Fix file name.
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/en-pronunciation_ru.rst Mon Nov 26 20:16:02 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+.. include:: header.rst
+
+===================
+ English spelling.
+===================
+
+About.
+======
+
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
+
+Деление на слоги (syllable).
+============================
+
+В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::
+
+ ba-by, pis-ton
+
+Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
+слогу::
+
+ e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
+
+Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
+согласная относится к первому слогу::
+
+ hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
+
+Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
+конечное нечитаемое "e"::
+
+ ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
+
+Типы слогов.
+============
+
+Открытый слог (open syllable).
+------------------------------
+
+Заканчивается на гласную::
+
+ ba-by
+
+Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::
+
+ cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]
+
+Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
+--------------------------------
+
+Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r"::
+
+ sys-tem
+
+Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
+---------------------------------
+
+Обычно первый слог::
+
+ pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
+
+В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::
+
+ nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
+ mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
+ press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
+
+Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
+-------------------------------------
+
+Чтение согласных.
+=================
+
+Чтение гласных.
+===============
+
+Буква "e" в конце слова не читается::
+
+ life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
+
+"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
+
+ na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
+ !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
+
+"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]::
+
+ range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
+
+"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
+
+ main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
+ !!! said [sed]
+
+"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
+
+ may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]
+
+"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]::
+
+ cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
+
+"ar" - [ɑː]::
+
+ car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
+
+"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]::
+
+ glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
+ !!! mass [mæs]
+
+"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]::
+
+ fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
+ !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
+
+"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]::
+
+ grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
+
+"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]::
+
+ branch [brɑːnʧ]
+
+"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]::
+
+ half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
+
+"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]::
+
+ ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
+
+"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]::
+
+ father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
+ !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
+
+"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]::
+
+ chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
+
+"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]::
+
+ shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
+
+"air" - [ɛə]::
+
+ stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
+
+"are" - [ɛə]::
+
+ care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
+
+"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]::
+
+ all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
+ chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
+
+"au" - [ɔː]::
+
+ launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
+ !!! aunt [ɑːnt]
+
+"aw" - [ɔː]::
+
+ saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː]
+
+"aught" - [ɔːt]::
+
+ naught [nɔːt]
+
+"auth" - [ɔːθ]::
+
+ author [ˈɔːθə]
+
+"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]::
+
+ war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
+
+"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]::
+
+ want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]
+
+"a" в неударном положении - [ə]::
+
+ data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
+
+"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]::
+
+ captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
+
+"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]::
+
+ marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
+
+
+"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]::
+
+ he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
+
+"ea" - [iː]::
+
+ mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
+ !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
+
+"ee" - [iː]::
+
+ keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
+
+"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]::
+
+ bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
+
+"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]::
+
+ bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
+
+"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
+
+ her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
+
+"ear" + согласная - [əː]::
+
+ heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
+
+"ear" - [ɪə]::
+
+ ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
+
+"eer" - [ɪə]::
+
+ cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]
+
+"ere" - [ɪə]::
+
+ mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
+ !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
+
+"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]::
+
+ sentence - [ˈsentəns]
+
+"er" в неударном положении - [ə]::
+
+ member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
+
+"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
+
+ event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
+
+"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
+
+ regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
+
+"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]::
+
+ market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
+
+"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
+
+ foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
+
+"ey" - [ɪ]::
+
+ hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
+
+"ew" - [juː]::
+
+ new [njuː], few [fjuː]
+
+"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]::
+
+ crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
+
+"eu" - [juː]::
+
+ deuce [djuːs]
+
+"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
+
+ vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
+
+"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
+
+ they [θeɪ]
+
+
+"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
+
+ fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
+ !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
+
+"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]::
+
+ kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
+ !!! wind [wɪnd]
+
+"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]::
+
+ wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
+
+"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]::
+
+ sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
+
+"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]::
+
+ light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]
+
+"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]::
+
+ die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
+
+"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]::
+
+ pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
+
+"i" в неударном положении - [i]::
+
+ immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
+
+"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]::
+
+ first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
+
+"ire" - [aɪə]::
+
+ fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
+
+"ia" - [aɪə]::
+
+ diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
+
+"io" - [aɪə]::
+
+ prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
+
+"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]::
+
+ field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
+ !!! friend [frend], piece [pɪːs]
+
+"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]::
+
+ no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə]
+ !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]
+
+"old" - [oul]::
+
+ old [ɔuld], cold [could], hold [hould]
+
+"ol" - [oul]::
+
+ control [kəntroul]
+
+"oll" - [oul]::
+
+ roll [roul]
+
+"oa" - [ou]::
+
+ road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk]
+
+"ow" в конце слов - [ou]::
+
+ know [nou], show [ʃou], snow [snou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou], bowl [boul]
+ !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
+
+"ow" в середине слов - [au]::
+
+ brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə]
+
+"o" перед "st" - [ou]::
+
+ post [poust], most [moust]
+ !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
+
+"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]::
+
+ on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
+ !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
+ !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]
+
+"ou" в середине слова - [au]::
+
+ out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud]
+ sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz]
+ !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
+ !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː]
+
+"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]::
+
+ fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
+
+"oor" - [ɔː]::
+
+ floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
+ !!! pore [puə]
+
+"ore" - [ɔː]::
+
+ more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
+
+"oar" - [ɔː]::
+
+ board [bɔːd]
+
+"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]::
+
+ mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
+ !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
+
+"our" под ударением - [auə]::
+
+ our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
+
+"or" в неударном положении - [ə]::
+
+ visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
+
+"our" на конце слов - [ə]::
+
+ labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
+
+"oi" - [ɔɪ]::
+
+ voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
+
+"oy" - [ɔɪ]::
+
+ alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
+
+"oo" - [uː]::
+
+ food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
+ !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
+
+"oo" перед "k" - [u]::
+
+ book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
+
+"ous" на конце слов - [əs]::
+
+ various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
+
+"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]::
+
+ mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
+ !!! both [bouθ]
+
+"on" под ударением - [ʌn]::
+
+ month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
+ !!! on [ɔn]
+
+"om" под ударением - [ʌm]::
+
+ come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
+
+"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]::
+
+ cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
+
+
+"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]::
+
+ pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
+
+"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]::
+
+ num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
+ !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
+
+"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
+
+ blue [bluː], true [truː]
+
+"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
+
+ cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
+ !!! suit [sjuːt]
+
+"u" в неударном положении - [ə]::
+
+ upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
+ !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
+
+"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
+
+ curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
+
+"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]::
+
+ pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
+ !!! sure [ʃuə]
+
+
+"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
+
+ my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
+
+"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]::
+
+ sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
+
+"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
+
+ sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
+
+"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]::
+
+ yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
+
+"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]::
+
+ tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
+
+"yr" + согласная - [əː]::
+
+ myrtle [məːtl]
+
+
+"alk" - [ɔːk]::
+
+ chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
+
+"aught" - [ɔːt]::
+
+ XXX
+
+"bt" - [t]::
+
+ debt [det], doubt [daut]
+
+"c" обычно - [k]::
+
+ cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
+
+"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]::
+
+ cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
+
+"ch" - [ʧ]::
+
+ child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
+
+"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]::
+
+ special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
+
+"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]::
+
+ efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
+
+"ck" - [k]::
+
+ black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
+
+"g" обычно - [g]::
+
+ game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
+
+"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]::
+
+ gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
+
+"gn" - [n]::
+
+ sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
+
+"gm" - [m]::
+
+ paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
+
+"gh" не читается::
+
+ though [ðou], through [θruː]
+ !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
+
+"ght" - [t]::
+
+ might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
+
+"igh" - [aɪ]::
+
+ high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
+
+"ild" - [aɪld]::
+
+ child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
+
+"imb" - [aɪm]::
+
+ climb - [klaɪm]
+
+"ince" - [aɪns]::
+
+ XXX
+
+"ind" - [aɪnd]::
+
+ mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
+
+"ing" - [iŋ]::
+
+ signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
+
+"ink" - [iŋk]::
+
+ think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
+
+"j" - [dʒ]::
+
+ jump [dʒʌmp]
+
+"kn" в начале слова - [n]::
+
+ know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
+
+"lf" - [f]::
+
+ calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
+ !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
+
+"lm" - [m]::
+
+ balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
+
+"mb" - [m]::
+
+ climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum]
+
+"mn" на конце слова - [m]::
+
+ autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
+
+"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]::
+
+ emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
+
+"ng" - [ŋ]::
+
+ long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
+
+"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]::
+
+ angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
+
+"nk" - [ŋk]::
+
+ ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
+
+"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]::
+
+ XXX
+
+"ought" - [ɔːt]::
+
+ brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
+
+"ould" - [ud]::
+
+ could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
+
+"ph" - [f]::
+
+ photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
+
+"pn" - [n]::
+
+ pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
+
+"pt" - [t]::
+
+ receipt [rɪˈsɪːt]
+
+"qu" - [kw]::
+
+ quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
+
+"ft" - [f]::
+
+ often [ɔfn]
+
+"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]::
+
+ our own room [auər oun rum]
+
+"s" в начале слов - [s]::
+
+ send [send], spend [spend]
+
+"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]::
+
+ test [test], cups [kʌps]
+
+"s" после гласных - [z]::
+
+ as [az], days [deɪz]
+
+"s" между гласными - [z]::
+
+ nose [nouz]
+
+"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]::
+
+ pens [penz], bells [belz]
+
+"sh" - [ʃ]::
+
+ she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
+
+"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]::
+
+ incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
+
+"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]::
+
+ pension [penʃn]
+
+"sl" - [l]::
+
+ aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
+
+"ss" - [s]::
+
+ chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
+
+"st" - [s]::
+
+ castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
+
+"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
+
+ commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
+
+"ssure" - [ʃə]::
+
+ XXX
+
+"stion" - [sʧn]::
+
+ question [qwesʧn]
+
+"sure" -[ʒə]::
+
+ measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
+
+"tch" - [ʧ]::
+
+ watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
+
+"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
+
+ communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
+
+"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]::
+
+ thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
+
+"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]::
+
+ the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
+
+"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]::
+
+ bathe [beið], clothe [klouð]
+
+"ture" - [ʧə]::
+
+ picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
+
+"x" - [ks]::
+
+ six [sɪks]
+
+"wa" - [wɔ]::
+
+ want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
+
+"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]::
+
+ while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
+
+"wh" перед "o" - [h]::
+
+ who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
+
+"wha" - [wɔ]::
+
+ what [wɔt]
+
+"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]::
+
+ worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
+ !!! worn [wɔːn]
+
+"wr" - [r]::
+
+ write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
+
+"xh" - [ks]::
+
+ exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]
--- a/en-spelling_ru.rst Mon Oct 01 23:23:31 2012 +0300
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,810 +0,0 @@
-.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-.. include:: header.rst
-
-===================
- English spelling.
-===================
-
-About.
-======
-
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
-
-Деление на слоги (syllable).
-============================
-
-В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков::
-
- ba-by, pis-ton
-
-Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму
-слогу::
-
- e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
-
-Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая
-согласная относится к первому слогу::
-
- hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
-
-Слог образуют сочетания согласных с ``l`` и ``r``, если за ними следует
-конечное нечитаемое "e"::
-
- ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
-
-Типы слогов.
-============
-
-Открытый слог (open syllable).
-------------------------------
-
-Заканчивается на гласную::
-
- ba-by
-
-Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым::
-
- cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]
-
-Закрытый слог (closed syllable).
---------------------------------
-
-Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r"::
-
- sys-tem
-
-Ударный слог (stressed syllable).
----------------------------------
-
-Обычно первый слог::
-
- pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
-
-В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит::
-
- nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl]
- mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk]
- press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
-
-Неударный слог (unstressed syllable).
--------------------------------------
-
-Чтение согласных.
-=================
-
-Чтение гласных.
-===============
-
-Буква "e" в конце слова не читается::
-
- life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
-
-"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
-
- na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə]
- !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
-
-"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]::
-
- range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
-
-"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
-
- main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt]
- !!! said [sed]
-
-"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]::
-
- may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]
-
-"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]::
-
- cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
-
-"ar" - [ɑː]::
-
- car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]::
-
- glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs]
- !!! mass [mæs]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]::
-
- fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst]
- !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]::
-
- grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
-
-"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]::
-
- branch [brɑːnʧ]
-
-"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]::
-
- half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]::
-
- ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]::
-
- father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ]
- !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
-
-"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]::
-
- chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
-
-"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]::
-
- shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
-
-"air" - [ɛə]::
-
- stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
-
-"are" - [ɛə]::
-
- care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
-
-"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]::
-
- all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl]
- chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
-
-"au" - [ɔː]::
-
- launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm]
- !!! aunt [ɑːnt]
-
-"aw" - [ɔː]::
-
- saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː]
-
-"aught" - [ɔːt]::
-
- naught [nɔːt]
-
-"auth" - [ɔːθ]::
-
- author [ˈɔːθə]
-
-"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]::
-
- war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
-
-"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]::
-
- want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]
-
-"a" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
-
-"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]::
-
- captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
-
-"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]::
-
- marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
-
-
-"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]::
-
- he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
-
-"ea" - [iː]::
-
- mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk]
- !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
-
-"ee" - [iː]::
-
- keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
-
-"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]::
-
- bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
-
-"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]::
-
- bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
-
-"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
-
- her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
-
-"ear" + согласная - [əː]::
-
- heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
-
-"ear" - [ɪə]::
-
- ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
-
-"eer" - [ɪə]::
-
- cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]
-
-"ere" - [ɪə]::
-
- mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə]
- !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
-
-"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]::
-
- sentence - [ˈsentəns]
-
-"er" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
-
-"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
-
-"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
-
-"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]::
-
- market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
-
-"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
-
-"ey" - [ɪ]::
-
- hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
-
-"ew" - [juː]::
-
- new [njuː], few [fjuː]
-
-"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]::
-
- crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
-
-"eu" - [juː]::
-
- deuce [djuːs]
-
-"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
-
- vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
-
-"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]::
-
- they [θeɪ]
-
-
-"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
-
- fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm]
- !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
-
-"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]::
-
- kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd].
- !!! wind [wɪnd]
-
-"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]::
-
- wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
-
-"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]::
-
- sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
-
-"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]::
-
- light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]
-
-"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]::
-
- die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
-
-"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]::
-
- pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
-
-"i" в неударном положении - [i]::
-
- immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
-
-"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]::
-
- first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
-
-"ire" - [aɪə]::
-
- fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
-
-"ia" - [aɪə]::
-
- diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
-
-"io" - [aɪə]::
-
- prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
-
-"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]::
-
- field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv]
- !!! friend [frend], piece [pɪːs]
-
-"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]::
-
- no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə]
- !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]
-
-"old" - [oul]::
-
- old [ɔuld], cold [could], hold [hould]
-
-"ol" - [oul]::
-
- control [kəntroul]
-
-"oll" - [oul]::
-
- roll [roul]
-
-"oa" - [ou]::
-
- road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk]
-
-"ow" в конце слов - [ou]::
-
- know [nou], show [ʃou], snow [snou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou], bowl [boul]
- !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
-
-"ow" в середине слов - [au]::
-
- brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə]
-
-"o" перед "st" - [ou]::
-
- post [poust], most [moust]
- !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
-
-"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]::
-
- on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt]
- !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə]
- !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]
-
-"ou" в середине слова - [au]::
-
- out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud]
- sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz]
- !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ]
- !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː]
-
-"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]::
-
- fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
-
-"oor" - [ɔː]::
-
- floor [flɔː], door [dɔː]
- !!! pore [puə]
-
-"ore" - [ɔː]::
-
- more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
-
-"oar" - [ɔː]::
-
- board [bɔːd]
-
-"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]::
-
- mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs]
- !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
-
-"our" под ударением - [auə]::
-
- our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
-
-"or" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
-
-"our" на конце слов - [ə]::
-
- labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
-
-"oi" - [ɔɪ]::
-
- voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
-
-"oy" - [ɔɪ]::
-
- alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
-
-"oo" - [uː]::
-
- food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm]
- !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
-
-"oo" перед "k" - [u]::
-
- book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
-
-"ous" на конце слов - [əs]::
-
- various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
-
-"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]::
-
- mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə]
- !!! both [bouθ]
-
-"on" под ударением - [ʌn]::
-
- month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən]
- !!! on [ɔn]
-
-"om" под ударением - [ʌm]::
-
- come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
-
-"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]::
-
- cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
-
-
-"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]::
-
- pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
-
-"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]::
-
- num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs]
- !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
-
-"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
-
- blue [bluː], true [truː]
-
-"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]::
-
- cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt]
- !!! suit [sjuːt]
-
-"u" в неударном положении - [ə]::
-
- upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt]
- !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
-
-"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]::
-
- curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
-
-"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]::
-
- pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs]
- !!! sure [ʃuə]
-
-
-"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]::
-
- my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
-
-"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
-
-"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]::
-
- sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
-
-"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]::
-
- yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
-
-"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]::
-
- tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
-
-"yr" + согласная - [əː]::
-
- myrtle [məːtl]
-
-
-"alk" - [ɔːk]::
-
- chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
-
-"aught" - [ɔːt]::
-
- XXX
-
-"bt" - [t]::
-
- debt [det], doubt [daut]
-
-"c" обычно - [k]::
-
- cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
-
-"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]::
-
- cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
-
-"ch" - [ʧ]::
-
- child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
-
-"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]::
-
- special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
-
-"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]::
-
- efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
-
-"ck" - [k]::
-
- black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
-
-"g" обычно - [g]::
-
- game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
-
-"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]::
-
- gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
-
-"gn" - [n]::
-
- sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
-
-"gm" - [m]::
-
- paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
-
-"gh" не читается::
-
- though [ðou], through [θruː]
- !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
-
-"ght" - [t]::
-
- might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
-
-"igh" - [aɪ]::
-
- high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
-
-"ild" - [aɪld]::
-
- child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
-
-"imb" - [aɪm]::
-
- climb - [klaɪm]
-
-"ince" - [aɪns]::
-
- XXX
-
-"ind" - [aɪnd]::
-
- mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
-
-"ing" - [iŋ]::
-
- signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
-
-"ink" - [iŋk]::
-
- think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
-
-"j" - [dʒ]::
-
- jump [dʒʌmp]
-
-"kn" в начале слова - [n]::
-
- know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
-
-"lf" - [f]::
-
- calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf]
- !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
-
-"lm" - [m]::
-
- balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
-
-"mb" - [m]::
-
- climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum]
-
-"mn" на конце слова - [m]::
-
- autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
-
-"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]::
-
- emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
-
-"ng" - [ŋ]::
-
- long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
-
-"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]::
-
- angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
-
-"nk" - [ŋk]::
-
- ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
-
-"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]::
-
- XXX
-
-"ought" - [ɔːt]::
-
- brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
-
-"ould" - [ud]::
-
- could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
-
-"ph" - [f]::
-
- photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
-
-"pn" - [n]::
-
- pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
-
-"pt" - [t]::
-
- receipt [rɪˈsɪːt]
-
-"qu" - [kw]::
-
- quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
-
-"ft" - [f]::
-
- often [ɔfn]
-
-"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]::
-
- our own room [auər oun rum]
-
-"s" в начале слов - [s]::
-
- send [send], spend [spend]
-
-"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]::
-
- test [test], cups [kʌps]
-
-"s" после гласных - [z]::
-
- as [az], days [deɪz]
-
-"s" между гласными - [z]::
-
- nose [nouz]
-
-"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]::
-
- pens [penz], bells [belz]
-
-"sh" - [ʃ]::
-
- she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
-
-"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]::
-
- incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
-
-"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]::
-
- pension [penʃn]
-
-"sl" - [l]::
-
- aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
-
-"ss" - [s]::
-
- chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
-
-"st" - [s]::
-
- castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
-
-"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
-
- commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
-
-"ssure" - [ʃə]::
-
- XXX
-
-"stion" - [sʧn]::
-
- question [qwesʧn]
-
-"sure" -[ʒə]::
-
- measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
-
-"tch" - [ʧ]::
-
- watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
-
-"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]::
-
- communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
-
-"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]::
-
- thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
-
-"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]::
-
- the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
-
-"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]::
-
- bathe [beið], clothe [klouð]
-
-"ture" - [ʧə]::
-
- picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
-
-"x" - [ks]::
-
- six [sɪks]
-
-"wa" - [wɔ]::
-
- want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
-
-"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]::
-
- while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
-
-"wh" перед "o" - [h]::
-
- who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
-
-"wha" - [wɔ]::
-
- what [wɔt]
-
-"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]::
-
- worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm]
- !!! worn [wɔːn]
-
-"wr" - [r]::
-
- write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
-
-"xh" - [ks]::
-
- exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]