===============

 English verbs

===============

.. contents::

   :local:

.. role:: cr

  :class: cr

.. role:: cg

  :class: cg

English tenses

==============

Tenses of the main verb in sentence:

========================== ============================= ================================

  Tense    \\      Voise     Active                        Passive

========================== ============================= ================================

Present simple             SUB V1                        SUB :cg:`am/is/are` V3

Present perfect            SUB :cg:`have/has` V3         SUB :cg:`have/has been` V3

Present perfect continuous SUB :cg:`have/has been` V-ing SUB :cg:`have/has been being` V3

Past simple                SUB V2                        SUB :cg:`was/were` V3

Past continuous            SUB :cg:`was/were` V-ing      SUB :cg:`was/were being` V3

Past perfect               SUB :cg:`had` V3              SUB :cg:`had been` V3

========================== ============================= ================================

Tenses of the infinitive:

================== ======================== =======================

  Tense \\ Voise     Active                   Passive

================== ======================== =======================

Present            :cg:`to` V1              :cg:`to be` V3

Present Continuous :cg:`to be` V-ing        \-

Perfect            :cg:`to have` V3         :cg:`to have been` V3

Perfect Continuous :cg:`to have been` V-ing \-

================== ======================== =======================

Tenses of the -ing form:

================== ================= =======================

  Tense \\ Voise     Active            Passive

================== ================= =======================

Present            V-ing             :cg:`being` V3

Perfect            :cg:`having` V3   :cg:`having been` V3

================== ================= =======================

Present Simple Tense

--------------------

``SUB`` - plural or 1st/2nd person subject, ``SUB3`` - singular 3rd person

subject, ``V1`` - infinitive form of verb.

Check `creating V1 + -s/-es form <en-affixes.html>`_ link for more information.

.. table:: Statement sentence

  +-------------------------+-----+

  || SUB :cr:`V1`           | OBJ |

  || SUB3 :cr:`V1 + -s/-es` |     |

  +-------------------------+-----+

.. table:: Negation sentence

  +--------------------------------+-----+

  || SUB :cg:`do not` :cr:`V1`     | OBJ |

  || SUB :cg:`don't` :cr:`V1`      |     |

  || SUB3 :cg:`does not` :cr:`V1`  |     |

  || SUB3 :cg:`doesn't` :cr:`V1`   |     |

  +--------------------------------+-----+

.. table:: Question sentence

  +----------------------------+------+

  || :cg:`Do` SUB :cr:`V1`     | OBJ? |

  || :cg:`Does` SUB3 :cr:`V1`  |      |

  +----------------------------+------+

Present Simple Tense for be

---------------------------

.. table:: Statement sentence

  +-----------------+-----+

  || I :cg:`am`     | OBJ |

  || :cg:`I'm`      |     |

  +-----------------+     |

  || You :cg:`are`  |     |

  || :cg:`You're`   |     |

  || We :cg:`are`   |     |

  || :cg:`We're`    |     |

  || They :cg:`are` |     |

  || :cg:`They're`  |     |

  +-----------------+     |

  || He :cg:`is`    |     |

  || :cg:`He's`     |     |

  || She :cg:`is`   |     |

  || :cg:`She's`    |     |

  || It :cg:`is`    |     |

  || :cg:`It's`     |     |

  +-----------------+-----+

.. table:: Negation sentence

  +---------------------+-----+

  || I :cg:`am not`     | OBJ |

  || :cg:`I'm not`      |     |

  +---------------------+     |

  || You :cg:`are not`  |     |

  || You :cg:`aren't`   |     |

  || :cg:`You're not`   |     |

  || We :cg:`are not`   |     |

  || We :cg:`aren't`    |     |

  || :cg:`We're not`    |     |

  || They :cg:`are not` |     |

  || They :cg:`aren't`  |     |

  || :cg:`They're not`  |     |

  +---------------------+     |

  || He :cg:`is not`    |     |

  || He :cg:`isn't`     |     |

  || :cg:`He's not`     |     |

  || She :cg:`is not`   |     |

  || She :cg:`isn't`    |     |

  || :cg:`She's not`    |     |

  || It :cg:`is not`    |     |

  || It :cg:`isn't`     |     |

  || :cg:`It's not`     |     |

  +---------------------+-----+

.. table:: Question sentence.

  +------------+--------+-------+

  || :cg:`Am`  || I     || OBJ? |

  +------------+--------+       |

  || :cg:`Are` || we    |       |

  |            || you   |       |

  |            || they  |       |

  +------------+--------+       |

  || :cg:`Is`  || he    |       |

  |            || she   |       |

  |            || it    |       |

  +------------+--------+-------+

Present Simple Tense for have

-----------------------------

.. table:: Statement sentence

  +------------------+------+

  || I :cg:`have`    || OBJ |

  || :cg:`I've`      || OBJ |

  || You :cg:`have`  |      |

  || :cg:`You've`    |      |

  || We :cg:`have`   |      |

  || :cg:`We've`     |      |

  || They :cg:`have` |      |

  || :cg:`They've`   |      |

  +------------------+------+

  || He :cg:`has`    |      |

  || :cg:`He's`      |      |

  || She :cg:`has`   |      |

  || :cg:`She's`     |      |

  || It :cg:`has`    |      |

  || :cg:`It's`      |      |

  +------------------+------+

.. table:: Negation sentence

  +---------------------+------+

  || I :cg:`have no`    || OBJ |

  || :cg:`I've no`      |      |

  || You :cg:`have no`  |      |

  || :cg:`You've no`    |      |

  || We :cg:`have no`   |      |

  || :cg:`We've no`     |      |

  || They :cg:`have no` |      |

  || :cg:`They've no`   |      |

  +---------------------+------+

  || He :cg:`has no`    |      |

  || :cg:`He's no`      |      |

  || She :cg:`has no`   |      |

  || :cg:`She's no`     |      |

  || It :cg:`has no`    |      |

  || :cg:`It's no`      |      |

  +---------------------+------+

.. table:: Question sentence

  +-------------+-------+-------+

  || :cg:`Have` || I    || OBJ? |

  ||            || you  |       |

  ||            || we   |       |

  ||            || they |       |

  +-------------+-------+       |

  || :cg:`Has`  || he   |       |

  ||            || she  |       |

  ||            || it   |       |

  +-------------+-------+-------+

Past simple tense

-----------------

``SUB`` - subject, ``V2`` - past form of verb.

.. table:: Statement sentence

  +-------------------+

  || SUB :cr:`V2` OBJ |

  +-------------------+

.. table:: Negation sentence

  +------+----------------+--------------+

  || SUB || :cg:`did not` | :cr:`V1` OBJ |

  ||     || :cg:`did't`   |              |

  +------+----------------+--------------+

.. table:: Question sentence

  +-------------------------+------+

  || :cg:`Did` SUB :cr:`V1` | OBJ? |

  +-------------------------+------+

Imperative mood

===============

``V1`` - infinitive form of verb, ``OBJ`` - object, ``ADV`` - adverb.

.. table:: imperative mood

  +-------------------+

  || :cr:`V1` OBJ     |

  || :cr:`V1` OBJ ADV |

  +-------------------+

.. line-block::

  Get this!

  Bring him immediately!

  Do that right now!

Verb patterns

=============

Verb patterns are the practice of using verbs in sentence.

Intransitive verb

-----------------

``SUB + V``

Examples::

  John smiles.

  The baby was sleeping.

Transitive verb

---------------

``SUN + V + OBJ``

Examples::

  He drives car.

  John has killed old dog.

Link verb

---------

``SUB + V + ADJ`` used with verbs like::

  be, look, feel

Examples::

  She looked happy.

  The package is heavy.

  I feel tired.

Phrasal verb

------------

``SUB + V + PREP + OBJ`` or ``SUB + V + OBJ + PREP``.

Examples::

  He puts on shirt.

  He puts shirt on.

  She gave the money back.

  She gave back the money.

Verb + infinitive

-----------------

``SUB + AUX + V1`` is used with auxiliary verbs::

  do, can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would

Verb + gerund

-------------

``SUB + V + V-ing`` is used with these verbs::

  admit, adore, avoid, can't stand, consider, deny, detest, discuss, dislike,

  enjoy, fancy, finish, give up, hate, involve, go on, keep, like, love, mind,

  miss, prefer, practice, postpone, quit, suggest, imagine, recommend, risk,

  stop, talk about, think about

These verbs express likes and dislikes.

All other verbs must be used in ``SUB + V + to + V1`` pattern. Usually

likes/dislikes verbs can be used within ``to + V1`` pattern but meaning could be

slightly different.

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verbs-followed-ing-clauses

Verb + to + infinitive

----------------------

``SUB + V + to + V1`` is used after these verbs::

  afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, begin, continue, decide, demand, choose,

  expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intent, learn, like, love, manage,

  mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem,

  start, try, want, would like, would love intend plan want

Example::

  I want to work for you.

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verbs-followed-infinitive

Ambiguous verbs for infinitive/gerund pattern

---------------------------------------------

These verbs can be used both with ``SUB + V + V-ing`` and ``SUB + V + to + V1``

pattern::

  begin, continue, finish, end, hate, like, love, intend, regret, start,

  can’t stand

can be used in infinitive and in gerund patterns.

Examples::

  It started raining.

  It started to rain.

  I continued to work in the library.

  I continued working in the library.

Verb + object + infinitive

--------------------------

``SUB + V + OBJ + V1`` is used for these verbs::

  let, make

and some verbs of perception::

  see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense

Examples::

  Daddy let me keep the dog.

  She made me say sorry.

  I watched her walk away.

Verb + object + to + infinitive

-------------------------------

``SUB + V + OBJ + to + V1`` is used with verbs (list is not complete)::

  want, ask, advice, invite, order, tell, teach, advise, allow, beg, cause,

  command, encourage, expect, force, need, order, recommend, remind, tell, see,

  help

Examples::

  I want you to go with me.

  He invited me to have a dinner.

  I told you not to eat cake!

  She told him to go home.

  They advised us to wait.

  I see dog barking at you.

Verb + object + gerund

----------------------

``V + OBJ + V-ing`` is used with verbs::

  excuse, forget, forgive

Examples::

  Excuse me interrupting you.

  Forgive him insulting you.

Ambiguous verb + object + gerund/infinitive

-------------------------------------------

When they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in

progress. When they are used with an infinitive without to, they emphasise the

action or event seen as a whole, or as completed

XXX

feel

notice

see

hear

overhear

watch

Verb + preposition + gerund

---------------------------

``SUB + V + PREP + V-ing`` is used after this verbs::

  be good at, specialise, think

Examples::

  Mary is good at singing.

  He specialises in helping children.

  Tom is thinking about cooking dinner.