diff
changeset
|
245 |
* "wr" - [r]. |
179
b1942bffc973
Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
178
diff
changeset
|
246 |
write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] |
159 | 247 |
|
167 | 248 |
* "th". |
249 |
** В начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]. |
|
250 |
thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] |
|
251 |
** В служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]. |
|
252 |
the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] |
|
253 |
** Между двумя гласными - [ð]. |
|
254 |
bathe [beið], clothe [klouð] |
|
159 | 255 |
|
256 |
* "ow", "ou" - [au]. |
|
257 |
||
258 |
* "qu" - [kw]. |
|
259 |
||
163
6510b3a94ddb
Use TRIANGULAR COLON instead COLON.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
260 |
* "alk" - [ɔːk]. |
174
ae3c4d84210c
Нечитаемые согласные.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
173
diff
changeset
|
261 |
chalk [ʧɔːk] |
159 | 262 |
|
263 |
* "y". |
|
264 |
||
168
da2a05f02263
Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
167
diff
changeset
|
265 |
** Если эта буква единственная гласная в слове - [ai]. |
da2a05f02263
Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
167
diff
changeset
|
266 |
my [maɪ], try [traɪ] |
166 | 267 |
** В начале или конце слова - [j]. |
268 |
** Иначе - [i] (funny, easy). |
|
159 | 269 |