author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Mon, 01 Jan 2018 23:57:59 +0200 | |
changeset 997 | 65dd256f6e21 |
parent 838 | c0ff979d2854 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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================== |
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English suffices |
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================== |
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.. contents:: |
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:local: |
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Suffix -s |
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========= |
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Suffixes ``-s``/``-es`` are used to create: |
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* plural form of nouns |
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* verbs in the third person |
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After ``-sh``, ``-ch``, ``-ss`` and ``-x`` endings suffix ``-es`` is added. |
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After ``-o`` usually suffix ``-es`` added:: |
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cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes |
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but there are few exceptions:: |
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memos, photos, pianos, videos |
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703
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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``fe`` changed to ``ve`` and ``s`` append:: |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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knife ⇒ knives, life ⇒ lives, wife ⇒ wives |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
|
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``f`` changed to ``v`` and ``es`` append:: |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
|
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half ⇒ halves, wolf ⇒ wolves, loaf ⇒ loaves |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
|
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``us`` changes to ``i``:: |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
|
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cactus ⇒ cacti, nucleus ⇒ nuclei, focus ⇒ foci |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
|
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0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
|
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``is`` changed to ``es``:: |
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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838
c0ff979d2854
Remove trailing space.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
703
diff
changeset
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analysis ⇒ analyses, crisis ⇒ crises, thesis ⇒ theses |
703
0d915578ce19
More rules for plurals.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
628
diff
changeset
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Words ending in consonant + ``-y`` change ``-y`` to ``-i`` and ``-es`` is |
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appended:: |
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apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries |
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General rule is just append ``-s`` suffix:: |
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bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks |
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``[s]`` pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds:: |
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73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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[f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs |
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[k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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changeset
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[p] cups, helps, ships, stops |
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[t] hits, pets, writes |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
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[θ] maths, months, moths, myths |
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``[z]`` pronunciation is used after voiced sounds:: |
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[ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs |
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[b] crabs, grabs, robs |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes |
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[d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words |
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[l] calls, falls, fails, hills |
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[m] comes, dreams, plums, trams |
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[n] earns, burns, pens, runs |
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[ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs |
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[r] wears, cures |
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[v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves |
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-y: plays, boys, says |
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``[ɪz]`` or ``[əz]`` pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds:: |
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[dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages |
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[s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races |
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[∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes |
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[ʧ] churches, matches, watches |
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[z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes |
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Suffix -ed |
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========== |
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Words ending in ``-e`` do not require additional ``e``:: |
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agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived, love ⇒ loved |
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Words ending in a consonant + ``-y`` change the ``-y`` to ``i`` before ``-ed``:: |
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apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried |
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Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: |
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frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked |
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picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked |
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The general rule is add ``-ed`` to the verb:: |
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clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed |
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``[id]`` is pronounced after the letters ``t``, ``d``:: |
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73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed |
73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited |
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``[d]`` is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel:: |
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73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged |
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[b]: grabbed, robbed |
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[ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed |
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[d] ended, lidded |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[dʒ]: changed, judged, raged |
73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
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[l]: called, failed, piled |
73a42e3d615e
Add a lot of examples.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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[m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed |
73a42e3d615e
Add a lot of examples.
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parents:
602
diff
changeset
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[n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained |
73a42e3d615e
Add a lot of examples.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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[ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged |
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[r]: cured, occurred |
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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changeset
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[v]: craved, loved, saved |
73a42e3d615e
Add a lot of examples.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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[z]: amazed, buzzed, seized |
73a42e3d615e
Add a lot of examples.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed |
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``[t]`` is pronounced after a voiceless consonant:: |
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[ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished |
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parents:
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[f]: coughed, laughed, puffed |
73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
diff
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[ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished |
73a42e3d615e
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Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed |
73a42e3d615e
Add a lot of examples.
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
parents:
602
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[p]: jumped, stopped, trapped |
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[s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed |
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parents:
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[θ]: frothed |
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Suffix -ing |
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=========== |
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Suffix ``-ing`` are used to create: |
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* gerunds |
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* verbs form for continuous tenses |
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Words ending in ``-ee``, ``-ye``, ``-oe`` keep the ``-e``: |
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agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing |
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Words ending in ``-ie`` change the ``-i`` to ``-y`` and ``-e`` is dropped before |
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``-ing``: |
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die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying |
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Words ending in ``-e`` drop the ``-e`` before ``-ing``:: |
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give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing |
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argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing |
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Word ending in ``-ic`` change ending to ``-ick`` before ``ing``:: |
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frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking |
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picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking |
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The general rule is just add ``-ing`` to the verb:: |
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accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing |
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Suffix -er |
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========== |
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Syffix -ly |
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========== |
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Doubling consonants |
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=================== |
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When word ends with one of consonants ``b``, ``d``, ``g``, ``l``, ``m``, ``n``, |
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``p``, ``r``, ``t`` that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before |
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prefixes ``-ed``, ``-er``, ``-est``, ``-ing``:: |
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hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted |
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admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming |
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travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter |
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thin ⇒ thinner |
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red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence |
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