author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Tue, 06 Mar 2018 11:52:32 +0200 | |
changeset 1019 | 33ad36183b9e |
parent 725 | 37d3a6824ee9 |
child 1137 | 160d1c411a43 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
279 | 1 |
|
707
7d36ce65387e
Separate file for English verb grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
706
diff
changeset
|
2 |
=============== |
7d36ce65387e
Separate file for English verb grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
706
diff
changeset
|
3 |
English verbs |
7d36ce65387e
Separate file for English verb grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
706
diff
changeset
|
4 |
=============== |
279 | 5 |
.. contents:: |
301
1439e072640a
Remove CSS hack that suppress displaying document name in TOC by
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
282
diff
changeset
|
6 |
:local: |
279 | 7 |
|
8 |
.. role:: cr |
|
9 |
:class: cr |
|
10 |
.. role:: cg |
|
11 |
:class: cg |
|
12 |
||
708 | 13 |
English tenses |
14 |
============== |
|
15 |
||
16 |
Tenses of the main verb in sentence: |
|
17 |
||
18 |
========================== ============================= ================================ |
|
19 |
Tense \\ Voise Active Passive |
|
20 |
========================== ============================= ================================ |
|
725 | 21 |
Present simple SUB V1 SUB :cg:`am/is/are` V3 |
708 | 22 |
Present continuous SUB :cg:`am/is/are` V-ing SUB :cg:`am/is/are being` V-ing |
23 |
Present perfect SUB :cg:`have/has` V3 SUB :cg:`have/has been` V3 |
|
24 |
Present perfect continuous SUB :cg:`have/has been` V-ing SUB :cg:`have/has been being` V3 |
|
25 |
Past simple SUB V2 SUB :cg:`was/were` V3 |
|
26 |
Past continuous SUB :cg:`was/were` V-ing SUB :cg:`was/were being` V3 |
|
27 |
Past perfect SUB :cg:`had` V3 SUB :cg:`had been` V3 |
|
28 |
========================== ============================= ================================ |
|
29 |
||
30 |
Tenses of the infinitive: |
|
31 |
||
32 |
================== ======================== ======================= |
|
33 |
Tense \\ Voise Active Passive |
|
34 |
================== ======================== ======================= |
|
35 |
Present :cg:`to` V1 :cg:`to be` V3 |
|
36 |
Present Continuous :cg:`to be` V-ing \- |
|
37 |
Perfect :cg:`to have` V3 :cg:`to have been` V3 |
|
38 |
Perfect Continuous :cg:`to have been` V-ing \- |
|
39 |
================== ======================== ======================= |
|
40 |
||
41 |
Tenses of the -ing form: |
|
42 |
||
43 |
================== ================= ======================= |
|
44 |
Tense \\ Voise Active Passive |
|
45 |
================== ================= ======================= |
|
46 |
Present V-ing :cg:`being` V3 |
|
47 |
Perfect :cg:`having` V3 :cg:`having been` V3 |
|
48 |
================== ================= ======================= |
|
49 |
||
303
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
50 |
Present Simple Tense |
709 | 51 |
-------------------- |
279 | 52 |
|
706
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
53 |
``SUB`` - plural or 1st/2nd person subject, ``SUB3`` - singular 3rd person |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
54 |
subject, ``V1`` - infinitive form of verb. |
279 | 55 |
|
706
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
56 |
Check `creating V1 + -s/-es form <en-affixes.html>`_ link for more information. |
279 | 57 |
|
281 | 58 |
.. table:: Statement sentence |
59 |
||
706
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
60 |
+-------------------------+-----+ |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
61 |
|| SUB :cr:`V1` | OBJ | |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
62 |
|| SUB3 :cr:`V1 + -s/-es` | | |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
63 |
+-------------------------+-----+ |
281 | 64 |
|
65 |
.. table:: Negation sentence |
|
66 |
||
67 |
+--------------------------------+-----+ |
|
706
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
68 |
|| SUB :cg:`do not` :cr:`V1` | OBJ | |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
69 |
|| SUB :cg:`don't` :cr:`V1` | | |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
70 |
|| SUB3 :cg:`does not` :cr:`V1` | | |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
71 |
|| SUB3 :cg:`doesn't` :cr:`V1` | | |
281 | 72 |
+--------------------------------+-----+ |
73 |
||
74 |
.. table:: Question sentence |
|
75 |
||
76 |
+----------------------------+------+ |
|
706
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
77 |
|| :cg:`Do` SUB :cr:`V1` | OBJ? | |
f5de92f37c3e
Fix Present simple grammar.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
339
diff
changeset
|
78 |
|| :cg:`Does` SUB3 :cr:`V1` | | |
281 | 79 |
+----------------------------+------+ |
279 | 80 |
|
709 | 81 |
Present Simple Tense for be |
82 |
--------------------------- |
|
279 | 83 |
|
281 | 84 |
.. table:: Statement sentence |
85 |
||
86 |
+-----------------+-----+ |
|
87 |
|| I :cg:`am` | OBJ | |
|
88 |
|| :cg:`I'm` | | |
|
89 |
+-----------------+ | |
|
90 |
|| You :cg:`are` | | |
|
91 |
|| :cg:`You're` | | |
|
92 |
|| We :cg:`are` | | |
|
93 |
|| :cg:`We're` | | |
|
94 |
|| They :cg:`are` | | |
|
95 |
|| :cg:`They're` | | |
|
96 |
+-----------------+ | |
|
97 |
|| He :cg:`is` | | |
|
98 |
|| :cg:`He's` | | |
|
99 |
|| She :cg:`is` | | |
|
100 |
|| :cg:`She's` | | |
|
101 |
|| It :cg:`is` | | |
|
102 |
|| :cg:`It's` | | |
|
103 |
+-----------------+-----+ |
|
104 |
||
105 |
.. table:: Negation sentence |
|
106 |
||
107 |
+---------------------+-----+ |
|
108 |
|| I :cg:`am not` | OBJ | |
|
109 |
|| :cg:`I'm not` | | |
|
110 |
+---------------------+ | |
|
111 |
|| You :cg:`are not` | | |
|
112 |
|| You :cg:`aren't` | | |
|
113 |
|| :cg:`You're not` | | |
|
114 |
|| We :cg:`are not` | | |
|
115 |
|| We :cg:`aren't` | | |
|
116 |
|| :cg:`We're not` | | |
|
117 |
|| They :cg:`are not` | | |
|
118 |
|| They :cg:`aren't` | | |
|
119 |
|| :cg:`They're not` | | |
|
120 |
+---------------------+ | |
|
121 |
|| He :cg:`is not` | | |
|
122 |
|| He :cg:`isn't` | | |
|
123 |
|| :cg:`He's not` | | |
|
124 |
|| She :cg:`is not` | | |
|
125 |
|| She :cg:`isn't` | | |
|
126 |
|| :cg:`She's not` | | |
|
127 |
|| It :cg:`is not` | | |
|
128 |
|| It :cg:`isn't` | | |
|
129 |
|| :cg:`It's not` | | |
|
130 |
+---------------------+-----+ |
|
131 |
||
132 |
.. table:: Question sentence. |
|
133 |
||
134 |
+------------+--------+-------+ |
|
135 |
|| :cg:`Am` || I || OBJ? | |
|
136 |
+------------+--------+ | |
|
137 |
|| :cg:`Are` || we | | |
|
138 |
| || you | | |
|
139 |
| || they | | |
|
140 |
+------------+--------+ | |
|
141 |
|| :cg:`Is` || he | | |
|
142 |
| || she | | |
|
143 |
| || it | | |
|
144 |
+------------+--------+-------+ |
|
279 | 145 |
|
303
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
146 |
Present Simple Tense for have |
709 | 147 |
----------------------------- |
279 | 148 |
|
281 | 149 |
.. table:: Statement sentence |
150 |
||
151 |
+------------------+------+ |
|
152 |
|| I :cg:`have` || OBJ | |
|
153 |
|| :cg:`I've` || OBJ | |
|
154 |
|| You :cg:`have` | | |
|
155 |
|| :cg:`You've` | | |
|
156 |
|| We :cg:`have` | | |
|
157 |
|| :cg:`We've` | | |
|
158 |
|| They :cg:`have` | | |
|
159 |
|| :cg:`They've` | | |
|
160 |
+------------------+------+ |
|
161 |
|| He :cg:`has` | | |
|
162 |
|| :cg:`He's` | | |
|
163 |
|| She :cg:`has` | | |
|
164 |
|| :cg:`She's` | | |
|
165 |
|| It :cg:`has` | | |
|
166 |
|| :cg:`It's` | | |
|
167 |
+------------------+------+ |
|
168 |
||
169 |
.. table:: Negation sentence |
|
170 |
||
171 |
+---------------------+------+ |
|
172 |
|| I :cg:`have no` || OBJ | |
|
173 |
|| :cg:`I've no` | | |
|
174 |
|| You :cg:`have no` | | |
|
175 |
|| :cg:`You've no` | | |
|
176 |
|| We :cg:`have no` | | |
|
177 |
|| :cg:`We've no` | | |
|
178 |
|| They :cg:`have no` | | |
|
179 |
|| :cg:`They've no` | | |
|
180 |
+---------------------+------+ |
|
181 |
|| He :cg:`has no` | | |
|
182 |
|| :cg:`He's no` | | |
|
183 |
|| She :cg:`has no` | | |
|
184 |
|| :cg:`She's no` | | |
|
185 |
|| It :cg:`has no` | | |
|
186 |
|| :cg:`It's no` | | |
|
187 |
+---------------------+------+ |
|
188 |
||
189 |
.. table:: Question sentence |
|
190 |
||
191 |
+-------------+-------+-------+ |
|
192 |
|| :cg:`Have` || I || OBJ? | |
|
193 |
|| || you | | |
|
194 |
|| || we | | |
|
195 |
|| || they | | |
|
196 |
+-------------+-------+ | |
|
197 |
|| :cg:`Has` || he | | |
|
198 |
|| || she | | |
|
199 |
|| || it | | |
|
200 |
+-------------+-------+-------+ |
|
279 | 201 |
|
303
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
202 |
Past simple tense |
709 | 203 |
----------------- |
282 | 204 |
|
205 |
``SUB`` - subject, ``V2`` - past form of verb. |
|
206 |
||
207 |
.. table:: Statement sentence |
|
208 |
||
209 |
+-------------------+ |
|
210 |
|| SUB :cr:`V2` OBJ | |
|
211 |
+-------------------+ |
|
212 |
||
213 |
.. table:: Negation sentence |
|
214 |
||
215 |
+------+----------------+--------------+ |
|
216 |
|| SUB || :cg:`did not` | :cr:`V1` OBJ | |
|
217 |
|| || :cg:`did't` | | |
|
218 |
+------+----------------+--------------+ |
|
219 |
||
220 |
.. table:: Question sentence |
|
221 |
||
222 |
+-------------------------+------+ |
|
223 |
|| :cg:`Did` SUB :cr:`V1` | OBJ? | |
|
224 |
+-------------------------+------+ |
|
225 |
||
303
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
226 |
Imperative mood |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
227 |
=============== |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
228 |
|
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
229 |
``V1`` - infinitive form of verb, ``OBJ`` - object, ``ADV`` - adverb. |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
230 |
|
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
231 |
.. table:: imperative mood |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
232 |
|
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
233 |
+-------------------+ |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
234 |
|| :cr:`V1` OBJ | |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
235 |
|| :cr:`V1` OBJ ADV | |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
236 |
+-------------------+ |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
237 |
|
306
973965452d79
Fix: Unknown directive type "example".
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
303
diff
changeset
|
238 |
.. line-block:: |
303
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
239 |
|
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
240 |
Get this! |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
241 |
Bring him immediately! |
c045b1983d14
"Imperative mood" article.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
301
diff
changeset
|
242 |
Do that right now! |
709 | 243 |
|
244 |
Verb patterns |
|
245 |
============= |
|
246 |
||
247 |
Verb patterns are the practice of using verbs in sentence. |
|
248 |
||
249 |
Intransitive verb |
|
250 |
----------------- |
|
251 |
||
252 |
``SUB + V`` |
|
253 |
||
254 |
Examples:: |
|
255 |
||
256 |
John smiles. |
|
257 |
The baby was sleeping. |
|
258 |
||
259 |
Transitive verb |
|
260 |
--------------- |
|
261 |
||
262 |
``SUN + V + OBJ`` |
|
263 |
||
264 |
Examples:: |
|
265 |
||
266 |
He drives car. |
|
267 |
John has killed old dog. |
|
268 |
||
269 |
Link verb |
|
270 |
--------- |
|
271 |
||
272 |
``SUB + V + ADJ`` used with verbs like:: |
|
273 |
||
274 |
be, look, feel |
|
275 |
||
276 |
Examples:: |
|
277 |
||
278 |
She looked happy. |
|
279 |
The package is heavy. |
|
280 |
I feel tired. |
|
281 |
||
282 |
Phrasal verb |
|
283 |
------------ |
|
284 |
||
285 |
``SUB + V + PREP + OBJ`` or ``SUB + V + OBJ + PREP``. |
|
286 |
||
287 |
Examples:: |
|
288 |
||
289 |
He puts on shirt. |
|
290 |
He puts shirt on. |
|
291 |
She gave the money back. |
|
292 |
She gave back the money. |
|
293 |
||
294 |
Verb + infinitive |
|
295 |
----------------- |
|
296 |
||
297 |
``SUB + AUX + V1`` is used with auxiliary verbs:: |
|
298 |
||
299 |
do, can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would |
|
300 |
||
301 |
Verb + gerund |
|
302 |
------------- |
|
303 |
||
304 |
``SUB + V + V-ing`` is used with these verbs:: |
|
305 |
||
306 |
admit, adore, avoid, can't stand, consider, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, |
|
307 |
enjoy, fancy, finish, give up, hate, involve, go on, keep, like, love, mind, |
|
308 |
miss, prefer, practice, postpone, quit, suggest, imagine, recommend, risk, |
|
309 |
stop, talk about, think about |
|
310 |
||
311 |
These verbs express likes and dislikes. |
|
312 |
||
313 |
All other verbs must be used in ``SUB + V + to + V1`` pattern. Usually |
|
314 |
likes/dislikes verbs can be used within ``to + V1`` pattern but meaning could be |
|
315 |
slightly different. |
|
316 |
||
317 |
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verbs-followed-ing-clauses |
|
318 |
||
319 |
Verb + to + infinitive |
|
320 |
---------------------- |
|
321 |
||
322 |
``SUB + V + to + V1`` is used after these verbs:: |
|
323 |
||
324 |
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, begin, continue, decide, demand, choose, |
|
325 |
expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intent, learn, like, love, manage, |
|
326 |
mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, |
|
327 |
start, try, want, would like, would love intend plan want |
|
328 |
||
329 |
Example:: |
|
330 |
||
331 |
I want to work for you. |
|
332 |
||
333 |
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verbs-followed-infinitive |
|
334 |
||
335 |
Ambiguous verbs for infinitive/gerund pattern |
|
336 |
--------------------------------------------- |
|
337 |
||
338 |
These verbs can be used both with ``SUB + V + V-ing`` and ``SUB + V + to + V1`` |
|
339 |
pattern:: |
|
340 |
||
341 |
begin, continue, finish, end, hate, like, love, intend, regret, start, |
|
342 |
can’t stand |
|
343 |
||
344 |
can be used in infinitive and in gerund patterns. |
|
345 |
||
346 |
Examples:: |
|
347 |
||
348 |
It started raining. |
|
349 |
It started to rain. |
|
350 |
I continued to work in the library. |
|
351 |
I continued working in the library. |
|
352 |
||
353 |
Verb + object + infinitive |
|
354 |
-------------------------- |
|
355 |
||
356 |
``SUB + V + OBJ + V1`` is used for these verbs:: |
|
357 |
||
358 |
let, make |
|
359 |
||
360 |
and some verbs of perception:: |
|
361 |
||
362 |
see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense |
|
363 |
||
364 |
Examples:: |
|
365 |
||
366 |
Daddy let me keep the dog. |
|
367 |
She made me say sorry. |
|
368 |
I watched her walk away. |
|
369 |
||
370 |
Verb + object + to + infinitive |
|
371 |
------------------------------- |
|
372 |
||
373 |
``SUB + V + OBJ + to + V1`` is used with verbs (list is not complete):: |
|
374 |
||
375 |
want, ask, advice, invite, order, tell, teach, advise, allow, beg, cause, |
|
376 |
command, encourage, expect, force, need, order, recommend, remind, tell, see, |
|
377 |
help |
|
378 |
||
379 |
Examples:: |
|
380 |
||
381 |
I want you to go with me. |
|
382 |
He invited me to have a dinner. |
|
383 |
I told you not to eat cake! |
|
384 |
She told him to go home. |
|
385 |
They advised us to wait. |
|
386 |
I see dog barking at you. |
|
387 |
||
388 |
Verb + object + gerund |
|
389 |
---------------------- |
|
390 |
||
391 |
``V + OBJ + V-ing`` is used with verbs:: |
|
392 |
||
393 |
excuse, forget, forgive |
|
394 |
||
395 |
Examples:: |
|
396 |
||
397 |
Excuse me interrupting you. |
|
398 |
Forgive him insulting you. |
|
399 |
||
400 |
Ambiguous verb + object + gerund/infinitive |
|
401 |
------------------------------------------- |
|
402 |
||
403 |
When they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in |
|
404 |
progress. When they are used with an infinitive without to, they emphasise the |
|
405 |
action or event seen as a whole, or as completed |
|
406 |
||
407 |
XXX |
|
408 |
||
409 |
feel |
|
410 |
notice |
|
411 |
see |
|
412 |
hear |
|
413 |
overhear |
|
414 |
watch |
|
415 |
||
416 |
Verb + preposition + gerund |
|
417 |
--------------------------- |
|
418 |
||
419 |
``SUB + V + PREP + V-ing`` is used after this verbs:: |
|
420 |
||
421 |
be good at, specialise, think |
|
422 |
||
423 |
Examples:: |
|
424 |
||
425 |
Mary is good at singing. |
|
426 |
He specialises in helping children. |
|
427 |
Tom is thinking about cooking dinner. |
|
428 |