author | Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com> |
Sun, 26 Sep 2010 19:03:02 +0300 | |
changeset 190 | 4ee646134b16 |
parent 189 | 7a2b42a97bc4 |
child 191 | 46d610652a25 |
permissions | -rwxr-xr-x |
168
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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1 |
-*- mode: outline; coding: utf-8 -*- |
159 | 2 |
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168
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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3 |
* Деление на слоги (syllable). |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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parents:
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4 |
** В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков. |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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5 |
ba-by, pis-ton |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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parents:
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6 |
** Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму слогу. |
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parents:
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7 |
e-ven, o-pen, i-tem |
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8 |
** Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая согласная относится к первому слогу. |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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parents:
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9 |
hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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10 |
** Слог образуют сочетания согласных с "l" и "r", если за ними следует конечное нечитаемое "e". |
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parents:
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11 |
ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre |
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syllable definition.
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12 |
|
168
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13 |
* Типы слогов. |
da2a05f02263
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parents:
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14 |
** Открытый слог (open syllable). |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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parents:
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15 |
*** Заканчивается на гласную. |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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parents:
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16 |
ba-by |
da2a05f02263
Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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parents:
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17 |
*** Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым. |
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18 |
** Закрытый слог (closed syllable). |
168
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19 |
*** Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r". |
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20 |
sys-tem |
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Типы слогов & Деление на слоги.
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21 |
** Ударный слог (stressed syllable). |
171
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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22 |
*** Обычно первый слог. |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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23 |
pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə] |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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24 |
*** В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит. |
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Примеры для ударного слогаю
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25 |
nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl], mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk], press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres] |
168
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26 |
** Неударный слог (unstressed syllable). |
169
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Примеры на чтение в открытом/закрытом слоге.
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27 |
* Буква "e" в конце слова не читается. |
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Примеры на чтение в открытом/закрытом слоге.
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28 |
life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl] |
159 | 29 |
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30 |
* "a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
172 | 31 |
na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] |
185 | 32 |
!!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ] |
172 | 33 |
* "a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]. |
34 |
range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə] |
|
35 |
* "ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]. |
|
36 |
main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz] |
|
37 |
!!! said [sed] |
|
38 |
* "ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]. |
|
39 |
may [meɪ], pay [peɪ], stay [meɪ] |
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40 |
* "a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]. |
172 | 41 |
cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ] |
189 | 42 |
* "ar" - [ɑː]. |
43 |
car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk] |
|
172 | 44 |
* "a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]. |
45 |
glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] |
|
46 |
!!! mass [mæs] |
|
47 |
* "a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]. |
|
48 |
fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst] |
|
185 | 49 |
!!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ] |
172 | 50 |
* "a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]. |
51 |
grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt] |
|
52 |
* "a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]. |
|
53 |
branch [brɑːnʧ] |
|
54 |
* "a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]. |
|
55 |
half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf] |
|
56 |
* "a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]. |
|
57 |
ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk] |
|
58 |
* "a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]. |
|
59 |
father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] |
|
60 |
!!! gather [ˈɡæðə] |
|
61 |
* "a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]. |
|
62 |
chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns] |
|
63 |
* "a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]. |
|
64 |
shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft] |
|
65 |
* "air" - [ɛə]. |
|
66 |
stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], affair [əˈfɛə] |
|
67 |
* "are" - [ɛə]. |
|
68 |
care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə] |
|
69 |
* "a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]. |
|
173 | 70 |
ball [bɔːl], chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust] |
172 | 71 |
* "au" - [ɔː]. |
72 |
launch [lɔːnʧ] |
|
73 |
!!! aunt [ɑːnt] |
|
74 |
* "aw" - [ɔː]. |
|
75 |
saw [sɔː], |
|
76 |
* "aught" - [ɔːt]. |
|
77 |
naught [nɔːt] |
|
78 |
* "auth" - [ɔːθ]. |
|
79 |
author [ˈɔːθə] |
|
80 |
* "ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]. |
|
81 |
war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts] |
|
82 |
* "a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]. |
|
83 |
want [wɔt], wash [waʃ], what [wɔt] |
|
84 |
* "a" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
|
85 |
data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə] |
|
86 |
* "ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]. |
|
87 |
captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ] |
|
88 |
* "age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]. |
|
89 |
marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ] |
|
90 |
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91 |
* "e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]. |
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92 |
he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl] |
183 | 93 |
* "ea" - [iː]. |
94 |
mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] |
|
186 | 95 |
!!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed] |
183 | 96 |
* "ee" - [iː]. |
97 |
keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː] |
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98 |
* "e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]. |
183 | 99 |
bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest] |
100 |
* "ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]. |
|
101 |
bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment] |
|
102 |
* "er" в ударном слоге - [əː]. |
|
103 |
her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt] |
|
104 |
* "ear" + согласная - [əː]. |
|
105 |
heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ] |
|
106 |
* "ear" - [ɪə]. |
|
107 |
near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə] |
|
108 |
* "eer" - [ɪə]. |
|
109 |
engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], cheer [ʧɪə] |
|
110 |
* "ere" - [ɪə]. |
|
111 |
mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] |
|
112 |
!!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː] |
|
113 |
* "e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]. |
|
114 |
sentence - [ˈsentəns] |
|
115 |
* "er" в неударном положении - [ə]. |
|
116 |
member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps] |
|
117 |
* "e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
|
118 |
event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt] |
|
119 |
* "er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
|
120 |
regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn] |
|
121 |
* "et" в конце слова - [ɪt]. |
|
122 |
market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd] |
|
123 |
* "ey" - [ɪ]. |
|
124 |
money [ˈmʌnɪ] |
|
125 |
* "ew" - [juː]. |
|
126 |
new [njuː], few [fjuː] |
|
127 |
* "ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]. |
|
128 |
crew [kruː], grew [gruː] |
|
129 |
* "eu" - [juː]. |
|
130 |
deuce [djuːs] |
|
131 |
* "ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
|
132 |
vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt] |
|
133 |
* "ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]. |
|
134 |
they [θeɪ] |
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135 |
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136 |
* "i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]. |
190 | 137 |
fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] |
138 |
!!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv] |
|
139 |
* "i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]. |
|
140 |
kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. |
|
141 |
!!! wind [wɪnd] |
|
142 |
* "i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]. |
|
143 |
wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld] |
|
144 |
* "i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]. |
|
145 |
sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn] |
|
146 |
* "i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]. |
|
147 |
light [laɪt], sight [saɪt] |
|
148 |
!!! wind [wɪnd] |
|
149 |
* "ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]. |
|
150 |
die [daɪ], lie [laɪ] |
|
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151 |
* "i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]. |
190 | 152 |
pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns] |
153 |
* "i" в неударном положении - [i]. |
|
154 |
immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] |
|
155 |
* "ir" в ударном положении - [əː]. |
|
156 |
first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd] |
|
157 |
* "ire" - [aɪə]. |
|
158 |
fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə] |
|
159 |
* "ia" - [aɪə]. |
|
160 |
diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ] |
|
161 |
* "io" - [aɪə]. |
|
162 |
prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt] |
|
163 |
* "ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]. |
|
164 |
field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] |
|
165 |
!!! friend [frend] |
|
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166 |
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167 |
* "o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]. |
184 | 168 |
ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə] |
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169 |
* "o" - [ɔ]. |
184 | 170 |
on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt] |
187
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171 |
* "ow", "ou" - [au]. |
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172 |
XXX |
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173 |
* "oo" - [uː]. |
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174 |
!!! blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd] |
189 | 175 |
* "or" - [ɔː]. |
176 |
fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt] |
|
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177 |
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178 |
* "u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]. |
184 | 179 |
pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt] |
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180 |
* "u" - [ʌ]. |
184 | 181 |
num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl] |
189 | 182 |
* "ur" - [əː]. |
183 |
curtain [kəːtn] |
|
184 | 184 |
|
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185 |
* "y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]. |
185 | 186 |
my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl] |
187 |
* "y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
|
184 | 188 |
sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] |
185 | 189 |
* "y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]. |
190 |
sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ] |
|
191 |
* "y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]. |
|
192 |
yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː] |
|
193 |
* "yr" + гласная - [aɪə]. |
|
194 |
tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn] |
|
195 |
* "yr" + согласная - [əː]. |
|
196 |
myrtle [məːtl] |
|
180
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|
197 |
|
187
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|
198 |
* "alk" - [ɔːk]. |
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|
199 |
chalk [ʧɔːk] |
182
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|
200 |
* "aught" - [ɔːt]. |
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|
201 |
XXX |
174
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|
202 |
* "bt" - [t]. |
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|
203 |
XXX |
176
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|
204 |
* "c" обычно - [k]. |
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|
205 |
cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp] |
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|
206 |
* "c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]. |
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|
207 |
cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ] |
175
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|
208 |
* "ch" - [ʧ]. |
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|
209 |
child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes] |
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|
210 |
* "cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]. |
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|
211 |
special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l] |
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|
212 |
* "cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]. |
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|
213 |
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt] |
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|
214 |
* "ck" - [k]. |
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|
215 |
black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk]. |
176
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|
216 |
* "g" обычно - [g]. |
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|
217 |
game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu] |
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|
218 |
* "g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]. |
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|
219 |
gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem] |
174
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|
220 |
* "gn" - [n]. |
176
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|
221 |
sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum] |
174
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|
222 |
* "gm" - [m]. |
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|
223 |
XXX |
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|
224 |
* "gh" не читается. |
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|
225 |
through [θruː] |
176
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|
226 |
!!! enough [ɪˈnʌf] |
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|
227 |
* "ght" - [t]. |
179
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|
228 |
might [maɪt], fight [faɪt] |
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|
229 |
* "igh" - [aɪ]. |
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|
230 |
high [haɪ], fight [faɪt] |
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|
231 |
* "ild" - [aɪld]. |
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|
232 |
child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld] |
182
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|
233 |
* "imb" - [aɪm]. |
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|
234 |
climb - [klaɪm] |
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|
235 |
* "ince" - [aɪns]. |
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|
236 |
XXX |
179
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|
237 |
* "ind" - [aɪnd]. |
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|
238 |
mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd] |
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|
239 |
* "ing" - [iŋ]. |
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|
240 |
signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] |
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Reading igh/ild/ind/ing/ink/wa/wh/wor.
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|
241 |
* "ink" - [iŋk]. |
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|
242 |
think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk] |
176
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|
243 |
* "kn" в начале слова - [n]. |
174
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|
244 |
know [kəu], knot [nɔt] |
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|
245 |
* "l" в сочетании "lf" не читается. |
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|
246 |
half [hɑːf] |
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|
247 |
* "lm" - [m]. |
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|
248 |
holm [həum] |
175
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|
249 |
* "mb" - [m]. |
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|
250 |
climb [klaɪm] |
174
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|
251 |
* "mn" - [m]. |
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|
252 |
XXX |
182
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Reading aught/imb/ince/ness/ough/ought.
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|
253 |
* "ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]. |
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Reading aught/imb/ince/ness/ough/ought.
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|
254 |
emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs] |
181
03be0e705089
ng и g относится к разным слогам
Oleksandr Gavenko <gavenkoa@gmail.com>
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|
255 |
* "ng" - [ŋ]. |
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|
256 |
long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ] |
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|
257 |
* "ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]. |
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ng и g относится к разным слогам
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|
258 |
angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ] |
175
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|
259 |
* "nk" - [ŋk]. |
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|
260 |
ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk] |
182
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|
261 |
* "ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]. |
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|
262 |
XXX |
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Reading aught/imb/ince/ness/ough/ought.
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|
263 |
* "ought" - [ɔːt]. |
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Reading aught/imb/ince/ness/ough/ought.
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|
264 |
XXX |
176
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|
265 |
* "ph" - [f]. |
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|
266 |
photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz] |
174
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|
267 |
* "pn" - [n]. |
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|
268 |
XXX |
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|
269 |
* "pt" - [t]. |
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|
270 |
XXX |
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|
271 |
* "pb" - [b]. |
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|
272 |
XXX |
179
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|
273 |
* "qu" - [kw]. |
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|
274 |
quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n] |
175
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|
275 |
* "ft" - [f]. |
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Чтение tion/ssion/sion...
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|
276 |
XXX |
176
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|
277 |
* "s" в начале слов - [s]. |
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|
278 |
send [send], spend [spend] |
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|
279 |
* "s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]. |
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|
280 |
test [test], cups [kʌps] |
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|
281 |
* "s" после гласных - [z]. |
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|
282 |
as [az], days [deɪz] |
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|
283 |
* "s" между гласными - [z]. |
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|
284 |
nose [nouz] |
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|
285 |
* "s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]. |
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Move s/g/k rules to proper place.
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|
286 |
pens [penz], bells [belz] |
175
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|
287 |
* "sh" - [ʃ]. |
179
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|
288 |
she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp] |
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|
289 |
* "sion" - [ʒn]. |
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|
290 |
incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n] |
174
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|
291 |
* "sl" - [l]. |
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292 |
XXX |
175
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293 |
* "ss" - [s]. |
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294 |
chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres] |
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295 |
* "st" перед согласной - [s]. |
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296 |
castle [kaːsl] |
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297 |
* "ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]. |
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298 |
commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n] |
181
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ng и g относится к разным слогам
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299 |
* "ssure" - [ʃə]. |
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300 |
XXX |
175
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301 |
* "sure" -[ʒə]. |
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302 |
measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə] |
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303 |
* "tch" - [ʧ]. |
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304 |
watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ] |
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305 |
* "tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]. |
177 | 306 |
communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn] |
188
db8ef189c30f
Move th to proper place.
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307 |
* "th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]. |
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308 |
thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ] |
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309 |
* "th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]. |
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310 |
the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt] |
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311 |
* "th" между двумя гласными - [ð]. |
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312 |
bathe [beið], clothe [klouð] |
177 | 313 |
* "ture" - [ʧə]. |
314 |
picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə] |
|
178 | 315 |
* "x" - [ks]. |
316 |
six [sɪks] |
|
179
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317 |
* "wa" - [wɔ]. |
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318 |
want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ] |
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319 |
* "wh" - [w]. |
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320 |
while [waɪl], whack [wæk] |
175
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321 |
* "wh" перед "o" - [h]. |
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322 |
who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz] |
179
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323 |
* "wha" - [wɔ]. |
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324 |
what [wɔt] |
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325 |
* "wor" - [wəː]. |
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326 |
worse [wəːs], world [wəːld] |
174
ae3c4d84210c
Нечитаемые согласные.
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|
327 |
* "wr" - [r]. |
179
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328 |
write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ] |
159 | 329 |